Umdwebo lase. Lase imidwebo amasu. esikoleni lase-imidwebo

art Classical, ngokungafani kuya owayephila avant-garde ukunyakaza, njalo enqoba izinhliziyo izethameli. Omunye nakho acacile kakhulu futhi Ocebile ubani ihlangabezane imisebenzi ekuqaleni abadwebi Netherlandish.

Umdwebo lase libhekene okwangempela, isiyaluyalu ngemibala nangama-theme ezibanzi ezisetshenziswa kwezihloko.

Kulesi sihloko, ngeke sigcine ngokuvuna ukhulume imininingwane lo mkhuba, kodwa futhi simazi kangcono inqubo yokubhala, kanye nabamele enhle kakhulu kwesikhathi.

Umdwebo Baroque

Umlando yokudweba kubonise ngokugcwele izinguquko ekuphileni zezenhlalo nezombusazwe isintu. Ngakho bejabule futhi izinxushunxushu of nemidwebo lasendulo amnyama enye nezikhonzi efile Ephakathi.

Baroque ( "bezitolo, intemperate") simele Ukuhamba kusuka nezimfundiso ubudala futhi kuyisicefe. It sathatha bonke isimo nsuku zonke nobunjalo isikhathi.
Maphakathi ngesakhiwo, kanye kulo lonke i-Baroque, ngumuntu. Kodwa ubunjalo isithombe siba ezijulile, bukhule, okungenzeka. Futhi, kukhona ngokuphelele izinhlobo ezintsha ezifana impilo namanje, landscape, uhlobo izigcawu.

Ake sibheke kahle yilokhu ezahlukene imidwebo lase lonke izitayela Western.

Umdwebo lase futhi Dutch?

Labo nesithakazelo art Europe, ke into waziwa ngokuthi umdwebo lase. Uma ubheka kule encyclopedia, sifunda ukuthi lase - kukhona izakhamuzi EFlanders, okuyinto yena, kuyinto lanamuhla Belgium. Kodwa uma kuziwa abaculi kwalesi sikhathi, siyabona ukuthi iningi labo Dutch.

Kukhona umbuzo yemvelo: uyini umehluko phakathi imidwebo lase futhi Dutch? Empeleni, konke ulula. Ekupheleni ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha, okungukuthi 1579, izifunda esenyakatho yeNetherlands ebugqilini bedle umqhele Spanish. Manje Holland ubumbe kule ndawo.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isiko kuleli zwe abasha uqala zikhule umxhwele. yobudala yayo yegolide akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside, ikhulu leminyaka kuphela. Kodwa umsebenzi amakhosi ezifana Peter Paul Rubens, u-Anton van Deyk, Yakob Yordans, nezinye abaculi eziningana, kwaba zezimbali art Dutch kazwelonke. Kamuva, ekhulwini weshumi nesishiyagalombili, ezweni uqala zinethonya elinamandla zesiko French. Ngakho-ke, akekho zazo ungubani ayikwazi ukukhuluma.

abaculi lase ekhulwini lesikhombisa kusadingeka ezinye izici isitayela ukuhlukanisa kubo kusukela amakhosi Dutch zivela kwezinye izingxenye ze yezwe.

Okokuqala, bona abone izisusa ngokucace ongokoqobo ngokulinganiselwa amaNtaliyane, iphuzu esizoxoxa ngalo kamuva. Okwesibili, kuneminyango izigcawu maphakathi okuyinto azikho izigcawu wasenganekwaneni noma zenkolo nezindaba kwansuku kusukela izimpilo zabahlali abavamile.

Ngakho, kubonakala sengathi Umdwebo lase - kuyinto usaqala ekuthuthukiseni yobuciko Dutch. Kodwa isici esiyinhloko le nkathi motifs kazwelonke Dutch, ithonya ayinzima angaphandle.

Ukuboleka kusukela amaNtaliyane uchungechunge amasu iluphi okuzoxoxwa ngalo ngezansi, saba kuphela ngesisekelo kumiswa isitayela ehlukile, kodwa hhayi ngokolwazi yalelozwe.

