Noma ubani noma iyiphi olutheni izinhlelo, ezibuza ngalokho kungani kukhona abstract base amakilasi. Iyini injongo yabo? Indlela ukudala i class abstract? Yiziphi izinzuzo banikela ngendlela ebonakalako? Kungani zidingeka izinhlelo futhi ezinye izici lokuqaliswa yabo kufanele bacabangele?
amakilasi abstract
Ngakho izinhlelo ngokuthi iyunithi khodi ngesisekelo okuyinto izinto alinakwakhiwa. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lesi sigaba lwamadoda alandela hhayi kungaba abstract. Ngakho-ke, ukudalwa lezinto okusekelwe kuyo kungenzeka. Uma sicabanga ngesibonelo Java, sakha model ukuthi singakwazi ukuchaza abakhi ku A. ekilasini Kodwa ukuzisebenzisa, thina asikwazi. Indlela ukuphuma kulesi simo eyangabela iyiphi inkomba onhlobonhlobo. Futhi udinga ukuba icaciswe ukuze sikhomba into ekilasini A. Lokhu kungenziwa kanjani? Lokhu kuyosisiza ukuba senze. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi isigaba umzali njalo kubhekwe ukwahlukahlukana ezingaphezu kuka ongowenzalo. Kuzilimi eziningi zokuhlela esetshenziswa ukuletha ngokuzenzakalelayo. Kodwa uma kukhona ukungabi nethemba khona indlela enjalo, khona-ke kumelwe ngokucacile ireferensi into.
izindlela abstract
Yiziphi? Abstract ucingo lezo zindlela ukuthi ayifakiwe kuleli kilasi. Ngakho, lokhu okulandelayo abakaki (ekhomba agumenti esetshenziswa therein) ungayeki ukuvulwa okwenyanga (whereupon elise incazelo block indlela), kanye kuphela isemikholoni. Ngakho, kuleli cala, ayikho ulwazi mayelana ukuthi lenzani. Lapha umbuzo angabuzwa: "Futhi lokho indlela ngaphandle kokusebenza?" Phela, ukuthi akufanele sisetshenziselwe! Yiqiniso, ekilasini, lapho kuchazwa ukuthi, lokhu akunakwenzeka. Kodwa uma sicabangela isimo kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa ayeyinzalo, kungashiwo ngokuthi. Futhi ezosebenza incazelo eqondile etholakalayo kuleli kilasi.
Izici izindlela abstract
Kunemikhawulo e ukuzisebenzisa. Ake sicabangele isibonelo Java ulimi lokwakha izinhlelo. Kukhona imfuneko uma ikilasi oyedwa indlela enjalo, kumele kube abstract. Futhi noma kunjalo kuyafaneleka ukusebenzisa ukwakhiwa okunjalo? Asizwise lokhu nge ezifuywayo isibonelo eklasini. Ukuze ukuthoma ukuzwisisa bonyana akukho umsindo kokuthi zishicilelwe. Ngakho-ke, isigaba jikelele kakhulu ayisethelwe ukuqaliswa umsindo indlela. Kodwa umzimba wadala lapho ngaphandle nge amabhlogo ngaye. Futhi okulandelayo, uma udala inja ekilasini, ikati noma hamster ngeke inqunywe indlela olulodwa ke, ngo kohlaka okuyinto buzakuvezwa zonke izici.
esibonakalayo
Ngo izinhlelo wadala amathuluzi amaningi ogama njongo - ukusiza abantu ukwenza umkhiqizo quality enhle. Futhi isihloko ngaphansi kufanele kucatshangelwe kulesi sici, bese wonke umuntu uyazi Ngokungafani ekilasini abstract kusukela esibonakalayo. Ngakho, isici zokugcina ukuthi akunakuba izakhiwo kanye izindlela akachaziwe umzimba. Ngokuhlola umehluko phakathi ekilasini abstract kusukela esibonakalayo, kufanele bahlale okwengeziwe esithile esisodwa. Ngakho, owokuqala luthathwe, kanti eyesibili - loluphelele. ngomuntu ongenakho okuhlangenwe nakho lokhu kungase ubala. Kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi, ukuthi kungenziwa ngofuzo isigaba esisodwa kuphela, futhi waqaphela - okuningi njengoba kunesidingo. Yilokho lihlukile esibonakalayo we ekilasini abstract. Java namanje izici ukuthi lingachazwa abstract izindlela zomphakathi kanye constants ezimile kuphela. Kodwa ngaleso interface esifanayo kungabuye ngofuzo. Kuyadingeka ukuba aveze ukuthi opharetha esetshenzisiwe umphakathi besebenzisa yomphakathi.
ifa Multiple interface
Lesi sici etholakalayo amakilasi ngezilimi izinhlelo eziningi (isib, Java kubhekwe yithi). Lokhu kungenxa eziningi izinkinga. Njengoba ambiguities enjalo ibonisa ukuthi zenzeka ngokulandelana. Lokhu kwaba isizathu ukwethulwa amaningi esibonakalayo ifa. Lokhu ingxenye ukuzixazulula izinkinga ezikhona, kodwa hhayi wonke. Ngakho, sibonga imigomo ye encapsulation kanye polymorphism, interface ezingase zithathwe ngempumelelo e-class ehlukene ngokusho izindlela ezehlukene (nakuba Bayokwazi igama elifanayo). Kodwa ungakhohlwa mayelana nezinkinga ezikhona. Ngakho, lapho esebenza interface amaningi kuyodingeka njalo ucacise esinazo emqondweni. Futhi, izinkinga ngeke futhi uma uzama ukusebenza elinegama elifanayo ngezindlela ezimbili - kulesi simo, ngeke bakwazi ukusizakala. Ngakho-ke, ezimweni ezinje kubalulekile ukuba banakekele khona yokuthengisa Imininingwane.
