Alfred Brehm: Biography, impumelelo, izincwadi, futhi amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Ngo Renthendorf ekuqaleni Februwari 1829 kwakukhona umcimbi usamkhumbula umhlaba wonke. The zenzisa umfundisi umndeni, ukuthatha isithakazelo esikhulu Ornithology - Kristiana Brema, - nandodana, igunya ngekusasa lezwe falling in love zonke izingane emhlabeni - Elisabeth Edmund Brehm. Obani namuhla akazi imiphumela imibono yakhe etshalwe, ababengakholelwa ugcine abadumile incwadi "Life of Izilwane" ezandleni? Mhlawumbe hhayi umuntu onjalo noma yiziphi amazwekazi.

ekuqaleni

Umndeni yayibuswa nenhlonipho nokuqonda, futhi le ndodana yalo uthando ubaba wakhe cishe enkulu kakhulu futhi engenamkhawulo. Alfred Brehm bawahlolisisa ngokulangazela ku ugqozi kayise, ngoba lwaqala ekuqaleni kakhulu ukuze bathethelele imibono yabo zasendle. Babehamba kanye onqenqemeni yezwe, nokunye ngaphambi kokungena inyuvesi ngokokuqala le nsizwa wakwazi ukuphinde ahambe eziningi ngokusebenzisa Afrika, ngokuvakashela Egypt, eNubia, Eastern Sudan.

Ngoba okunye Alfred Brehm uhambo njalo, ukutadisha nezilwane yeNorway, Spain, Abyssinia, eLapland. Konke ukuphila kwakhe kwakuhlangene jikelele silwane. Ngo-1863 wamiswa njengephayona elivamile umqondisi we Zoological Garden e Hamburg, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emine, u-Alfred Brehm kwaba umsunguli abadumile Berlin aquarium.

encwadini edume

Futhi sonke lesi sikhathi uye zanqwabelana imibono yakhe, ahlele, ehlelekile liyasondela isethi target, cishe eminyakeni yobungane. Kanjani wafuna ukuthola le ncwadi angathathwa echazwe iyatholakala - e izindaba, ku-eseyi, nge izithombe amahle - umuntu cishe ngokoqobo okufanayo, engaqondakali ngakho, ezithakazelisayo ngakho!

Yingakho Nganquma ukubhalela ukuphila Alfred Brehm Animal bebodwa. Kuyadingeka ukuthi incwadi yayiqondakala hhayi kuphela Ochwepheshe, kodwa futhi kunoma ngumfokazi, kwaba ezithakazelisayo ikakhulukazi ezinganeni. Wenza eziningi zakhe, ukuthi kakade 1863 khona umqulu wokuqala we ngaye encwadini edume kakhulu yanyatheliswa. Lalibizwa ngokuthi "i-Illustrated Izimpilo Izilwane." Futhi u-Alfred Brehm iyiphayona ngale ndlela.

wabeluleki

Umqulu wokuqala yanyatheliswa ngo Gildburgtauzene, futhi ngokushesha waba rarity. Umsebenzi osekwenziwe kuyinto omkhulu ngempela! incazelo eningiliziwe yokuqothulwa emhlabeni ongakabi khona, uqala ukuvela incwadi. Alfred Brehm "Life of Izilwane" owakwazi ukushicilela ngoba labasizi - Uprofesa Taushenbergu owabhala izihloko ku izinambuzane futhi izicabucabu, Oscar Schmidt, wasungula izinto izilwane aphansi. abaculi ezimbili ezibonisa incwadi, lapha emelelwa umsebenzi wabo. Nokho, ingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke umthamo umsebenzi kuphela wathatha ku ngokwayo Alfred Edmund Brehm. Izincwadi zakhe waqhubeka ebonakala kuze 1869. Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange-oda imiqulu eyisithupha omkhulu.