Ithonya amakhosi Italy

Njengoba sizobona kamuva, imidwebo lase futhi Dutch ka ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha, kakhulu kuthonywa abaculi Italy. ngesikhathi esibucayi luqala ngemva Lucas van Leyden no Pieter Bruegel uMdala. Lesi sakamuva, ikakhulukazi, abantu besikhathi ngokuthi "ongumlimi" Ngokuphathelene nezikhonzi imidwebo nezithombe kwezinhlamvu.

Kodwa ngemva izinguquko ezithile eyenzeke ibalazwe yezombusazwe yeNetherlands, waqala inkathi entsha ngokuphelele. Umdwebo lase, etholakala ukugeleza ehlukile, iqala mashi wakhe uyaziqhenya kwesikhathi yegolide Rubens.

Bologna School, manericheskoe ngoba, Karavadzhizm - kule mikhuba zivela Italy kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi esibucayi kuyinto ukulahlwa oyinhloko namazinga ephakathi. Manje, ngo-Umdwebo ngokwethukela ekuqaleni ukuze linqobe izinhlamvu lasendulo basezinganekwaneni, izigcawu enengqondo zokuphila kwansuku zonke futhi Dutch namanje Lifes nge ukuzingela.

amafomu omkhulukazi, ukunakekela imininingwane, izinhlamvu egqamile futhi ezicacile, izigcawu uhlobo, izinongo liyakufanelekela nge amahlaya ingcosana - lena kuphela ingxenye izici esivela Umdwebo lase. Ikakhulukazi njengoba yena umi ngokumelene art eYurophu nemiphumela yaso coloristic.

okuyinhloko-Dutch ukudlala inqubo chiaroscuro, iphethini nabayiziminzi ngemibala egqamile nemivimbo ezibanzi. Abahlanganyeli isikhathi izindikimba yohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli futhi bathuthukiswe ku uhlobo noma ngisho salethwa Burlesque. izinhlamvu zabo baphile aphefumule. Siyaqhubeka bajwayelane inombolo abaculi. Uzobona izifundo indlela ekhululekile emidwebweni yabo.

Umlando uyazi izibonelo eziningi imidwebo, lapho lokusungula futhi isitayela umsebenzi asemasha abaculi kuthonywa yezinxushunxushu zezombusazwe nangenxa kwezenhlalo emphakathini. Ngakho-ke, ithonya amakhosi Italian kwaba umoya oqabulayo owawusanda yakhululwa ethonyeni kontrreformatsionnogo Netherlands.

imishini imidwebo

Njengoba abacwaningi bathi, inqubo ye Umdwebo lase yaqale akhiwa abafowethu Van Eyck. Kodwa izazimlando zobuciko singaphoqi yokuthi amakhosi amaningi Italian esetshenziswa kulezi zindlela ezifanayo kuqala emuva impela. Ake hhayi angene vicissitudes we ubuqhawe, bese ukhuluma mayelana nobuchwepheshe uqobo.

Indwangu embozwe ekuqaleni mhlophe ingcina primer. Unyango ngokucophelela, ngoba kwaba esimhlophe umthunzi phezu isithombe esizayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lonke upende sisetshenziswa izingqimba mncane kakhulu, ukuvumela phansi ukudala umphumela kukhanya inimitable ngaphakathi.

Njengezinye amasu amaningi imidwebo, lase has ukulandelana ecacile yezenzo. Ekuqaleni wadala "ebhodini" - kwephethini isithombe esizayo. Kwakuyisikhathi emfushane anolaka, it is wahlatshwa inaliti kanye ubude zezinkulumo isithombe. Ngemva usebenzisa amalahle powder preform is ngokucophelela primed zihunyushelwe eshidini.

