Barcelona: Sagrada Familia. Barcelona: izikhangibavakashi, isithombe. isonto Gothic Barcelona

Umuzi eyingqayizivele ngempela Barcelona. Izikhangibavakashi, okuyinto ahlotshiswe izithombe emakhasini omagazini ekuhambeni, zikhanga ukuvakashela ezweni Catalonia. Futhi noma yimuphi umuntu waphenduka intando isiphetho kule ndawo, kukhona isifiso angenakuvinjwa ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nomlando wayo. Futhi kufanele kuphawulwe, abacebe! Isungulwe yanqotshwa amaRoma, eBarcelona (eSpain, Catalonia) futhi manje kugcina emikhondweni zonke nangenkathi yentuthuko.

izakhiwo sezenkolo

On ukubonakala emzini washiya isigxivizo ongenakucimeka wokulingwa amaningi eminyaka isiko lobuKristu. Barcelona has ezihlukahlukene ezikhangayo, kodwa ngabomvu izivakashi kukhona amasonto ubudala namathempeli, elise ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zedolobha. Quarter Gothic esiphawuleka kunazo kusukela umbono sokuphila okungokwenkolo, ethempelini Barcelona - Cathedral, ogama litshwayo imele ukwaluka eduze kwesango umhlambi goose, efanekisela ubumsulwa St Eulalia, le ongumvikeli esontweni. Ingaphakathi abahlukile ikhanga izivakashi Basilica of Santa Maria del Mar, ezakhiwe sokuthuthwa kwempahla ababehamba olwandle. Ukusuka kunoma iliphi iphuzu yedolobha iyabonakala, elinye isonto yisakhiwo sodumo - eyakhelwe phezu kweNtaba Tibidabo Nethempeli Inhliziyo Engcwele. Barcelona, sibonga izakhiwo idatha, unyaka ngamunye izinkulungwane zabantu abathanda bokwakha, kodwa inani elikhulu izivakashi ezivela kuwo wonke umhlaba ebutha lapha ukuze ubone engcebweni esemqoka yedolobha - Church of the Family Engcwele, kwaqala umsebenzi wokwakha ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 futhi iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilolu suku. Izigidi zabantu eminyakeni ngokuvakashela Barcelona ukujabulela isitayela okungenakuqhathaniswa Antoni Gaudí.

Sagrada Familia

Expiatory ethempelini Sagrada Familia, noma ethempelini Sagrada Familia, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngephutha ukubizwa ngokuthi lombhishobhi, nakuba eqinisweni kuba isonto - eyingqopha kwamasiko hhayi kuphela eSpain kuphela kodwa futhi emhlabeni wonke. ngalé liyabonakala zezakhiwo ngesikhathi izivakashi akukho okuncomekayo esingaphansi mbhoshongo ka Cheops. Lo msebenzi yobuciko likhona ohlwini UNESCO, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lo kwakhiwa isakhiwo is hhayi kuqeda okwamanje. Minyaka yonke, Spain (Catalonia, Barcelona) uthola abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu abafuna ukujabulela mathupha ethempelini. Ubuhle Sagrada Familia ngemuva komuzi ubukeka ngempela umxhwele. On umlando ukwakhiwa yayo uchaze ngezansi.

