Indlela yokwenza nophahla phezu igalaji ngezandla zakhe? Umklamo, izinto, amathuluzi

Nge ukwakhiwa egalaji, bambalwa abantu bakhethe imiklamo nezinhlu eyinkimbinkimbi. Indawo yokuqala ngendlela elula, ukusebenza kahle futhi waba nokwethenjelwa. Esakhiwe ophahleni lwayo, njengoba umthetho, abe gable noma mafutha-ukuma. Inketho wesibili kusheshe futhi kube lula ukwakha, sihilela izindleko ukwaziswa okuncane. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi umnikazi impahla kudingeka elisophahleni isitoreji isikhala amathuluzi izindlu nempahla yabo. Ngenxa yale njongo, ungenza ophahleni gable. Be ukuthi isimo sinjani, izinto ezidingekayo ukuze elula wesistimu umshayo, ukwahlukanisa, Hydro and umusi ekuvikeleni film, kanye ukufulela impahla. I enamathela kumele kugcine ukushisa ngaphakathi ukuba egalaji lihlale kahle ngangokunokwenzeka.

Flat igalaji ukwakhiwa kophahla

Uma uphakamisa umbuzo zendlela yokwenza nophahla phezu igalaji, ungabona design flat njengoba nakuyicabanga, okuyinto efanelekayo lapho esetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwagcizelela enezisekelo zikakhonkolo. Kulokhu, truss uhlelo uzoba khona uma kunesidingo ukwakha isikhala ekamelweni elisophahleni lwendlu. Njengoba base ukhonkolo ngokuvamile sokuxazulula ophahleni elithambile, lapho impahla ukufulela kuphuma, ingilazi noma Bikrost. Lokhu kukhetha ukonga futhi wasisekela ukwakhiwa ukhonkolo isisekelo zivikela izivakashi engadingeki.

Sezitofu kufanele ibekwe nge ukuchema kuzo ethile, ukuthi izindonga okuphambene kufanele kube emazingeni ehlukene. Uma ungenalo ukufundisa, ngaphansi emthambekeni ophahleni kungenzeka ukuhlomisa nge ukwahlukanisa kanzima futhi screed ngesisekelo usimende nesihlabathi.

Izici ukwakhiwa flat ophahleni

Abantu abaningi namuhla bacabanga ngalo mbuzo zendlela yokwenza nophahla phezu egalaji. Uma kuwukuthi flat, ubuncane bayo iphimbo kumele ibe phakathi 2.5 kuya ku-3 °. ezinophahla oluyisicaba ngezinye izikhathi ezenziwe ngokjuni, eyakhelwe le njongo ezindongeni lamapulangwe imishayo phansi, kube semikhawulweni bangena slot kwakhiwa ngaleso akhiwe. Kumi esiqongweni sezindawo imishayo kuyinto flooring esiqinile amabhodi, ukushuba yokugcina kufanele kube 30 mm noma ngaphezulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho sokuxazulula ophahleni esithambile. uphahla bamisa ukuhlinzekela khona ohlelweni umshayo isikhala ezithile ngaphansi kophahla. Uma isakhiwo unamathele indlu yokuhlala, ophahleni kumele kuziwa endabeni yentukuthelo. Kuzoba phambili lowo ukhona endlini. Ukukhetha ezintweni zokwakha uphahla ukuze wenze kanjalo, kudingeka ukhethe ukumboza isakhiwo esifanayo main, engesiyo impahla kuphela, kodwa futhi imibala. uphahla Gable zenziwa esimweni lapho egalaji ukhonza njengelungu izindawo ukuma-yedwa. Amanye akhula uphahla asetshenziswa ngempela akuvamile.

ophahleni kuziwa endabeni yentukuthelo, futhi idivayisi yayo

Ngaphambi kokwenza ophahleni ku egalaji, gable noma owodwa iphimbo, zonke izakhi sokhuni uhlelo ophahleni okwenziwa retardants NEZIVIKELAKUVUNDA, njengoba nje izinto uzokwazi ukuvikela umlilo futhi ibole. ophahleni kuziwa endabeni yentukuthelo, is esakhiwe nge angle ukuthambekela okuyinto asisikhulu kunenkosi 30 °, omunye izindonga ukuphela lena ukuphakama esithé ukuphakama. Lokhu kuyiqiniso uma gable zizokwenziwa zezitini iwukuqhutshwa ngaphambili odongeni.