Ngemva kokudlulisa indaba emfushane nesiqondiso kwemingcele yayo ikusasa isithombe kufihla uwoyela noma tempera. A ungqimba elincanyana yokukhanya enamathela brown kwaba ukugcina kwangaphakathi okukhanyisa iphethini.

Kwabe sekufika esigabeni se-"odweba nabafileyo" (imibala abandayo kubemhloshana ukuthi musa zibangele noma iyiphi inzalo). Futhi igcina inqubo ngokusebenzisa ubuciko imibala egqamile kanye ocebile umxhwele izivakashi abavamile futhi zezemfundo abathandi art kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.

amakhosi karavadzhizma

Esikhathini XVI kanye XVII eminyaka esikoleni lase-imidwebo asitholayo umphumela ukuba silandele isitayela esithile yobuciko European. Karavadzhizm - ifa master Italian Mikelandzhelo De Caravaggio. Waphila kwaze kwafika futhi eRoma futhi kwaba esinye amakhosi enkulu kunayo yonke eYurophu Baroque. Izazi zanamuhla bakholelwa ukuthi umsunguli umculi of ngokoqobo in umdwebo.

Wayesebenza ku chiaroscuro amasu (ukukhanya-isithunzi), lapho i-contrast okungafani izindawo ezimnyama zezwe licace isithombe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi Abekho emfushane Caravaggio. Wayesebenza ngqo phezu yokuqedela inketho imisebenzi.

Imidwebo kwekhulu le-17 e-Italy, eSpain baseNetherlands bayamukela kulentuthuko entsha njengoba umoya oqabulayo. Ngo inqubo enjalo amaNtaliyane wasebenza de 'Fiori futhi Gentileschi, ndoda yaseSpain Ribera, abaculi Dutch Hendrick noSosiphatru Brugghen futhi Barbyuren.
Karavadzhizm naye waba nethonya elinamandla endleleni izigaba imisebenzi amakhosi ezifana Peter Paul Rubens, Diego Velasquez, Zhorzh De La Tour futhi Rembrandt.

Wadding karavadzhistov kuthinte ukujula yayo futhi ukunakekela imininingwane. Asikhulume okwengeziwe umdwebi Dutch owasebenza kule nqubo.

Umqondo wokuqala kakhulu wathatha Hendrick noSosiphatru Brugghen. He is ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVII, wavakashela eRoma, lapho ahlangana khona nge-Manfredi, Gentileschi futhi Saraceni. Kwakuwusuku umDashi isiqale Utrecht esikoleni yokudweba nale nqubo.

Iziza ube imidwebo namaqiniso, basuke libhekene mnene amahlaya ukuboniswa izigcawu. Hendrick noSosiphatru Brugghen awabonisi nje izikhathi ahlukene zokuphila wesimanje, kodwa futhi uhlaziye le naturalism bendabuko.

ukuqhubeka sikole sabe Honthorst. Wasephambukela izindaba zeBhayibheli, kodwa ngesakhiwo yakhiwe iphuzu umthengi Ngenxa Dutch XVII leminyaka. Ngakho, ngo-imidwebo yakhe, sibona ithonya ecacile chiaroscuro imiklamo. Isebenza ngaphansi kwethonya karavadzhistov bamlethela udumo e-Italy. Izigcawu yakhe uhlobo ngekhandlela, yena wathola isidlaliso "ebusuku".

Ngokungafani esikoleni Utrecht, abadwebi lase ezifana Rubens uVan Dyck ayibanga namandla abasekeli karavadzhizma. Lesi sitayela ephawulwe emisebenzini yabo kuphela njengempango esiteji ahlukene kwetinhlavu besitayela sakhe.

Adrian Brouwer noDavide Teniers

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, yokudweba amakhosi lase kungokoqobo izinguquko ezinkulu. Siqala Ukubukeza kwethu abaculi kusukela ezigabeni kamuva, lapho yayikhona hambisa kude imidwebo omkhulukazi ukuba esinda okubhekiswe izifundo.

