SIP-protocol: incazelo

Sesikhathi ebhadelwako Protocol (SIP) is a protocol okuwuphawu nokuphatha multimedia zokuxhumana izikhathi. I izinhlelo zokusebenza ezivamile kakhulu telephony Inthanethi - wezwi nevidiyo futhi bethumelelana imiyalezo ngokushesha phezu IP (Inthanethi).

It ichaza imilayezo ethunyelwe phakathi Endpoints nokulawula ukudalwa, ukuqedwa, kanye nezinye izakhi ezibalulekile ikholi. SIP protocol, incazelo zazo uvezwa ngenhla ingasetshenziswa ngokudala, ukulungisa luze amaseshini ehlanganisa eyodwa noma ngaphezulu multimedia idatha ukusakaza. Kuyinto olandelwayo isicelo ungqimba. Yakhelwe ukuba bazibuse eyisisekelo ezokuthutha ungqimba. Ngamanye amazwi, lomgomo zisekelwe embhalweni ifaka izinto eziningi-HTTP (Isidlulisilwazi) kanye le Simple Mail Address Transfer Protocol (i-SMTP).

SIP-protocol - kuyini?

SIP usebenza ngokubambisana nabanye yezifiso isicelo sezinga eziningana ukuthi ukukhomba futhi udlulise multimedia kweseshini. Ukukhomba idatha kwabezindaba ofanayo kufinyelelwa kanye Session Incazelo Protocol (SDP). Ukuze kudluliswe ukusakaza multimedia - izwi, ividiyo - ke ngokujwayelekile isebenzisa real-time ezokuthutha protocol (RTP) noma Imodi Secure (SRTP). Ngokuba evikelekile imiyalezo ukudluliswa SIP ngekhodi usebenzisa Ezokuthutha Layer Security (TLS).

umlando ukuthuthukiswa

SIP-protocol ekuqaleni lakhiwa iqembu lochwepheshe 1996. Kwakuthinta elivamile 2543 e RFC 1999 (SIP 1.0). Ngo-November 2000, wayemuhle njengoba olandelwayo 3 GPP mkhosi futhi isici unomphela bokwakha IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) ngenxa yokusakaza multimedia amasevisi IP-based in izinhlelo amaselula. Inguqulo yamuva (SIP 2.0) e RFC 3261 sebhithi wakhululwa ngo-June 2002. Nge izandiso ezithile futhi kuthuthukiswa indlela esiqonda ka isetshenziswa esikhathini sethu.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi original SIP-protocol yasungulwa okusekelwe amasevisi Wezwi. Namuhla, it isekela anhlobonhlobo kwezicelo, kuhlanganise ezokuxhumana ezinjenge-skype, ukusakaza abezindaba, imiyalezo esheshayo, ukudluliswa kwamafayela, futhi ifeksi phezu-IP, kanye imidlalo inthanethi.

Protocol SIP - incazelo kanye nokusebenza

Sesikhathi ebhadelwako Protocol kuzimele eyisisekelo ezokuthutha olandelwayo. Lisebenza Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), umsebenzisi Datagram Protocol (UDP) noma ukulawula ukudluliswa olandelwayo yokusakaza (SCTP). Ingasetshenziselwa ukudlulisa idatha phakathi kwalezi zinhlangothi zombili (unicast) futhi amaningi okusakaza kweseshini.

Kuyo kukhona teluhlaka onobuhle efanayo isicelo se-HTTP kuthengiselana. ukusebenza ngalinye ezifana siqukethe isicelo iklayenti, elibangela indlela ethile noma umsebenzi kwi-server futhi ukusabela okungenani okukodwa. SIP-protocol reuses iningi amasimu unhlokweni, imithetho ukuqonda, kanye nesimo se-HTTP amakhodi, ukuhlinzeka umbhalo format efundekayo.