Khona ungaqala ukwakhiwa kophahla uhlelo. Kumi esiqongweni sezindawo izindonga brick ukuthulula ukhonkolo laying amanetha, wokuwuxazulula ngaphambi laying mauerlat. amanetha Ukubeka uyoba semahlombe yonke imithwalo. Ngaphambi kokwenza ophahleni ku egalaji lobu buchwepheshe, ungacabanga futhi ekutheni amanetha Ukubeka ezidingekayo. It ishiywa uma uhlelo uzoba khona joists, - bona uyokwenza njengoba udonsa on for semishayweni. Ngezinye ibanga kusuka 70 kuya ku-100 cm kuyadingeka ukuba abeke imishayo, basuke ifakwe izimbobo phakathi kwezitini. Imikhawulo imishayo kudingeka mpahla impahla ukufulela, kubalulekile ukugwema ukuthintana we indaba ngesitini, kuzovimbela abolile. Khona umninindlu uqhubeke ukufaka uprights, kufanele ezihlobene nomunye futhi isebangeni imishayo. Ngenxa yalokho, kufanele uthole umklamo yakhiwa onxantathu ezimbili, ngayinye okuzokwenza ekudwebeni obuphelele umlenze odongeni, kuyilapho ingilazi yefasitelana ziyokuwa ophahleni esithile sokunakekelwa isitini. Lapho sokuxazulula for ophahleni mafutha kuya egalaji, le hypotenuse unxantathu kumelwe yakha emthambekeni ophahleni. Ezakhiwe kuthiwa kuhlobene crosswise imishayo ahlelwe ngaphansi lath sokuxazulula for ukukhweza ukufulela impahla.

Okuningi mayelana ophahleni sokhuni igalaji

Ngokhuni ophahleni gable igalaji kungaba, eyakha lesi Uhlaka by project kahle elula. Ukuze wenze lokhu, hlela semishayweni, okuyinto ahlelwe imigqa emibili futhi ube nesikhathi ongeke ukuma ezifanayo. Kwahlelwa izakhi anjalo kufanele kube kwezindonga ezimbili ngokulinganisa. Xhuma semishayweni eziqongweni yokhalo olulodwa. I steeper emthambekeni kuyinto, aba maningi inani zokwakha okudingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe ophahleni uhlelo. Akufanele sibakhohlwe ngobude umshayo, okuyinto yengezwe ibanga elilingana nesabelo ku visor. Ngokusho semishayweni kufanele uzilungiselele ukugcwalisa uhlelo sheathing nge isinyathelo kunesidingo, kunqunywa ubukhulu impahla ukufulela.

isazi izincomo

Ukuze ukwakheka lath kuziwa endabeni yentukuthelo, uphahla kumelwe uthenge ibha kwesigaba sikwele ne izinhlangothi 5 cm. Kufanele futhi 25 mm ibhodi, whose banzi amabanga kusuka 15 kuya 20 cm., Kuye onjani ukufulela impahla ngawe lath ekhethiwe, kungenzeka ukwenza design okuqinile noma nge isinyathelo esithile, lo somabhizinisi kumele kuhambisane Ubukhulu elinama ukufulela. ophahleni kuziwa endabeni yentukuthelo, ngoba egalaji uyomenzela isikhala ekamelweni elisophahleni lwendlu. Wasebenzise ngokugcwele la ngeke kwenzeke, kodwa kungenzeka ukuhlomisa ukwahlukanisa okuhle.

Kukhethwa ezintweni zokwakha uphahla

ungakhetha izinto ezahlukene ngoba izindlu ezinophahla oluyisicaba Site ophahleni Uthwale:

• ukufulela;
• Bikrost;
• ondulin;
• Steklobit.

Uma kuziwa kophahla bamisa, ungasebenzisa:

• ukufulela lensimbi;
• Asbhestosi-usimende amashidi ;
• ishidi trapezoid;
• bushelelezi ishidi lashukumisa.

Zophahla ukufulela impahla

Iron igalaji kungenziwa embozwe ukufulela ezibonakalayo, ezingashabalala isetshenziselwa ezinophahla oluyisicaba. Lokhu kuzodinga okuqinile skeleton likhreyithi futhi kuyenzeka ihlangane kumele kumiswa ngokwayo enezisekelo zikakhonkolo. Zingangenwa ngamanzi kufanele libekwe phakathi impahla ukufulela kanye plate. Lokhu kuzodala isivikelo kusuka umswakama. Zophahla wazizwa okuthengiswa imiqulu wasibeka kuyadingeka ngongqimba eziningana. Phansi ezimbili abami, kanti phezulu - ikhava, kufanele kube obukhulu kakhulu. Iron igalaji kungasindiswa bani ngokusebenzisa ukufulela wazizwa umswakama, lokhu ebusweni nivame ibitume impregnation. Ngaphezu kwalokho welula ungqimba wokuqala, elise parallel yokhalo okunemibandela. Kubalulekile ukunikeza ukweqelana-10-intshi. Okunye ukwaziswa omiswe izinzipho noma ngezikulufo, ibanga elibahlukanisile kufanele kube ngu 30 cm. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ebusweni imbozwe ibitume elifakwe lapho ukufulela ibekwe, kulokhu-ke kumele ibekwe perpendicular ungqimba wokuqala. Emapheshana kufanele sidlule futhi ivikelwe. Emaphethelweni ezigoqwe ngaphakathi. I kwaphumela "ikhekhe" ubizwa nenqubo futhi ukuba afuthwe ngesibulali ibitume ukuze wambule ungqimba wesithathu ukufulela impahla, kumele ibekwe perpendicular kahle yesibili.