idatha abstract
Lo mqondo kuyisihluthulelo hlelo. Kulokhu, ngaphansi Abstraction lokubuyekeza ezimele futhi ukuqonda ukwehlukana esibonakalayo kanye nokuqaliswa. Ake sibheke isibonelo. Sine ithelevishini, okuyinto into noma mojuli. It has an esibonakalayo. Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona zokulawula, kanye umsindo nesithombe. Interface neliphelele ngokwengeziwe isetshenziswa, uyokhululeka ngokwengeziwe TV iyasebenza. Asikwazi ukushintsha phakathi izinhlelo ngokucindezela noma iyiphi inkinobho. Kulokhu, asikho isidingo sokucabanga ngomuntu izinqubo zemvelo e-TV. Nakekela kubo Ochwepheshe, ngubani ukuqoqa idivayisi. Sithanda abantu benesithakazelo kuphela izakhiwo. Ukubuyela izinhlelo, singasho ukuthi bakuphi ku-interface efanayo kanye nokuqaliswa. Futhi, uma umuntu ezethemba olwazini lwakhe, angababaza "ukususa" amboze TV yethu yezinto futhi ukuthuthukisa kuso. Nakuba lokhu kungabangela ukuba umuntu aphumelele zendawo, ezimweni eziningi, umphumela alivumi. Ngakho-ke, e-asekelwe izinhlelo mthetho lokufinyelela futhi ukufihla izingxenye yangaphakathi idatha abstract. Isimiso lokhu indlela sihlinzekela ngendlela ukuvimbela ukulungiswa ngenhloso noma ngokungenhloso ongahlosile yezingxenye yangaphakathi. Futhi lapho ukhuluma ngani abstract izinhlobo idatha, kusho sesethi iqoqo imisebenzi ukuthi engenziwa kubo.
izinto
Sesikubonile kakade ekilasini longeke watibona netintfo kubonwa jikelele kanye nalolo olwejwayelekile. Manje ake ngokuningiliziwe ulwazi yethu. Ukuqala unaka izinto. Ngezansi kubo, ngokuvamile, uyazi ngokoqobo kwemvelo okukhona space kanye nesikhathi. Kodwa ngokomthetho nokuhlukanisa izinto ngaphakathi kohlelo kunzima (iphuzu zefilosofi theory umbono). Ngakho-ke, ngenxa impahla yayo. Njengoba isibonelo, lokhu okulandelayo: Into kungenziwa oyingqayizivele ukhombe (ngegama eliyingqayizivele), kuba isimo esithile bese isebenzisa indlela ethile yokuma yokuziphatha.
ifa
Njengoba izinhlelo zakho kusekelwe phezulu esakhiweni isihlahla ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto, umbuzo ophakamayo mayelana lokuthi sezindawo esikiselwa izinhlobo sabazali ikhodi imitapo bathunyelwa. Ngaphansi ifa baqonde ubuhlobo lapho othile omunye ephinda ukuziphatha kanye nesakhiwo okunye. Ngo impilo ejwayelekile, lingatholakala yonke indawo. Okunjalo lihlehliselwe futhi uHlelo izakhi kuqhathaniswa abstract. Njengoba ukuqhathanisa, yokuthi akukho umzimba okunjalo njengenyoni. Lena igama abstract. Ngenxa senzakalo esicacile kuholele itiye, Nightingale noma undlunkulu. Ngenxa ifa singasebenzisa imitapo ekilasini, kanye ukuthuthukisa kubo ngoba uhlelo oluthile. Leli thuluzi likuvumela ukuba adale izinto ezintsha, kanyekanye ngokungeza noma ekushintsheni izindawo i seludaliwe. Indlalifa uthola zonke izindlela namasimu kayisemkhulu futhi ezidinga izimfanelo zalo siqu, uma kunesidingo. Ngenxa yokuthi kukhona izakhi abstract futhi isimiso amagugu, kukhona amathuba amaningi for ukuguqulwa ngaphakathi izinhlelo into-ngamakhasimende. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvumela indlela nezimo ekuxazululeni izinkinga. Uma ifa isigaba esisha idatha adluliselwe nemisebenzi.
polymorphism
Kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa umsebenzi ofanayo ukuxazulula izinhlobo ezahlukene izinkinga. Kulokhu inikeza khona ukuthi kungenzeka action ahlukene, okuqukethwe okuzokwenza kuxhomeke ohlotsheni lwento ngalo msebenzi wenziwa. Ngaphansi polymorphism ukuqonda izakhiwo izakhi ukuthi abe umzali ezivamile, ukwenza afana incazelo semantic yenkinga ngezindlela ezahlukene. Thina ukudweba isifaniso nezilwane. Kukhona isinyathelo - ukusebenzisa. Sonke siyazi kwenzeka kanjani. Kodwa izilwane ezahlukene (ibhubesi, indlovu, yenkawu, ingwenya, ufudu) lesi senzo oyokwenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Kulokhu, ukunyakaza kwabo kunjiniyela wemfanelo, okungase kubangele uma kunesidingo ukuze endabeni ethile a ethile yokwengamela evamile, algorithm futhi zisebenzise ngokuphumelelayo. Lokhu kwenziwa kusetshenziswa iqoqo izindlela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo e uMklami ekilasini ngalinye Icacisa ukuthi yimaphi uphikisana izakhiwo lapho esivela. Ukushintsha okuthile inzalo, ongayifinyelela ethize, isenzo oyifunayo kuleli cala. umphumela okunjalo kwezinkolo kubizwa ngokuthi polymorphism lezinto. Ngokuvamile, i-class abstract buyindlela ewusizo kakhulu izinhlelo.