Ezibiyele eMoscow. Russia, eMoscow, ezibiyele

Ubufakazi bokuqala ezitholakele indawo endaweni amasayithi we ezibiyele lasendulo une-sineminyaka emibili ukuya ayizinkulungwane ezintathu eminyakeni. Empeleni, impendulo efanele umbuzo kutsi ngubani lowakhe sakhiwo ezibiyele e Moscow, kukhona, njengoba ukwakhiwa kwalesi stockade lokuqala uyasho emuva ezinsukwini lapho Borovitsky Hill kwaba isiphetho Dyakov hlobo. Ukwakhiwa oqondile insiza kuqale nge-oda Yuriya Dolgorukova ku ukwakhiwa izindonga e 1156.

Olympus isimo Russian - ezibiyele eMoscow

Ekuqaleni, Udonga lwesakhiwo senziwa ngokhuni, futhi kuphela obhekwe Dmitry Donskoy dolobha atholwe isidlaliso yakhe edumile - itshe elimhlophe. Izindonga kwathathelwa indawo itshe, abenziwe limestone wendawo. Phakathi nokubusa Ivan III abamenyiwe abaklami isiNtaliyane, owaqala ukuze kwakhiwe esisha (1475-1479 GG.) - ukuhlaziya kwezindonga zamatshe amhlophe futhi ukwakhiwa endaweni yayo isitini. Ukuze alondoloze nokuvikeleka uyaqonda ngengxenye esikhundleni okusheshayo entsha. Ukwakhiwa eyathatha iminyaka eyishumi eside. Futhi ngokuhlanganyela sesimanje odongeni ezakhiwa Assumption Cathedral.

Phakathi neMpi 1812, i-Kremlin eMoscow yayithonywe kakhulu ezilimele antshontsha. Wahamba iminyaka ecishe ibe mine ukuze uthole kabusha ukubukeka yayo yangaphambili. Ngenhla lezi usebenza eziningi ochwepheshe engcono. Futhi, ukwakhiwa umonakalo omkhulu sabangelwa ngokuhamba ukuvukelwa ahlomile ngo-1917, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho ezibiyele ukuthi waphakamisela shelled ngu wezikhali.

indawo

EMoscow ezibiyele iyona eziyinkimbinkimbi main setepolitiki, kwezobuciko futhi zomlando yenhloko-dolobha isiRashiya, umane nje uhlezi ubophekile ukuba kakhulu maphakathi nedolobha. Lokhu kungachazwa-engeli amabili:

• Tebuciko bezibona izakhiwo njengoba maphakathi nenhloko-dolobha - main ukulawula umzimba angasuselwa izimiso eziyinhloko, njll ...
• Uma ucabangela ezibiyele eMoscow njengomunye wezinye izinto zasendulo impela, incwadi kuyafaneleka ukusho indawo ekahle lesifanele. I inqaba wawuseduze futhi itholakala ephakathi kwemifula emikhulu emibili yokuxhuma, kusale abahlaseli ezingaba ilungelo ukuhlasela nhlangothi eyodwa kuphela, okuyinto kunomphumela omuhle induna ukuzivikela esimweni into zokuphatha.

I ezibiyele eMoscow itholakala kwi Borovitsky amagquma - ngebhange kwesokunxele UMfula iMoscow. Ngo design isakhiwo yalo yayenziwe kuyinto unxantathu okungajwayelekile (ukuba yini ukunemba kakhudlwana, kuba quadrilateral nomunye ekhoneni onenkotho).

Inkathi eSoviet Union

Ngendlela ekhethekile the Kremlin washintsha, lapho uhulumeni wamaSoviet ukuze uyivula kuleli zwe. Kusukela ngo-1918, eMoscow futhi yaba isikhungo nezombusazwe wonke umbuso. Ngo-March wonyaka ofanayo uhulumeni wamaSoviet iyiswe Kremlin. Ukungena "iseluleko" esigodlweni wangaphambili bobukhosi uye wabangela igagasi yentukuthelo izakhamuzi ezivamile, kodwa singashi ngempela ngokushesha ukuyiveza. Lesi sakhiwo saba indawo esenqatshelwe, izakhamuzi ezivamile baye baphelelwa kungenzeka entry khulula ku insimu yalo. Izazi-mlando ziye zasungula ukuthi yonke le minyaka Soviet abuse ezibiyele eMoscow njengenhlangano Ensemble yezakhiwo lase kakhulu ezilimele - ezingaphezu kwesigamu pre-ekhona izakhiwo kanye izikhumbuzo ezidiliziwe.