Kubalulekile ukuba bakhumbule isidingo iziqobosho futhi ukugqagqana. Isikhathi sempilo luthi alufane cishe engu-15 edlule, bese kobuso ngeke kufanele zibuyekezwe. igalaji prefabricated futhi kungenziwa embozwe ukufulela ezibonakalayo, ezingashabalala esikhundleni wayevame zanamuhla analogue ku uhlobo evroruberoida noma Rubemast. Lezi izinto abe plasticity ephakeme, futhi ukuphila kwabo inkonzo uneminyaka engu-30. Analogs bendabuko impahla ukufulela ingasetshenziswa ezitshekile uphahla, banalo ukubukeka ikhange nakakhulu.

amathuluzi Ukulungiselela futhi izinto ngaphambi laying evroruberoida

Uma ukhetha ukusebenzisa konke evroruberoid ukwakha uphahla noma egalaji, udinga Thenga kakhulu ezithile amathuluzi nezimpahla, kuhlanganise:

• evroruberoid;
• asphalt mastic;
• Blowtorch noma igesi sikaphalafini;
• hook metal.

Ukusebenza evroruberoida

igalaji prefabricated ingambozwa ngosizo evroruberoida. Kulula ukufaka kuka ukufulela ezivamile. Ngaphambi kokuqala umsebenzi, asikho isidingo ukusingatha base. Material uyabaselwa futhi kufanelekile. Ukuze umphumela engcono kubalulekile aphathe isisekelo asphalt ze-mastic. Isendlalelo phansi impahla ukufuthelana Blowtorch lize amathumba ungqimba. Kwamanzi ukufuthelana kakhulu. Metal hook kumelwe uyasikrufulula roll, ebeka ukufulela impahla ngaphandle obumba emphethweni noma emoyeni emaphaketheni. Nokho, Lokhu ungangenisi amanzi ukwakha uphahla zingafakwa isendlalelo esisodwa, udlulela kusadingeka ukwenza. ububanzi balo kungaba 150 mm. Ukuze uvimbele ukuvuza, kubalulekile ukubeka okwalotshwa emi emagalaji olandelayo 100 mm noma ngaphezulu. Ukuze Ukushisa ephephile kungcono kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-Blowtorch, kodwa kudinga semali yokubasela ke. Ngezinye izikhathi amaphepha igesi sikaphalafini isetshenziswa, okuyinto iyashelela, kodwa kuyingozi ngenxa uMbhalo igesi.

ophahleni ukhonkolo

Nokuvikela ngoba uphahla ukhonkolo ikakhulukazi kudingeka. Ugongolo aphansi sifiphalisiwe amabhodi, wabeka phezu ungqimba ukufulela wazizwa, okungase igibele ezomile uthayela noma ukwakha isizinda. Ngezinye izikhathi ukwesekwa kubonakala okunokwethenjelwa insufficiently, kungaba neze ukusekela isisindo ophahleni. Kulokhu, ukunakekelwa kufanele kuthathwe mayelana nokuba khona izisekelo, omunye luyoba olwanele 50 m ^2.

Ngaphezu kwalokho kwakhiwa formwork for ukhonkolo ethela. Yonkana kanye kanye imishayo kuyafaneleka ukuthi cell ukuba alingane 200x200 mm. Ukuze uvimbele Ukweqa yesixazululo, ingxube ibekwe ngaphansi kwale moto abalwazi kahle ulimi. Phakathi nokubekwa ukhonkolo kufanele kuqinisekiswe ukuthi igridi alinyakazi. Ukhonkolo ophahleni igalaji sokuxazulula ngokuthulula ingxube izingxenye alinganayo okufanele angabekwa ebusweni. Ngezikhathi ezithile formwork rattles, kuyokuhambela isixazululo bushelelezi.

isiphetho

Manje uyazi ukuthi ukuba nginqume ophahleni egalaji. Ungasebenzisa ngezinto zokwakha zesimanje kakhulu, kodwa abanye abantu bakhetha ukulondoloza, usebenzisa, isibonelo, ukufulela impahla. Kuwufanele ukucabanga ngokusebenzisa singakanani isikhathi uzobe lilungele ukufeza ukulungiswa, ngoba ngezinye izikhathi kuzuzisa ukusebenzisa izinto abe nokuphila isikhathi eside. Futhi uma ufuna ukulondoloza, kungcono uma ziyohlala kophahla oluyisicaba egalaji, njengoba sihilela lemali encane impahla kunanoma iyiphi enye.