Okokuqala, Brouwer futhi Teniers Omncane futhi ngemva kokubekwa kwesisekelo lokusungula ubeke izigcawu kusukela ezimpilweni zansuku zonke-Dutch abavamile. Ngakho, u-Adrian, Ngokuqhubeka Motifs Pieter Bruegel, izinguquko ezimbalwa amasu zibhalwe futhi yilokho esigxila kukho lapho imidwebo yakhe.

Ugxila ohlangothini ugly kakhulu ekuphileni. Valais for imidwebo ufuna kule fiphaza zindlu Smoky nezindawo zokudlela. Nokho, isithombe Brouwer kuthinte lubonakaliswa futhi uhlamvu ukujula. Umdwebi efihla balingisi labagcamile ekujuleni, eneka ngokuba namanje Lifes uhlelo lokuqala.

A kubangwa umdlalo dice noma amakhadi, obhemayo elele noma ophuzayo nokudansa. Laba yizakhamuzi abanesifiso umdwebi.

Kodwa umsebenzi yamuva Brouwer ithambe, banayo amahlaya ubusa ngaphezu elibi futhi nokweqisa. Manje emidwebweni aqukethe kwemizwelo zefilosofi futhi zibonisa kancane ijubane ngicabange izinhlamvu.

Abacwaningi bathi ngekhulu XVII abaculi lase eqala ukukhula engajulile ngokuziqhathanisa isizukulwane esedlule sakwa abaculi. Nokho, thina nje ubone ukushintsha kusuka inkulumo eliqhakazile kwezihloko wasenganekwaneni Rubens futhi Jordaens Burlesque ukuze impilo elokuthula of abalimi Teniers Omncane.

Lesi sakamuva, ngokukhethekile, igxile izikhathi ngokunganaki wemikhosi emzaneni. Wazama ziveza imishado nemikhosi abalimi elula. Ngekugcizelela ikakhulukati ekuhlanganisweni izingxenye zangaphandle, kanye idealization zokuphila.

Frans Snyders

Njengoba u-Anton van Dyck, iphuzu esizoxoxa ngalo kamuva, uFrans Snyders uqale ukuzilolonga Hendrik van Balen. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba futhi umeluleki Piter Breygel Omncane.

Uma ucabangela umsebenzi lokhu okuyinhloko, sihlangana nesinye isici yobuciko, okuyinto ecebe kangaka Umdwebo lase. Snyders imidwebo akazange ibukeke imidwebo babantu besikhathi sakhe. EFrance waphenduka ukuthola niche nokuthuthukisa ukuba eziphakemeyo master akunakuqhathaniswa.

Wayengumuntu the best in the image zokuphila namanje nezilwane. Njengoba umdwebi umculi-isilwane ngokuvamile wamenywa nezinye abaculi, ezifana Rubens, ngoba ukudalwa izingxenye ezithile wemisebenzi yakhe yobungcweti.

Ngo umsebenzi Snyder bekulokhu shift kancane kancane kusukela namanje Lifes eminyakeni yokuqala kuya izigcawu ukuzingela ezinkathini zakamuva. Nge zonke ukungathandi ekumeni nezithombe zabantu asenawo ke lapho emidwebweni. Njengoba ephuma isimo?

Kulula, uFrans Janssens abamenyiwe ukudala izithombe abazingeli, Jordaens kanye nabanye abangane eenkhulwini inhlangano.

Ngakho, siyabona ukuthi art kwekhulu le-17 e Flanders ibonisa esigabeni heterogeneous sokushintshela kusukela amasu odlule kanye nesimo sengcondvo lesibi. Weza hhayi lushelele ngokushesha e-Italy, kodwa unikele ezweni ngempela okudaliwe engavamile amakhosi lase.

Yakob Yordans

Lase imidwebo ngekhulu le-17 libhekene inkululeko ethe xaxa njengoba kuqhathaniswa nenani lesikhathi esedlule. Lapha ungakwazi ukubona nje kuphela ukuphila izigcawu kusukela ukuphila, kodwa futhi ekuqaleni amahlaya. Ikakhulukazi, Yakob Yordans ngokuvamile wazivumela ukuba enze kancane Burlesque ukudwetshwa yakhe.