Omunye kugucuka kunazo owaziwa esikhathini laseSoviet esikhundleni izinkozi kabili ephethwe, ubekwe travel kwemibhoshongo emaphakathi, izinkanyezi zamatshe Ural semiprecious, okuyinto kamuva zathathelwa isikhundla irubi.

ezibiyele kwemibhoshongo

Moscow ezibiyele kwemibhoshongo okwethulwa inani izingcezu amabili, lakhiwa iminyaka engamashumi amane ezahlukene ngayinye okuyinto futhi unegama eside futhi eyingqayizivele. Okulandelayo umbhoshongo ezine eziyinhloko ezibhekwa: Beklemishevskaya, Vodovzvodnaya, Corner Arsenal (etholakala kanxantathu, izakhi kuphela isiyingi kwesigaba esiphambanweni, nesikhombisa asele abe sikwele) kanye Spassky - edume kunazo ngenxa amahora wakhe aqine. imibhoshongo ezinhlanu kuhlobisa ongaqondakali irubi izinkanyezi: i Spassky (Frolovskaya), St Nicholas, uZiqu-zintathu, Borovitskaya (uMbhapathizi) kanye Vodovzvodnaya.

I ephansi Imperial Tower, elakhiwa ngo-1680, futhi ophakeme kunabo - zintathu (79.3 amamitha), uNicholas (70.4 amamitha) noMsindisi (71 m.) Zonke imibhoshongo, ikakhulukazi ngenxa ukwakhiwa ngesikhathi esifanayo (engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu XVII), ezakhiwa ngezinyanga besenze nesitayela esifanako yezakhiwo. ibala elikhanyayo iyona Nikolskaya Tower, ukondleka isitayela mbumbulu Gothic.

Sebenza amakhosi kwezilwandle

Ezibiyele izindonga ezakhiwa esikhathini zeminyaka 1485-1516 of abaklami Italy. Zimelela unxantathu scalene nge obuphelele ingqikithi 2235 metres, ukuphakama kanye ububanzi 5-19 m futhi 3.5-6.5 amamitha ngokulandelana. Phezulu izindonga zihlotshiswe amazinyo, kukhona ingqikithi 1045 (ngokwesiko Lombard, ngesimo nomsila umthamo). Iningi izintuba ifomu Slots. Akhiwa embrasures, ezibanzi baprofetha ngasikhathi sinye. Izindonga Ingaphandle abe ukuma bushelelezi, kodwa ngaphakathi ahlotshiswe ezingosini ezisezindongeni ngesimo nemengamo. Le isixazululo yezakhiwo yakhelwe hhayi kuphela ukuba lula, kodwa futhi ukuze uqinise isakhiwo. Njengezakhiwo eziningi ngalezo zikhathi, udonga ezibiyele igcinwe eziningi ukufihla izindawo amavesi imfihlo, ikuvumela ukuba ushiye oluqinisayo uma kunesidingo. Nokho, Imi odongeni ku enyakatho-mpumalanga eza Red Square, manje okhonza njengomdala columbarium. It wagcina isitsha abanegama of nenkathi yamaSoviet. Manje kuphakamisa umbuzo wokuthi ukwabiwa iyiphi enye indawo columbarium.

I ezibiyele futhi izingxenye zalo

Kungakhathaliseki ocebile kanjani ngokuya ezindaweni ezithakazelisayo futhi okwakuseduze layo umuzi eMoscow, ezibiyele iyona isici esikhanga kakhulu nge-dolobha. Udume ngenxa yendalo eziningi ezahlukene yezakhiwo. Ngena ku-insimu yalo, yebo, esikhokhelwayo, kanye nokuvakashela izindawo, kodwa lokho imali uma kuqhathaniswa eminyaka yomlando, ukulondolozwa wabekwa esasakhiwe?

ezithakazelisayo Ikakhulukazi kukhona Orthodox:

• Cathedral of kweNyuka.
• Cathedral of the Annunciation.
• Nzalamizi Palace kanye Cathedral Nambili.
• Upper uMsindisi Cathedral.
• Ingelosi Eyinhloko Cathedral, nokunye. D.