Ukwakhiwa kwehlelo Sagrada Familia

Umqondo ekudaleni isonto eladabuka 1874, ngempela kungalindelekile, ngenxa semali iminikelo. Kakade ngo 1881 ezweni yathengwa ukwakhiwa amakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka Barcelona. Yebo, eyisidalwa thempeli lakhiwa ngaphandle komuzi, kamuva Barcelona lase likhule kakhulu kangangokuba manje Sagrada Familia itholakala endaweni enabantu abaningi ezisemadolobheni. Ngo-March 1882, owokuqala ngaphansi kobuholi wezakhiwo F. del Villar baqalisa ukubeka isisekelo sesakhiwo. Nokho, naphezu inani elikhulu okuzikhulula futhi ukutholakala izimali ukwakhiwa, ekupheleni 1882 ukubamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni wezakhiwo wenqaba, ngenxa yokuntuleka isivumelwano phakathi kwakhe ikhasimende. Mhlawumbe manje kwakungeke kudingeke Barcelona ezikhangayo lokhu ezidlula, uma, emva ukususwa umsebenzi kuphrojekthi del Villar ayixhunyiwe kunjalo egcwele intshiseko futhi amandla umakhi Antoni Gaudí. Ngokusho umqondo wakhe, ibandla wayethole ibuthaka, sifana iwebhu wesicabucabu, isitayela Art Nouveau. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi isakhiwo uzobe ugcwele kwemibhoshongo eminingi, egijimela phezulu, nezinye umhlobiso zangaphakathi nezangaphandle kuyobonisa izakhi ngabanye levangeli, okungukuthi, ukuzalwa, ukubethelwa, nokuvuka kukaKristu, noma ezinye rites of the Catholic Church. Gaudi, isonto labo kwakudingeka abe njengendawo enqabeni isihlabathi, olufana nalolo nithanda ehlezi ogwini kwesigubhu, ukwakha izingane. Kwakusho ukuthi Spire ephakathi ye esontweni hlobo lwesiphambano uzoba ukuphakama 170 metres, imitha eyodwa ngezansi ukuphakama Montjuic (ezintabeni emzini Barcelona) - ithempeli kwaba ukuthi aseqeli ukudalwa nepheleleyo.

uhlelo Gaudi sika ezinkulu

umlando Barcelona ukubhalisa parallel kanjani ukwakha Sagrada Familia, kumane olungaphambili lwesonto lakhiwa iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amane. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, leli dolobha liye lakhula, kancane kancane wazihlanganisa kwenkathi zezimboni futhi baqala zikhula ngokushesha. Decor umbhoshongo ngamunye Antonio Gaudi walalelisisa. On ukugcwaliseka okuzikhulula zabo, wasebenza ngenkuthalo futhi ngaphandle engashiyi yena, futhi abaningi abaqondi ukuthi umakhi is ngokuchitha isikhathi esiningi imali, isikhathi nomzamo ukwakha, ngoba umhlaba wayengekho ngisho eziqongweni kwemibhoshongo ziyabonakala. Gaudi wathi: "Uma ungayiboni abantu, uzobona yezingelosi."

Barcelona lakhula. Ithempeli lakhula kanye nalo. Wayehlose ukwakha mbumbulu ezintathu: Passion, uKhisimusi kanye Inkazimulo Kristu. Umakhi wayazi ukuthi isikhathi esinjalo esifushane, ukuphila komuntu ngeke kwanele ukwenza ngokoqobo umqondo omkhulu. Wayefanele ukunquma ukuthi iyiphi ukwakha lokuqala tincenye letintsatfu yezakhiwo. Futhi wenza isiqunto esivuna kukaJesu olungaphambili lwesonto, ngoba ezinye izigcawu of kokubethelwa Kristu bakwazi okwesabisa abantu, futhi umbono wabo ngalo lwaba olubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba ukwakhiwa kwenziwa kuphela iminikelo. Phakathi 1909-1910 biennium. Ithempeli lakhiwa esikoleni parish ke futhi embonweni ka Gaudi. Ekuqaleni yayakhiwe njengoba isakhiwo sesikhashana, ngakho kwakungekho izindonga umthwalo eziveza ngodonga ingaphakathi zisuswe kalula, ngaleyo ndlela ungakwazi ukushintsha kalula layout isikhala. Kuze kube manje, ngeshwa, swe kahle esikoleni asizange sisinde.

