Isiphi isimiso ayihambisani le von Neumann izakhiwo? Kanjani umshini imisebenzi von Neumann?

Namuhla kunzima ukukukholelwa, kodwa amakhompyutha, ngaphandle okuyinto abaningi ayisakwazi ukucabanga ngokuphila kwami, kwakukhona eminyakeni engaba kuphela 70 edlule. Esinye salezo owanikela ngomnikelo esiwujuqu ukusungulwa yabo, khona nososayensi waseMelika Dzhon Fon Neyman. Wasikisela ukuthi izimiso lapho iningi computer futhi isebenza kuze kube yilolu suku. Cabanga indlela umshini von Neumann.

Imininingwane emfushane umlandvomufi

Yanosh Neyman wazalwa ngo-1930 e Budapest, e lomkhaya ocebile kakhulu yamaJuda wakwazi kamuva wamukela isihloko yezikhulu. Kusukela ebuntwaneni ayevelele ngu namakhono avelele kuzo zonke izindawo. Ngezinye 23, Neumann usevikele PhD yakhe mqondo emkhakheni physics zokuhlola kanye ne-chemistry. Ngo-1930, usosayensi abasha wabizwa ukuba azosebenza e-United States, Princeton University. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Neumann wayengomunye walaba amalunga wokuthoma we-Institute for Advanced Isifundo lapho ayesebenza njengoba uprofesa kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe. Neumann izithakazelo yesayensi zazinomqondo kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi, kuba omunye wabasunguli be-quantum Mechanics kanye nomqondo matapparata of Automata yeselula.

Iqhaza Isayensi yekhompyutha

Ngaphambi sithola siphi isimiso singahlangabezani Von Neumann izakhiwo, kuyoba mnandi ukufunda mayelana nendlela usosayensi wafika umqondo yokudala uhlobo computer yesimanje.

Ukuba uchwepheshe emkhakheni wezibalo ukuqhuma amagagasi ukushaqeka in the 1940 zakuqala, von Neumann kwaba ngumxhumanisi yesayensi kwelinye lawo amalabhorethri nezinhlamvu IHhovisi United States Army. Ekwindla ka-1943, wafika Los Alamos ukubamba iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni Manhettenskogo Iphrojekthi isimemo siqu umholi walo Roberta Oppengeymera. umsebenzi amandla ukubala kokucindezelwa implosive we-athomu ibhomu icala kuze mass esibucayi isifakwe phambi kwakhe. Ukuxazulula kwakudinga Computing ezinkulu, okuyinto ekuqaleni eyenziwa yokubala ngesandla, futhi kamuva tabulators IBM sika mechanical, usebenzisa Punch amakhadi.

Von Neumann bajwayelana ulwazi ngokuthi liqhubeka kanjani kokudaliweyo electro-mechanical ngogesi ngokugcwele amakhompyutha. Ngokushesha, wakhangwa ekuthuthukiseni EDVAC futhi ENIAC amakhompyutha, okuholela umsebenzi awuqala ngokubhala "Okusalungiswa lokuqala umbiko EDVAC», wahlala sidle, lapho ethulwa iningi lososayensi umbono omusha ngokuphelele, yini okufanele izakhiwo computer.

Izimiso von Neumann

isayensi Computer ngo-1945 lafika kumile, njengoba wonke amakhompyutha zigcinwa inkumbulo yayo inombolo kuzocutshungulwa ifomu 10th, uhlelo lemisebenzi kokwenza ayebekelwe ngokubeka endaweni Jumpers patch panel.

Lokhu kungagcini kakhulu amandla amakhompyutha. Ukufohla yangempela yayingewona isimiso von Neumann. Kafushane bona ungaboniswa umusho owodwa: kwathatha kanambambili inombolo system futhi isimiso uhlelo agcinwe.

ukuhlaziya

Cabangela izimiso lapho kusekelwe the classic von Neumann umshini isakhiwo, kabanzi:

1. Iya ohlelweni kanambambili we idesimali

Lomgomo Neumann izakhiwo ivumela ukusetshenziswa idivayisi elula yini enengqondo.

2. Ukuphathwa Software kumakhompyutha umshini electronic

ukusebenza Ikhompyutha ilawulwa iqoqo imithetho ababulawa enye ngemva kwenye. Kutfutfukiswa umshini wokuqala onalesi yohlelo egcinwe kumemori, aphawula ukuqala izinhlelo yesimanje.

