Georg Simmel: A Biography. Ifilosofi Georga Zimmelya

Impilo wesazi sefilosofi German futhi isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu, wayecebe ngokuhlakanipha. Umlando wakhe kugcwele ubunzima, kodwa impumelelo abaningana. imibono yakhe kwakuthé chithi saka futhi ethandwa phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, kodwa ukuhlobana enkulu emibonweni Simmel wafika engxenyeni kwekhulu lama-20 yesibili.

ebuntwaneni

Okwazalelwa wesazi sefilosofi Berlin 1 Mashi 1858 e emkhayeni omkhulu womthengisi ocebile. Ebuntwaneni George wabe ngempela ngokuvamile, abazali obakhathalelayo izingane zabo, uzama futhi abanike ikusasa elingcono. Ubaba, umJuda ngokuzalwa, wathatha enkolweni yamaKatolika, unina waphendukela yamaLuthela okuyinto owayebhapathiziwe futhi izingane, kukhona noGeorge. umfana iminyaka Kufika 16 ubudala ngokuphepha esikoleni, obonisa intuthuko ekuthuthukiseni wezibalo kanye nomlando. Kwakubonakala sengathi Isiphelo sakhe elinde usomabhizinisi ejwayelekile, kodwa ukufa uyise Simmel noGeorge iphila kwashintsha ngo 1874. Umama angeke abe nendodana futhi umnakekeli wakhe iba somngane womkhaya. It imali ukuqeqeshwa intsha kanye uxhasa entry yayo ku-University of Berlin Faculty of Philosophy.

Isifundo nokubukwa ukwakha

Le nyuvesi Simmel nifunde zezazi ezidumile zamakhulu bangesikhathi sakhe: Lazaru, Mommsen, Steinthal, Bastian. Kakade ezinsukwini zakhe eyunivesithi ngokucacile ubonisa ingqondo yakhe dialectical, okuyinto kamuva itawugujwa zefilosofi like Pitirim Sorokin, Maks Veber futhi Emil Dyurkgeym. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi sahlela izingxabano ukuphila ezinkulu, okuzokwenza izinkinga ezimpilweni zabantu abaningi eYurophu phakathi naleso sikhathi. Mina yayiphumula futhi Georg Simmel, ogama biography bekulokhu kunzima kakhulu ngenxa ubuzwe bakhe. Lapho beqeda izifundo at sefilosofi inyuvesi uzama ukuvikela mqondo yakhe zobudokotela, kodwa wenqaba. Isizathu bengabizwanga ngqo. Kodwa Berlin ngaleso sikhathi yayibuswa kwamaJuda futhi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wayengenzanga wayengumKatolika, ubuzwe bakhe samaJuda kwakungeyona ngempela akunakwenzeka ukuthi ufihle ngokukholwa. Wayephethe ukubukeka Jewish liphinyiselwe futhi kamuva ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa wakuzwisa ubuhlungu ekuphileni. Ngemva kwesikhashana, sibonga ukuphikelela okuqinile nokukhuthazela, George wakwazi usathola ngezinga, kodwa ayivezi kuye iminyango oyifunayo.

Ukuphila kunzima wesazi sefilosofi German

Ngemva kokuphothula inyuvesi, Simmel ufuna isikhundla befundiswa, kodwa umsebenzi njalo yena alinikwa, futhi ngenxa idatha yomuntu siqu. Wamiswa likaprofesa, okuyinto akuyilethi imali okuqinisekisiwe, futhi wenza ngokugcwele up iminikelo evela abafundi. Ngakho-ke Simmel izinkulumo eziningi wabhala izihloko eziningi ukuthi ziqondiswe hhayi kuphela kumphakathi zezemfundo, kodwa futhi umphakathi. Yena wayengumbulali eyiqaphuqaphu omkhulu, izinkulumo zakhe zazinqamukile libhekene ububanzi, indlela yokuqala futhi okuphakelayo ezithakazelisayo. izinkulumo Simmel sika babe nomdlandla wayeyazi indlela efanele yokuziphendulela captivate izethameli, ecabanga ngokuzwakalayo ngezinsimbi ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene. Wayeke baqhubeka impumelelo abafundi kanye nezazi zendawo, iminyaka engu-15 kulesi sikhundla, wathola i-udumo ezithile futhi wenza ubungani nabantazana ongqondongqondo ezinkulu azibonayo, ezifana Maksom Veberom. Kodwa kwadlula isikhathi eside, isazi sefilosofi alimazanga umphakathi sina yesayensi, kwabantu engazange wawina ke isimo isiyalo ayisisekelo. Berlin kwesiyingi ososayensi waklolodelwa original usosayensi, sazi, futhi kwamlimaza kuye. Nakuba waqhubeka ukusebenza ukuphikelela: ukuzindla, bhala izihloko, anikeze izinkulumo.