Ngamunye isisetshenziswa inethiwekhi sesikhathi ebhadelwako Protocol --ejenti yomsebenzisi noma ibhokisi yemeyili yezwi - saziwa usebenzisa ngokokuhlonz okokusebenza Kwabiwa (-URI), ukusebenza ngesisekelo a-syntax ezivamile ajwayelekile, libuye lisetshenziswe kwamasevisi ewebhu e-mail. -URI scheme, okuyinto osetshenziselwa SIP, ine uhlobo neketanga okunengqondo: igama lomsebenzisi: Iphasiwedi @ host: port.

Inqubomgomo yezokuphepha

Uma kudingeka ephephile ukudluliswa kwedatha uhlelo sinquma ukuthi ngamunye izakhi inethiwekhi, lapho isicelo kuthunyelwa Isizinda esiqondisiwe, kumele unikezwe Ezokuthutha Layer Security (TLS). Isinyathelo wokugcina weseva kusizinda target uma iphoqelekile ukuba usebenze ngokuhambisana izilungiselelo zendawo zokuphepha. TLS ukuvikela zitha abazama nokunciphisa idatha ngesikhathi Dispatch. Kodwa alinikezi ukulondeka kwangempela kuze kube sekupheleni futhi akakwazi ukuvimbela kokulandela kanye nedatha ukweba. Njengoba SIP-protocol, okuyinto izimbobo kufanele uxhumeke ngokuphephile, isebenza namanye amasevisi inethiwekhi?

Isebenza ngokuhlanganyela nezinye yezifiso amaningi futhi ohilelekile zokuxhumana mkhosi kuphela. SIP-amaklayenti oluvame ukusetshenziswa TCP noma UDP port izinombolo 5060 noma 5061 ukuxhuma kwi-SIP-amaseva nezinye SIP zindawo zokugcina. Port 5060 livamise ukusetjenziselwa isignali traffic ngokufihla, kuyilapho port 5061 eduze "abangane" amaPhoyisa Ezokuthutha Layer (TLS).

Kuyini ukusetshenziswa?

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo ngokunembile «SIP-protocol - ukuthi" kumele aqondwe lokho isetshenziswa. Ivame isetshenziselwe ukusetha i bese uthumela izwi noma amakholi wevidiyo. It ikuvumela ukuba ushintshe nezinselele ezikhona. Ukuguqulwa kungabandakanya ekushintsheni amakheli noma izimbobo, simema abahlanganyeli ingxoxo eyengeziwe, noma ukususa abezindaba ukusakaza. SIP futhi uthole isicelo izicelo imiyalezo, namasevisi e-okubhaliselwe umcimbi nesaziso.

Isethi ye-SIP-imithetho ehambisana ne-Inthanethi Engineering Task Force (IETF), inquma imiyalo izicelo ezinjalo. Voice nemilayezo videopotokovye isicelo kwi olandelwayo isicelo ezahlukene ngesikhathi sangempela Ezokuthutha Protocol (RTP). Amapharamitha - port izinombolo, yezifiso, amakhodekhi - lezi abezindaba ukusakaza kuchazwa futhi ifaniswe usebenzisa incazelo session protocol (SDP), esishukumisela emzimbeni iphakethe sesikhathi ebhadelwako Protocol (isib SIP T olandelwayo).

Umbono eziyisisekelo protocol ukuthi kufanele esikhathini esizayo ahlinzeke mkhosi futhi ushayele isethaphu for IP-wezokuxhumana kwi izisekelo ukuthi angakwazi ukondla superset ucingo processing nemisebenzi kanye nezici ekhona emphakathini esitshalweni sezingcingo (PSTN). Yena asichazi kubo. Okuningi ngokunembile, ke ulawula kuphela call isethaphu kanye mkhosi. Zonke izenzo enzelwe ukwenza imisebenzi ucingo enjalo (m. E. Dayela, impendulo Isitolo noma isignali omatasa), eyenziwa amaseva proxy futhi ejenti yomsebenzisi. isingeniso sabo futhi amagama ihlukile emazweni ahlukahlukene, kodwa usebenza isimiso esifanayo.