Phakathi nohambo, yebo, kukhona isifiso ukwenza ezibiyele esithombeni eMoscow. Kufanele ihlanganise kokubili ngaphezu izindonga nemibhoshongo, kanye unamakhono esigodlweni izakhiwo - lokhu Grand ezibiyele Palace kanye Isigodlo Izici, kanye Fun Palace.

indawo Very interesting ukwethula takhiwo kanjalo ingaba, njengoba State ezibiyele Palace, eyayaziwa Isigodlo congresses, le Armoury Chamber, iSigele Palace nabanye.

Omunye izinto liyabonakala kakhulu ezibiyele waqala Yiqiniso, le Tsar Cannon futhi Tsar Bell, waphonsa eminyakeni 1586 futhi 1733-1735. ngokulandelana.

Kokubona eMoscow - the Kremlin neminyuziyamu yayo

Ebhekisela Museum, etholakala endaweni ezibiyele, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukhulume Diamond Isikhwama - omunye ngobukhulu imigexo amaqoqo wezwe. Uphawu abalulekile ayengaphansi kungani umbuso waseRoma wawunamandla uyinkosi sika zobungoma - zikhipha, intonga umqhele. Ukuze Photo and video yezokuphepha ngaphakathi akuvunyelwe. Kukhona futhi etholakala amatshe eziyisikhombisa mlando, edume kakhulu okuyizinto lokhu okulandelayo: idayimane, "Eagles" futhi "Shah". Lesi sakamuva, njengoba sazi, wethulwa Russian uMbusi uNicholas mina, le Shah yasePheresiya sinombono ngenzele ngisho ukungqubuzana ezikhulayo ngecala elihlobene nokubulawa edabukisayo imbongi edumile Russian wemidlalo NJENGOBA Griboyedov e-kuhlaselwa the Embassy Russian e Tehran ekuqaleni kuka-1829.

Umlando ephelele kunayo isimo Russian esikhanyayo ngesikhathi Armoury. Lesi sakhiwo esinezitezi ezimbili, ayakhiwe ngu umakhi K. Ton. Iqukethe zonke zobukhosi lapho Ayehlezi eminyakeni ezahlukene, autocrat Russian. Kukhona ufakaze ukuqoqwa adumile amaqanda Faberge, kanye saber ka Minin futhi Pozharsky, chalice esiliva Yuriya Dolgorukogo, nokunye. D.

Isimo samanje eMoscow ezibiyele

Umlando ezibiyele eMoscow akalilahlile ngentambo yayo futhi ezinsukwini zethu. Ngaleso sikhathi samanje, ukuba ngqo - kusukela ngo-1991, i-Kremlin kuyinto sokuhlala olusemthethweni uMongameli Russian. Mayelana leli qiniso nineties sokubuyiselwa imisebenzi engacabangeki sezenziwe ku insimu yalo. Ngayohlinzwa ezikhangayo sokubuyiselwa ezifana Isigodlo Izici, Aleksandru Ehholo Grand ezibiyele Palace, Umkhandlu Wezigele Andrew futhi isakhiwo njll

Cishe ngonyaka ukupenda izindonga we ezibiyele, ngakho bangalahlekelwa umbono wabo lemukelekako ezikhexisayo.

izinhlangano ezikhona

Iziphi izinhlangano zitholakala kule ikheli adumile "Russia, eMoscow, ezibiyele?" Okokuqala, kuba ihhovisi kaMongameli Russia, elise iSigele Palace. On the isikhundla ezibaluleke kakhulu yesibili kuyoba Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia, indlunkulu okuyinto Itholakala Annunciation, Ingelosi Eyinhloko kanye Uspenski Cathedral. inhlangano esingabalulekile kangako, u ise ezibiyele, kuyinto FSO - KaHulumeni Yezokuphepha - isevisi efanayo, okuyinto uphathiswe umsebenzi obalulekile - ukuvikelwa izikhulu eziphezulu Russian.

Omunye yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu izivakashi kuba Museum-reserve ngaphansi kwegama "eMoscow ezibiyele", izingxenye ingxenye eziningana okuye kuchaziwe ngenhla. It yasungulwa emuva 1806 futhi namanje ingenye amasayithi ubophezela luhlolo eMoscow.