Nokho, ngo-1900, elamukelayo nokubonwa olusemthethweni, yena yanikezelwa isihloko Uprofesa zokuhlonipha, kodwa namanje akazange afinyelele isimo oyifunayo. Kuphela ngo-1914, ekugcineni uba uprofesa zezemfundo. Ngalesi sikhathi wayesenalo kakade ezingaphezu kuka-200 izincwadi zesayensi kanye ethandwa. Kodwa ukuma engasitholi e University zakho Berlin, futhi eStrasbourg, yesifundazwe, lokho kwaba umthombo nakho kwakhe kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila. Akazange zihlangana ne elite yesayensi zendawo, futhi iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe wazizwa isizungu 'idla yodwa.

Imibono mayelana nemithetho ukuphila

Georg Simmel ayehlukile kuzo besikhathi sakhe omkhulu Ukuntula a sokusebenzisana ecacile kunoma zamanje zefilosofi. indlela yayo yayigcwele uqwashile, wamangala ngezinto eziningi, ukuthola izinto ezifana yokuzihlola zefilosofi, elalikade kwakungelona ongqondongqondo nesithakazelo. Ukungabi khona esicacile akuyona esivuna Simmel. Lesi kwakungesinye isizathu nobunzima ukuhlanganiswa sefilosofi sika kumphakathi ngokwesayensi. Kodwa ngibonga kule nobubanzi umcabango, wakwazi ukuba bafake isandla ekuthuthukiseni eziningana izindikimba ezibalulekile wefilosofi. Ngo isayensi, okuningi kwabantu abanjabulo yabo umsebenzi kuyaziswa iqala okumelwe kuhlolwe kuphela ngemva kweminyaka embalwa, futhi lokhu kwaba Georg Simmel. Biography sazi ngokugcwele emsebenzini futhi nokuqagela okuningi.

Mqondo Georga Zimmelya yayizimisele Kant. Kuyo sefilosofi wazama ukwenza umqondo a priori nemigomo yeNhlangano ukuhleleka emphakathini. Ukuqala emkhondweni sazi futhi ovuthayo ithonya sikaCharles Darwin futhi Herbert Spencer. Ngokuvumelana imiqondo yabo Simmel ngokuhunyushwa ithiyori yolwazi, ekuboneni zemvelo iphikisane nesimilo begazi. inkinga sefilosofi emaphakathi imicabango yakhe wabona khona komuntu emphakathini, ngakho-ke ubizwa isiqondiso wabiza "ifilosofi yokuphila." It lubopha ulwazi umqondo wokuphila futhi ubona umthetho zako ezisemqoka e ekhishwa imikhawulo begazi. khona Human ayikwazi kubhekwe ngaphandle kwe-conditioning zayo zemvelo, kodwa kuphela ukwehlisa konke kubo akunakwenzeka, njengoba coarsens injongo yokuphila.