3. Idatha nezinhlelo zigcinwe kumemori ikhompyutha ndawonye

Kulokhu, kokubili idatha kanye nemiyalelo Uhlelo babe ngendlela efanayo yokubhala ohlelweni kanambambili, ngakho ezimweni ezithile phezu kwabo kungenzeka ukuba enze izenzo efanayo idatha.

uphenyo

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhiwo Fonneymanovskoy umshini has izici ezilandelayo:

1. izindawo inkumbulo amakheli okuyinto zibaliwe ngokulandelana

Ngokusetshenziswa lesi simiso, sebekwazi ukusebenzisa eziguquguqukayo in izinhlelo. Ikakhulukazi, nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, ungabheka ethile inkumbulo indawo nekheli layo.

2. I kungenzeka igatsha ezinemibandela uhlelo

Njengoba sekuphawuliwe, imiyalo izinhlelo ubakhiphele ngokulandelana. Nokho, lanikeza ithuba wenze ukushintshela ku noma iyiphi ingxenye ikhodi.

Kanjani umshini von Neumann

Le modeli zezibalo siqukethe isitoreji (inkumbulo) , i logic izibalo iyunithi (Alu), ukulawula, futhi ukufaka kanye namadivayisi okukhiphayo. Zonke imiyalelo Uhlelo zibhaliwe amaseli inkumbulo etholakala endaweni yakini, bese idatha ekucubunguleni kwabo - ezindaweni ezingafanele.

Noma yimuphi iqembu kufanele libe:

• ekhombisa okuyinto operation kumele kwenziwe;
• inkumbulo iseli amakheli lapho zigcinwa idatha yoqobo, wathi ukusebenza othintekayo;
• iseli amakheli lapho ukubhala yi.

Lezi imiyalo imisebenzi ethize ku idatha input Alu ababulawa futhi imiphumela zibhaliwe amaseli inkumbulo, isb. E. elondolozwe ifomu efanelekayo okwalandela ukucutshungulwa umshini, noma ngobulili ukuze kudivayisi okukhipha (qapha, iphrinta, njll) Futhi litholakale indoda.

CU elawula zonke izingxenye computer. Kusukela ukuba enye idivayisi uthola amasignali-imiyalo "esingakwenza", njengoba uthola ulwazi mayelana lokho abayikho esimweni namanye amadivayisi.

Esikhathini Idivayisi yokulawula has a irejista ekhethekile ebizwa ngokuthi i "Uhlelo esiphikisayo" SC. Emva ukulanda idatha nezinhlelo kumemori IC ilondoloza ikheli ithimba layo 1st. CU othi out okuqukethwe cell inkumbulo computer kabani le-e-UK, nezindawo ke "command ukubhalisa". I-control unit inquma ukusebenza elihambisana umyalo othize, futhi "amanothi" idatha emakhelini esibekiwe kuyo kumemori sekhompyutha. Okulandelayo, Alu noma hardware computer uqhubekele operation, ngemva kwalokho okuqukethwe SC washintsha komunye, m. E. Ekhomba umyalo olandelayo.

ukugxekwa

Okumbi futhi Contemporary Perspectives von Neumann izakhiwo uyaqhubeka ukuba impikiswano. Iqiniso lokuthi imishini wadala eenkambisweni ukubeka phambili yilo isazi esivelele, singaphelele, bakuqaphela kudala.

Ngakho-ke, ukuhlola amathikithi e-computer isayensi ngokuvamile ukuthola umbuzo "Siyini leso simiso ayihambisani le von Neumann izakhiwo kanye lokho amaphutha it has."

Uma impendulo yokugcina ngempela kufanele ucacise:

• khona igebe semantic phakathi ephezulu ezingeni ulimi lokwakha izinhlelo kanye umyalo uhlelo;
• inkinga wekubuyisa OP processor komkhawulokudonsa;
• phezu abasafufusa isofthiwe esibucayi, kubangelwa yokuthi izindleko zalo ekudalweni kukhona ephansi kakhulu kunalokho izindleko ukuthuthukiswa hardware, futhi awukwazi ukuqedela kuhlelo lokuhlola;
• yokuntuleka amathemba ngokuya ukusebenza, njengoba kakade sebufike ekugcineni theory.

Njengoba lokho isimiso ayihambisani le von Neumann izakhiwo, sikhuluma inhlangano inqwaba parallel idatha ukusakaza kanye imiyalo esivela multiprocessor izakhiwo.

isiphetho

Manje uyazi ukuthi isimiso ayihambisani le von Neumann izakhiwo. Kusobala ukuthi isayensi nobuchwepheshe akuyona emi namanje, futhi mhlawumbe ngokushesha endlini ngayinye kuyoba uhlobo olusha ngokuphelele lwamakhompyutha lapho isintu siyobe sesifinyelele ezingeni elisha yentuthuko. By endleleni, ukulungiselela isofthiwe ukuhlolwa Simulator ukusiza "Von Neumann izakhiwo". izinsiza ezinjalo digital zemfundo lula nokwenziwa zezinto ezibonakalayo nezingokomoya ukunikeza ithuba ukuhlola ulwazi lwabo.