ukufa ipulani

Novemba 30, 1925 ukwakhiwa of kukaJesu olungaphambili lwesonto yaqedwa, Gaudi wayehamba ukuqala ukwakhiwa izingxenye ezisele isakhiwo. Kule minyaka edlule, umklami usezuze bakhangane esiyingqayizivele Barcelona - isonto elihlotshiswe ukubaza of the Catholic Church kanye nezimpawu, imibhalo ye izimfundiso futhi iVangeli. Zonke kuvuliwe ikhanda layo ngosuku ill-fated, Juni 7, 1926. Antonio Gaudi oneminyaka engu-73 ubudala ungqongqoza tram lapho waya enkonzweni. Umakhi wangihlaba ogqoke kabi, wayiswa okwesikhathi umalalepayipini futhi akazange ngisho uhlupho amyise esibhedlela. Juni 10, 1926, kancane, engakayihlanganisi iminyaka engu-74 weminyaka, Gaudi wafa. Barcelona ilahlekelwe umuntu omkhulu! Ubuke yenziwe ngezandla zakhe, manje bemagange ukubona izigidi zabantu, ngaphandle kwabo kumane nje akunakwenzeka ukuba sicabange edolobheni. Futhi akusiwona nje Sagrada Familia, nakuba Yiqiniso, kuba umsebenzi enkulu umklami. Lapha wembelwa - wangcwatshwa Gaudi namanje sidle Sagrada Familia isakhiwo.

Ukuqhubeka umsebenzi Antonio

Ukwakhiwa esontweni ngemva kokufa ikosi akayekile, waqhubeka umfundi abanamakhono wezakhiwo - Sugranes Domenech, owasebenza Gaudí kusukela 1902. Kakade ngawo-1930-i-mu kwakhiwa olungaphambili lwesonto ezinye ezimbili, njengabafowethu ngowokuqala, abangu ehlotshiswe imidwebo, imibhalo yemiBhalo kanye eziqoshiwe. Nokho, eminye kulandele izikhathi ezinzima. Ukuntuleka kokukhulumisana iminikelo, yempi eyayisondela kanye nokubuthelwa empini yombango kwaholela ekwakhiweni lethempeli ladatshulwa cishe wayeka, kuze 1952. Khona-ke ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo liqale, kodwa, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amashumi eminyaka, umsebenzi wenziwa njalo, kwaze kwaba sekupheleni sokugcina uhlelo Antonio Gaudi namanje kude kakhulu. Kuyadingeka ukuqedela ukwakhiwa ezine 120-foot umbhoshongo elalinikezelwe Evangelist Mark, uJohane noMathewu, noLuka. On the umbhoshongo imitha-170 kaKristu, ngokuvumelana nomqondo umakhi sika, kufanele ufake esiphambanweni, kanti ezinye ezine - amagilebhisi njengoba iwuphawu iSidlo. Uma kukhona ngeke luvuke kungekho izimo ezingalindelekile, futhi ukwakhiwa oyokwenziwa ngokohlelo, ngo 2026, waqala ukuphila layo Kudala yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, ukwakhiwa enkulu ekugcineni igcwaliswe. Ukuphela isakhiwo grand elinde nje Barcelona. Siza ukwakha abantu ethempelini ezivela emhlabeni wonke, umnikelo owenziwa njengamaKristu namalungu bezinye izinkolo. Ngokwesibonelo, muva nje kuye kwaba khona kwatheleka abalulekile kwezimali ezivela Japan.

Church of the Heart Engcwele

Barcelona has a ezikhangayo iyingqayizivele ngempela. Abathwebuli ezivela emhlabeni wonke ziza lapha ukuze ukuthwebula leli dolobha basendulo nabanamuhla nemiklamo yezakhiwo oluvelele. Kodwa ngeke ukwazi ukwenza isethulo egcwele inhlokodolobha Catalan, uma kungekhona kuze kube Tibidabo Intaba futhi kusukela emphemeni observation akusho ujabulele ukubukwa emangalisa komuzi. Kulapha eyakhelwe ethempelini Inhliziyo Engcwele, futhi ngaphezu injena sibalo Kristu, izingalo zakhe bangana umhlaba wonke.