Ifilosofi social Georga Zimmelya

Simmel e Berlin, kanye nabantu ababecabanga njengami, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona Weber F. Tennis, eyayihlelwe German Society of Izazi zezenhlalakahle. Yena ngenkuthalo ecabanga into, isihloko kanye nokwakheka isayensi entsha, zavela izimiso ukuhleleka emphakathini. Echaza inkampani, Georg Simmel, ukuxhumana komphakathi emelelwa ngenxa oxhumana nabo abantu abaningi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo waletha izici eziyinhloko ohlelweni nomphakathi. Phakathi kwabo ezifana nenani labahlanganyeli nokuxhumana (kungabikho engaphansi kwemithathu), uhlobano phakathi kwabo, okuyinto oluphakeme kakhulu nokuhlangana kwemicabango isikhala emphakathini. Nguye ongenela kwegazi yesayensi elithi libhekisela ezingeni yokuxhumana, okungangabazeki ukuthi ababekhona ukuhlonza njengendodana yakhe. Ubiza amabutho ezibaluleke kakhulu zomphakathi imali kanye intelligence ingevu. Simmel kudala Ukwahlukaniswa izinhlobo khona kwezenhlalo, ogxile degree of ukusondela noma remoteness kusukela "ukugeleza ukuphila." Life livela nefilosofi efanayo njengoba okuhlangenwe nakho wesifunda, zibangelwa kokubili biology namasiko.

Isethulo isiko wesimanje

Georg Simmel ngacabanga kakhulu ngalokho izinqubo kwezenhlalo kanye nesimo isiko wesimanje. Wayeqaphela ukuthi enkulu ukushayela force emphakathini siyimali. Wabhala omningi "Philosophy of imali", okuyinto echazwe imisebenzi yabo yezenhlalo, wabathola umthelela ewusizo futhi omubi emphakathini wanamuhla. Wathi, kuhle, lwemali olulodwa kufanele wadala, okuyinto ingalimaza kuwukuphikisana kwamasiko. He is engenathemba mayelana namathuba yezenhlalakahle engokwenkolo neyokuqhuba ikusasa isiko wesimanje.

"Imisebenzi weNtuthuko Ingxabano"

Umphakathi, ngokuvumelana Simmel, kusekelwe ubutha. Ukuxhumana kwabantu emphakathini kuthatha njalo ngendlela enzima. Umncintiswano, kwakuwukuthi kanye nokubuswa, nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi - kukhona zonke izinhlobo inzondo, okuyinto ngokuqinisekile kuholele ezingxabanweni zomphakathi. Simmel babekholelwa ukuthi iqale kumiswa kwezinkambiso entsha kanye namagugu emphakathini, zingabantu - i-elementi ebalulekile ukuvela umphakathi. Njengoba isazi sefilosofi likhombe eziningi nezinye nemisebenzi ingxabano, seyakhe typology, wachaza esiteji yakhe, wachaza izindlela zokuhlala.

umqondo fashion

Ukucabanga emafomini yokuzijabulisa ngesisekelo ifilosofi, umlobi zazo Georg Simmel. Fashion, ngokombono wakhe, liyisici esibalulekile emphakathini wanamuhla. Esikhathini "imfashini ifilosofi" yena uhlole lo mkhuba inqubo kwezenhlalo futhi wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi kuphela livela kanye ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni kanye nokwenziwa kwezinto isimanje. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, isibonelo, engazange abe khona, ngokuvumelana Georg Simmel. Fashion theory livela Eqinisweni ukuthi lihlangabezana nezidingo zomuntu ngomuntu ekuhlonzeni, kusiza amaqembu amasha zomphakathi ukunqoba indawo yabo emphakathini. Fashion - kuwuphawu imiphakathi yeningi.

Inani yesayensi imibono yefilosofi Georga Zimmelya

Ukubaluleka umsebenzi Simmel ayikwazi overestimated. Ungomunye abasunguli kwabantu, wembula izimbangela yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle, sizindle indima imali kanye fashion in the isiko lesintu. Georg Simmel, nezingxabano okubangela yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo ifilosofi nezenhlalakahle isigamu kwekhulu lama-20 yesibili, washiya umsebenzi ezibucayi ukuhilizisana nomphakathi. Wayephethe elikhulu ukwakheka isiqondiso American kwabantu futhi kwaba kuzalwa ukucabanga postmodern.