Bonke abathandi izinyoni ibhuku inkomba "Izinyoni basekuthunjweni", okuyinto iminyaka emine, kuze 1876 th, Alfred Brehm. Ngo "Life of Izilwane" inyoni esihlahleni (izinyoni zasehlathini) iye yachazwa kubo ngaleso sikhathi Liyindawo enemininingwane nokunokwethenjelwa kakhulu. Nokho, umlobi kwaba ngempela udlubulunda, ngoba ayebheka ke ekungabini nolwazi olwanele. Futhi ngo-1879, kwesibili hlobo lo msebenzi - manje eziyishumi amavolumu, lapho umlobi esibukeziwe futhi obengeziwe cishe zonke izihloko. izincwadi zakhe babengokoqobo kakhulu ziphoqa ukuthi iqembu elathatha uhambo olulandelayo exhasiwe kalula abathengisi kanye nezimboni, ngisho Russian. Ngo-1877, u-Alfred Brehm wafunda bezilwane e uhambo Western eSiberia naseMpumalanga Turkestan.

ukukhanyiselwa

Ngeshwa, lolu hambo ingeyezinhloso yesayensi, yaqaphela ngezinga elikhulu kangaka, kwaba sekugcineni. Eminyakeni elandelako embalwa wenza travel yesikhathi esifushane kuphela. Kubandakanya eNyakatho Melika, lapho iningi Izinkulumo imibono yabo we yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene of ahlukahlukene. Ungawandisi count amayunivesithi ukuthi yaklonyeliswa Alfred Brehm ezihlukahlukene zokuhlonipha izihloko, ezesayensi imiphakathi yonke indawo, ngubani wammemela zokuhlonipha ubulungu, uthi ngowokuqala umuntu ukhishwa Order of Bram. Nokho, ngisho ukusho semvelo abadumile engafuni, ngoba wayengumuntu onesizotha futhi noma iyiphi ingxoxo elihunyushwe ngokushesha ibe isihloko asithandayo sokwenza uphenyo nemvelo.

Ayengakwenza indaba ezinqumela eside ngezilwane, ababone ezobhekwa, walawula, imikhuba yabo, nobudlelwane phakathi indoda. Wayekhuluma ngobugagu okungavamile, ebabonisa intelligence okungavamile, imikhuba emihle, umuzwa olukhulu amahlaya, kodwa ngoba yonke indawo futhi ngokushesha waba intandokazi omphakathi. uthando Special wajabulela kusuka abafundi: intsha akhuleka kuye ngoba izinkulumo ezithakazelisayo, ne Wit kanye ejabule. Ngisho ngaphandle nibonakala kubantu nilungile UProfesa u-Alfred Brehm wayephelele: izinwele ezinde walala mane sengonyama kuyiqiniso, njengoba nje uyaziqhenya futhi iqonde kwaba ukuma kwakhe, futhi amehlo akhe - ezihlekisayo, elikhazimulayo sky blue ...

Life of Elisabeth Brehm

Empeleni, akuzona zonke futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi savela noProfesa kahle empilweni. Intokozo ukuqashelwa - yebo, azisuswanga. Kodwa parallel, futhi usizi likhulu kakhulu. Ngo-1877, th ukushona kukamama wakhe othandekayo, ngonyaka - futhi kuphela best ngomfazi emhlabeni, umngane ngokungakhathali kubo bonke lokuyoshumayela. I last iconsi zosizi - esithandayo omncane engenathi nendodana ushonele Phakathi nohambo beyohlala eNyakatho Melika.

Ngo uhambo Alfred Brehm kwakubanda ke shí umsebenzi omkhulu, lapho wazama minza ukudabuka, futhi konke kwehle kahle impilo yakhe. Ngo-November 1884 i-isifo sezinso lokuqala usisusile kusukela semvelo emhlabeni edume kunazo zonke. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, uProfesa Pehuel Lesha ezikhishwe edition yesithathu "Life of Izilwane", futhi lakhuliswa futhi elibuyekeziwe ngosizo amanothi, zanqwabelana umthwalo lohambo yamuva.

umbhali

Kungani incwadi yakhe is ngakho abathandwa abafundi? Kwakumelwe ezintsha ngomqondo ophelele walelo gama. Basuke eyayihambisana incazelo azinabo yesayensi izingxenye ezinjalo, isayensi ezomile uyazicabangela ezingadingekile, kodwa umfundi uyawuthanda kubo yonke indawo.