Inani ngocingo

sezingcingo asekelayo SIP Ungase futhi liqalise eziningi eziphambili ikholi ukucutshungulwa izici ekhona okuwuphawu System 7 (SS7). Nakuba womabili la yezifiso awafani. SS7 is a protocol eyodwa. It libhekene isakhiwo emaphakathi inethiwekhi izakhiwo kanye "blunt" ukuphela amaphuzu (izingcingo ezivamile). SIP is a protocol we "amaklayenti-server". Nokho, namadivayisi amaningi ukuthi ukusekela sesikhathi ebhadelwako Protocol ongenza njengoba indima iklayenti kanye iseva. Ngokuvamile, isikhathi umqalisi uba iklayenti, nesamukeli wenza iseva ucingo umsebenzi. Ngakho, izici SIP ezisetshenziswa kuleli Endpoints yokuxhumana, kuphambene ezivamile SS7 amakhono ezisetshenziswa inethiwekhi.

SIP ngokuyisisekelo ezahlukene ukuthi ubuchwepheshe yokuzenzela, IT, hhayi ngokuziqhathanisa ezokuxhumana umkhakha. SIP-Iziphakamiso eziyisisekelo zifane futhi ngokuyinhloko kunqunywa IETF, kuyilapho abanye (isib, H.323) kuthiwa ngokwesiko elihlobene ne-International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

izakhi inethiwekhi

SIP ichaza ejenti yomsebenzisi, kanye izinhlobo eziningana iseva inethiwekhi izakhi. SIP Endpoints amabili akwazi ukuxhumana ngaphandle ingqalasizinda Lesisemkhatsini. Noma kunjalo, le ndlela ngokuvamile zingenzeki ngoba kwezokuxhumana kuhulumeni, edinga isevisi lwemibhalo ukucinga ISIZINDA etholakala inethiwekhi. irejista-SIP-protocol ngeke likwazi ukunikeza ukusebenza enjalo.

i-ejenti yomsebenzisi

I-ejenti yomsebenzisi SIP (UA) kuyinto okunengqondo inethiwekhi Endpoints. Zisetshenziswa ukwenza noma ukuthola imiyalezo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukulawula SIP-session. SIP-UA angase enze indima iklayenti ejenti yomsebenzisi (UAC), okuthumela izicelo SIP futhi iseva yayo (UAS), okuyinto uthola imibuzo bese ibuyisela impendulo SIP. isilawuli okunjalo akhawunti kanye UAS wenziwa phakathi SIP kuthengiselana kuphela.

wefoni

SIP-wefoni, eqinisweni, yilokho-IP wefoni, okuyinto nokobana iklayenti futhi iseva imisebenzi ejenti ye-SIP-umsebenzisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inikeza bendabuko ongakhetha ucingo - Ndi, Impendulo, ukuphambuka nokugcinwa / ukukhululwa kanye ukudlulisa ikholi.

SIP-amafoni kungenziwa njengoba idivayisi hardware noma njengoba softphone. Ngenxa abakhiqizi ziya ziba mandla ekusebenziseni le protocol njengezinga elifanayo wefoni platform (eminyakeni yamuva - ngokusebenzisa 4G), umehluko phakathi hardware ne-software ye-SIP-amafoni eziyisisekelo sihlale anyakaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhi sesikhathi ebhadelwako Protocol namuhla ukusebenza imisebenzi eyisisekelo firmware amadivayisi eziningi IP-amandla. Izibonelo zibandakanya ezihlukahlukene kumadivayisi kusuka Nokia kanye BlackBerry, futhi SIP-protocol Android manje isevisi esisemqoka.

Ngo-SIP, e-HTTP, i-ejenti yomsebenzisi singabeka ngokwayo okuthunyelwe unhlokweni ensimini ngumsebenzisi Agent, oqukethe incazelo yombhalo kwe-software / hardware / izinto. umsebenzisi-ejenti inkambu umyalezo isicelo ngobulili. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iseva ye-SIP ethola ongabona lolu lwazi. izakhi Network sesikhathi ebhadelwako Protocol ngezinye izikhathi ingagcina lolo lwazi. Futhi kungaba into ziwusizo ekuhlonzweni anenkinga yokuhambisana.