Umlando kanye umhlobiso yesonto

Kuhunyushwe kusuka egameni lesiLatini entabeni Tibidabo kuzwakala "wena nika." Uma ukholwa ukuthi le nganekwane, kusukela esiqongweni sentaba uJesu elingwa nguSathane, ekuboniseni konke ubuhle yasemhlabeni. isonto Expiatory Kwenhliziyo likaKristu phezulu Tibidabo, kubonakale kusuka kunoma iyiphi ekhoneni Barcelona. Ibandla lwenzelwe futhi waqala ukwakha ngo-1902 ngu-umakhi Enrik Sane. Ukwakhiwa kwethempeli ngo-1961, eseqedile indodana yakhe, Josep.

Nethempeli Inhliziyo Engcwele lihlotshiswe ku Romanesque futhi Gothic izitayela. I umhlobiso has zonke lezi izimfanelo yezitayela yezakhiwo - futhi side esingunxantathu olungaphambili lwesonto kompheme ne rose ngaphezu komnyango, namawindi yasekuqaleni futhi nemengamo. Crypt Lower siqukethe naves ezinhlanu nge apses ellipsoidal, bona ikhonze njengomPristi inkundla ekamelweni eliphezulu, lapho bangamathe izinyathelo eziqinile. umhlobiso Kwangempela umhlobiso ingaphakathi zesonto kumi wamatshana emibalabala - intela emasikweni art kwesikhathi WaseByzantium. Ngo izithonjana ethempelini kuyofikwa emigqeni indaba emlandweni wamuva of Spain, bonke abantu abakulezo izingubo yesimanje. izakhi Gothic - iwindi ewumngcingo, likhiphe zingene yayinemibhoshongo ngemuva nangaphambili esibhakabhakeni, wakhomba yayinamakhothamo, eqoshwe ngombala mncane - ukunikeza weightlessness isonto nangobuciko, kodwa izinto eziqoshwe ngamathambo ezindlovu ukudala isimo solemnity ngokubabazekayo. isakhiwo lalolu hlangothi olungaphambili lihlotshiswe imisebenzi ezandleni Catalan master Eusebi Arnau - eziqoshiwe abangcwele James noGeorge, kanye UnguNina KaNkulunkulu, futhi engxenyeni engenhla esontweni emelelwa izingoma lomunye umqophi okunekhono Josep Miret. embhoshongweni wesonto Central isipikili ngumuntu esifanekisweni yegolide Kristu esifana emhlabeni lesikhumbuzo elidume uMhlengi eRio de Janeiro. Ngaphansi kwesithombe senqaba ebaziwe yilona eliphezulu ukuwedlula wonke e Barcelona observation emphemeni enombono obumangalisayo engapheli kolwandle iMedithera wageza amagagasi ayo mnene inhlokodolobha Catalan.

Cathedral (Catedral de Barcelona)

Imephu ezikhangayo kufanele lifake Barcelona Cathedral, okuyinto igama lesibili - Barcelona Cathedral. Kulesi ithempeli elihle kakhulu elalizothatha-pilgrim kuqondise izinyawo zabo emhlabeni wonke, ngoba lokhu lapho izinsalela oNgcwele Martyr Eulalia Barcelona, ushone eneminyaka engu-13 ngonyaka 304 ngemva kokufa kukaKristu. Ekhulwini lesi-4, lapho Eulalia wahlala ezweni Catalonia wanqoba zobuqaba, kodwa le ntombazane idunyiswe ukholo kuJesu, okuyiwona ukuthi washa yini. Of Martyr umlomo ngaphambi ijuba befa landizela, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, lo besahlulelo wawa njengeqhwa. Kwathatha eziningana, futhi Eulalia ubalwe njengenye saint futhi christened le umvikeli we Barcelona, behlonipha wakhe maphakathi Quarter Gothic Yakhiwa lombhishobhi esemqoka yedolobha.