Encwadini yakhe ethi, wawufinyelela phezulu kakhulu njengoba portraitist, kodwa nokho zacishe okungcono ukudluliselwa uhlamvu esithombeni. Ngakho, enye uchungechunge wakhe oyinhloko - "Le mikhosi Bean King" - esekelwe emfanekisweni temdzabu, amazwi ethandwa, amahlaya kanye namazwi. Kulezi imidwebo okubonisa ophithizelayo, bejabule, ukuphila esishukumisayo umphakathi Dutch kwekhulu XVII.

Ukukhuluma yobuciko Dutch yokudweba lesi sikhathi, sizobe ngokuvamile niphathe igama Peter Paul Rubens. Kwaba ithonya lakhe sabonakala imisebenzi iningi abaculi lase.

Jordaens futhi iyathinteka lokhu ukudalelwa. Okwesikhathi esithile wasebenza studio ka Rubens, ukudala izikeshi imidwebo. Nokho, kwacaca ukuthi kungcono uJakobe ukwenza tenebrizm amasu kanye chiaroscuro.

Uma ubheka obukhulu kuzo Jordaens, eziqhathanisa imisebenzi Peter Paul, sibona ithonya okucacile yokugcina. Kodwa uJakobe imidwebo imibala ngaphezulu efudumele, inkululeko kanye umsungulo.

Peter Rubens

Ukuxoxa obukhulu kuzo imidwebo lase, ingasaphathwa Rubens. Peter Paul esikhathini sakhe kwaba master wavuma. He kubhekwa a virtuoso themes zenkolo futhi basezinganekwaneni, kodwa akukho ithalente kancane kwezobuciko ebonakaliswa ubuciko landscape ne portrait.

Wakhulela emkhayeni ewele disfavour ngenxa Antics kayise ebusheni bakhe. Ngokushesha idumela lawo kubuyiselwa ngemva kokufa yomzali, Rubens nonina wabuyela e-Antwerp.

Lapha, le nsizwa ngokushesha ukuzuza ukuxhumana kudingeka, kwenze ikhasi Countess de Lyalen. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uPetru uPawulu wahlangana Tobias, Verhahtom Van Noort. Kodwa ithonya ekhethekile kuye umeluleki wasiza Otto Van Veen. Kuyinto umculi wadlala indima juqu ekubumbeni master ikusasa isitayela.

Otto wayejabula zabalobi bezincwadi zakudala, izinganekwane, eboniswa imisebenzi UHorace, futhi kwaba connoisseur of Italian Renaissance. Lezi zici zobuntu bakhe Van Fan futhi wanika umculi abasha.

Ngemva kweminyaka emine internship e-Otto Rubens ukuthatha kuyo yonke inhlangano inhlangano abaculi, bezinhlamvu zemali kanye Okugweda ngokuthi "Guild of St Luke." Ukuthweswa iziqu, ngokusho emasikweni akudala amakhosi Dutch, kwaba uhambo e-Italy. Lapho, uPetru noPawulu waziphatha ngitadisha futhi ukukopisha yobuciko engcono kwenkathi.

Akumangalisi ukuthi imidwebo abaculi lase-izici zayo zifane amasu amanye amakhosi Italian Yenguquko.

E-Italy, Rubens wayehlala futhi esebenza okwesikhathi UMuphi aziwayo futhi ngalendoda Vincenzo Gonzaga. Le nkathi yakhe abacwaningi lokusungula shayela Mantua, ngoba umuzi wabizwa ngokuthi uPetru uPawulu nomvikeli.

Kodwa isihlalo yesifundazwe kanye isifiso ukuyisebenzisa Gonzaga akakuthandanga Rubens. Encwadini ubhala ukuthi okuningi kwalokhu kanye nje zingase zisebenzise Vicenzo amasevisi portrait sezingcweti. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, insizwa ithola abashisekeli kanye oda eRoma.