Encwadini, u-Alfred Brehm sika "Animal Life" isicabucabu ngamunye has imikhuba yalo futhi amakhono, umfundi ubona "umndeni" nasekuphileni kwakhe kwasemhlabeni "umphakathi" wamangaza imenyu kwayo kwansuku zonke, isimo phakathi kwabazalwane kanye nomthelela ukuphila komuntu ngezinga elikhulu. Kungenxa yokuthi lokhu uyaphila ngokuphelele, siyahamba njalo ubunjalo umlingisi ngamunye futhi ubeke umfundi encwadini Bram zichithe ezithakazelisa kakhulu futhi othandekayo kakhulu.

eRussia

"I-Illustrated Izimpilo Izilwane" esanyatheliswa Russia cishe ngokushesha ngemuva kokushicilelwa eJalimane. imiqulu eyisithupha kuhunyushwe ngokugcwele futhi akhiqizwa edition Kovalevsky kusuka 1866 kuya 1876. Ushicilelo lwesibili eRussia isusiwe kusukela enkulungwaneni yesithathu-German (Kubuyeketa Saint-Hilaire), kanye le miqulu abalitshumi basebesehla ngaphezulu "toplenkimi" ngemva umshini wokunyathelisa, ngakho ngokushesha waqala uhlelo lwesibili amakhophi engeziwe ngo-1894.

Futhi lanyatheliswa ngo parallel nomunye isiJalimane, lapho ishidi ngamunye ngokushesha zilethwe Russia. Umbhalo ukuhumusha kuphela futhi kucutshungulwe ukuthi ngabe kuhlobene nezinga nezilwane Russian kwakungaziwa kwenziwe. Ngemva kwalokho-ke wahlolwa futhi abekwa ngononina ukuthi angase hhayi oluthathwa Alfred Brem ku "Life of Izilwane". Izinyoni (ikakhulukazi Cranes) - ubuso waseRussia, mayelana efanayo birch yayo. Abaningi izihloko ngokucacile zidinga anezele, nakuba ngezinye Brem Lokhu konke ezibekwe ngokugcwele kulezo vermeni.

Indlela ukukhulisa izingane

Esikhathini imitapo ambalwa zesifunda, futhi namuhla njengoba inhlamvu yeso lakhe uthi Wazise walondoloza ngokuyisimangaliso wonke amavolumu eziyishumi lolu hlobo ezimibalabala. Umphakathi Russian ngokushesha benesithakazelo nombhali isifundo emangalisayo, futhi ngenxa kwezinye omagazini Brehm zanikezelwa isihloko kusuka lapho ukwazi ngafunda ukuthi umbhali abawuthandayo wabelethwa Weimar, futhi uyise wayengumGreki ornithologist sasivumela owaziwa, ngubani kwakuhambisana ososayensi abaqavile abaningi bengakwenzi kuphela eJalimane, kodwa futhi eFrance naseNgilandi.

Kuwo wonke umkhaya ngokwanele abacebile, lapho izingane zifundiswa ukufunda, qiniseka ukuthi unayo incwadi ngesibani Alfred Brehm. Lezi imifanekiso nolwazi ohambisana savusa ilukuluku lokufuna ukwazi, izingane omthandayo nje ukuhlola izwe, okwenza, kanye umsunguli abawuthandayo, izizinda kakhudlwana futhi ezikude futhi Kuzonyuka emasimini ezizungezile futhi emahlathini, ukutadisha bonke abaphilayo ukuthi ukuhlangabezana kuphela indlela yabo . Bona ukuhlukanisa izinyoni hhayi kuphela ngezwi nombala, wayazi ukuthi labo noma ezinye izinyoni isidleke. Kungaba ugqozi Bram izindaba Prishvina noma Bianchi.