Catedral de Barcelona (isithombe kukhonjisiwe ngezansi) ligcwele izinsalela eziningi zomlando kanye namagugu zenkolo. insimu yalo injalo zamanje waqala ukuthatha kusuka 1268, lapho yesonto yakhiwa. Kusukela engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-15 kuyinto - umhlobiso elingenakuphikwa edolobheni. Ukwakhiwa kwethempeli eyathatha iminyaka 122, isakhiwo lamiswao ngqo esibhidlikile sokukhulekela wamaRoma. Amanye ama-elementi, isibonelo, Spire zazenziwa kamuva kakhulu. Namuhla ifika Barcelona izivakashi bangaqaphela nangobukhulu izakhiwo kanye ukuhlolisisa kujeziswa ngokuningiliziwe ngalinye. Ngokusho eduze egcekeni lombhishobhi zululeka goose emhlophe - lwenhlanzeko Eulalia. Ngaphakathi isakhiwo agcinwa amathempelana Christian: izinsalela oNgcwele, uhlezi endaweni sarcophagus, futhi umfanekiso kaJesu nge umkhumbi iqhaza Battle of Lepanto. Barcelona Cathedral isikhumbuzo yobuciko kanye nomlando obaluleke kakhulu ezweni. ONgcwele Eulalia futhi ohlonishwa amaKatolika nama-Orthodox, ngakho ethempelini kuphawuleka kwabamele kokubili izinkolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Catedral de Barcelona ukhonza njengomdala esihlalweni uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Barcelona.

Church of the Holy Virgin Sea

Eyesibili isakhiwo engokwenkolo obaluleke kakhulu ngemva lombhishobhi enhlokodolobha yase Catalonia neyaziwayo Basilica of Santa Maria del Mar. Itholakala mlando port ndawo, Ribera ikota, lapho ukuhweba usadlondlobele amatilosi, abathengisi nabakhulu wahlala. Ukuze kuhlonishwe kwabo Maze emigwaqweni emincane futhi isonto medieval lamiswao. Isisekelo ukudalwa umakhi Berenguer de Montaguta yasungulwa ngo 1329, futhi ngo-1383-m ukwakha kwathatha. Ngaphambili, lapho ngenxa yemvelo inzika ulwandle ayizange zinhlanga kuze kube sokukhulekela wema ngasemnyango onqenqemeni kwamanzi. On the tympanum we okuthiwa kuvulandi Deesis akachazeki - sibalo Kristu ohlezi esihlalweni sobukhosi, ezinhlangothini okuyizinto ethangeni kaMariya noJohane. Umlilo, owenzeka ngo-1936, wabhubhisa ukubaza eziningi, futhi, ngaphezu kwalezi zibalo, ngasinda kuphela esifanekisweni noPawulu noPetru. izithombe Very interesting elinemifanekiso ukuthi ukuhlobisa amatshe lwaleli. Eyokuqala kwesithombe sikaMariya (Madonna) ngaphezu kwe-altare main, okuyinto ibekwe izinyawo badayisa isikebhe ebaziwe kuyinto engokomfanekiso umbhalo wesandla wezakhiwo esikhulu sokukhulekela. Ngakwesokudla yebandla isikwele encane lamiswao yisikhumbuzo ngesimo nenkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini. On ezindongeni ukuzinikezela ezibaziweyo kuya Catalans, abashona ngesikhathi belwa ibutho Philip V ngo-1714.

sesonto lobu-Orthodox e Barcelona

Kusukela ngo-2002, enhloko-dolobha Catalonia, esebenza Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia. Ekuqaleni, isevisi senzeka esontweni Santa Maria Reina, futhi ngezinsuku ezithile - e lezindela Montserrat kanye Barcelona Cathedral. Nokho, ezakhiweni esabelwe epherishi, kwakungenele inani elikhulayo amalungu esonto, ophakamise umbuzo ekutholeni isakhiwo olulodwa namahhovisi, okungase kumele abhekelelwe futhi agcinwe iconostasis izinto ebandleni. Ngenxa yalezi zinjongo, ukusetshenziswa sokuqasha Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia ngo-2011, wanikwa nethempeli lama St George, elakhiwa ngo isitayela neo-romantic phakathi kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Manje esontweni Annunciation - sesonto lobu-Orthodox e Barcelona, ongafinyelela nelinye ikholwa, ngentando isiphetho kwaba phansi Catalonia.