Impumelelo main kwenkathi yamaRoma kwaba Umdwebo we Santa Maria e Vallicella, ne-altare Isigodlo e Fermo.

Ngemva kokushonelwa unina, Rubens wabuyela e-Antwerp, lapho ngokushesha waba inkosi ezilinganiselwa ikhokhwe. Umholo etholwe kuye esigodlweni Brussels, bevunyelwe ukuba baphile ngesitayela grand, ukuba workshop esikhulu, ngokoqobo eziningi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uPetru uPawulu eqhubeka elala Order of amaJesuit, owakhuliswa njengoba ingane. Kusukela kubo wathola oda wezangaphakathi Antwerp Church of St noKarla Borromeya. Lapha enza umfundi kangcono - Anton Van Dyck, iphuzu esizoxoxa ngalo ngezansi.

Ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwakhe Rubens yesibili wachitha ohambweni zokubonisana. Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, wathengela mansion lapho enikeza kumakhelwane wakhe imbongolo, wathatha indawo isithombe zokuphila ongumlimi.

Ngo umsebenzi lo mculi omkhulu wathonywa ikakhulukazi ngokushumayela nangokufundisa ngezindaba Titian futhi Brueghel. Imisebenzi edume kakhulu yiwona imidwebo "uSamsoni uDelila", "umsebenzi wokufuna imvubu", "Kudlwengulwa le Madodakazi Leucippus".

Rubens waba nethonya elinamandla ku imidwebo Western Europe, ukuthi ngo-1843 i-Green Square e-Antwerp lesikhumbuzo wavuswa kuye.

Anton Van Dyck

I portraitist enkantolo, master themes wasenganekwaneni nezenzo zenkolo ezinyantisayo imidwebo, umdwebi ka isitayela Baroque - zonke izici Antona Van Dyck, umfundi best of Peter Paul Rubens.

okudweba eenkhulwini imiswe phakathi ukuqeqesha nge Hendrik van Balen, owamnika ngiqeqeshwe. Kwakuwusuku ayichitha workshop lo mculi wawuvumela Anton ngokushesha ukuzitholela udumo wendawo.

Ngezinye nane wayebhala wobuciko lokuqala nanhlanu wavula isitolo sakhe sokuqala. Ngakho zisencane Van Deyk Antwerp iba usaziwayo.

Ngezinye nesikhombisa Anton ukwamukela inhlangano St. Luke, lapho aba ngiqeqeshwe ngesikhathi Rubens. Kwaphela iminyaka emibili (1918 no-1920), Van Deyk ubhala kwi amapulangwe nantathu ekumeni kaJesu Kristu futhi Nambili. Namuhla le misebenzi kukhona eminyuziyamu eziningi zomhlaba.

Ubuciko yokudweba Antona Van Dyck kwaba begxile kakhulu izindikimba zenkolo. Wabhala eshabhu wakhe odumile Rubens imidwebo "wokugcotshwa umqhele" futhi "Kiss likaJuda".

Kusukela ngo-1621 kuqala isikhathi ikhambo. Ekuqaleni, umculi osemusha ezinze eLondon, ne-King James, ngemva kokuhamba e-Italy. Ngo 1632, u-Anton wabuyela eLondon, lapho uCharles I uzinika knighted zakhe futhi akhiphe umyalo isikhundla enkantolo umdwebi. Lapha wasebenza kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe.

imidwebo yakhe embukisweni eminyuziyamu Munich, Vienna, le Louvre Museum, Washington, New York kanye nezinye zemicimbi amaningi emhlabeni wonke.

Ngakho, namuhla thina sikanye nawe, abafundi abathandekayo, baye bafunda mayelana umdwebo lase. Unombono ngomlando lasungulwa yokuhlabelela wokwenza imidwebo. Sahlangana nabanye kafushane nge abaculi enkulu Dutch kwesikhathi.