isinqumo esinzima

Yiqiniso, akuzona zonke izingane zendawo Russian waba semvelo ngemva ngokuhudula amabhuku umthwalo. Futhi umbhali ngokwakhe wakwenza hhayi ngokushesha wakhetha indlela yakhe, wahlangabetana nabo ngesikhatsi angena sokuzivocavoca ngemva kokutadisha ukuba umklami. Nokho, isiphetho ayikwazi wakhohlisa! Ngemva konyaka, omunye abangane nomndeni abamenyiwe studiozusov umjoyine ehlobo uhambo-Black izwekazi ke namanje cishe nhlobo. Brehm ebuya khona iminyaka emithathu kuphela kamuva, lapho lonke ugqozi ngobungcweti bokwakhiwa kwezindlu yayisithathwe eshaweni. Indlela eyasehlula ngesikebhe ukugwedla ngoba zonke nomfula omude kunayo Zomhlaba - Neil? Kwakungenzeka yini ukumisa inhlangano zoo e Hartrume, yokulawula izilwane zasendle? Bese ukuhambisa udenga ...

Njengoba e-Afrika, kungenzeka lokhu ukuthatha futhi niyeke ukubuyela izakhiwo? Lonke uhambo kwase kuyisikhathi eside kusukela kwaba e-Europe, no-Alfred Brehm - namanje e-Afrika. Wayengeke amshiye isifundo engxenyeni, ngakho wathonyelwa umfowabo omdala Oscar, baya endaweni engaziwa ngokuphelele lapho umlenze European lingashoni. Oscar wathola umfowabo omncane isishintshe kakhulu: ukuthi uzwakale ngesi-Arabhu, egqoke izingubo zendawo, futhi abantu bendawo wambiza Halil Efendi. Ngakho baqhubeka nohambo lwabo iminyaka emibili. Bese kwenzeka entabeni lokuqala yangempela ekuphileni Alfred - umfowabo Oscar waminza.

uphawu

Brem Yiqiniso, lo mkhankaso abayekanga, nakuba isikhathi eside usizi lwakhe ngokoqobo badla. amathuluzi okucwaninga zathathwa omkhulu. iqoqo elaziwayo elincane kwezilwane eyayigcwele izinyoni umxhwele ukuze Sekuyisikhathi eside nososayensi wafuna imali eqashelwe konke lokhu e-Europe. Nokho - zoo, lapho babengakwazi izinyoni kuphela, kodwa futhi siphile izingwenya, amabhubesi nezinkawu ahlukahlukene. Lapho imali sithutha wathola, umthwalo walababantu bonke anikwa umuzi Vienna, lapho esezinzile isikhashana. Izilwane idluliselwe zoo, futhi eyayigcwele izilwane iqoqo, herbarium, amaqoqo entomological - University.

Futhi ngakho yaphela uhambo lwakhe njalo. Kodwa okubaluleke kunakho konke, umphumela eziphawuleka kakhulu - Yebo, izincwadi ezibhalwe Bebajaha, edlidlizelayo kokuma ayegcwele. Kuba "Ukuphila Ezweni Inyakatho neningizimu", "izilwane Ihlathi", "Kusukela Pole nenkabazwe," "Journey Gabesh", "Ihlathi (umuthi) inyoni" kanye nabanye abaningi. Futhi izihloko eziningi kanjani omagazini zesayensi kanye ethandwa! Yingakho u-Alfred Brehm uyohlale indoda eyathola abantu bonke ubuhle bomhlaba, ngekwehlukahlukana kwalo. Kodwa u-Alfred Brehm wabhala, "Plant Life". Yiqiniso, zaphumela unikeza isiqondiso esihle, kodwa igama lakhe ekhaveni - nje PR, ukufunisela phezu izifundo usosayensi omkhulu futhi umbhali emangalisayo.