Kuyini ithoni umculo. Iculo Key. Ezinkulu, Ezincane

Ngaphambi ukuhlaziya ethile yomculo Ukwakheka umculi wokuqala nomkhulu kunabo bonke unake ithoni nezinhlamvu ukhiye. Ngoba asithinti nje kuphela ukufunda efanele umculo, kodwa futhi ubuqotho umkhiqizo. Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi bomculo abaningi babe umbala ukuzwa futhi bamele ithoni ngamunye ngemibala ezithile. Ingabe ingozi lokho kwenzeka? Noma ingabe umuzwa ecashile kwangaphakathi?

Umqondo and definition of Ukubukeka

theorists Famous B. L. Yavorsky futhi IV Sposobin abonisa ukuthi lena ephezulu liphumele ukhathazeke isikhundla. Ngokwesibonelo, uma tonic "ukuze" kanye indlela "Okukhulu", ithoni kuyoba "C ezinkulu".

Ngo ungumthombo ongumngcingo ngaphezulu (ethize) ukubaluleka Ukubukeka e umculo - liphinde uhlelo ngokuhlukana obusebenzayo ubuhlobo ukuphakama ethile. Ngalesi sikhathi ngesisekelo abangoziqu-zintathu nemisebenti yekwakha emagama. Kuyinto ejwayelekile yokusebenza ngokuvumelana 17-19 eminyaka (classical-romantic). Kulolu daba, singakhuluma ukuba khona tonalities eziningana ohlelweni lwabo ubuhlobo. Ezinjalo njengoba isibonelo boncenyekune futhi Angaba yizingxenye embuthanweni, abo ahlobene ukhiye, parallel , amagama efanayo njalonjalo.

Enye incazelo. Lokhu phezulu uhlelo eyodwa ephezulu engamamitha nezokuxhumana ukuthi ezisebenza umahluko (umahluko). Kusukela ekubumbaneni yayo nge ukhathazeke ladotonalnost kwakhiwa.

Ithoni ngekhulu le-16

Ithoni umculo kwekhulu le-16 kuyinto baxakekile. Igama elithi yethulwa ngo 1821, uF A. J. Castillo Blazlom (eyaziwa French theory). Waqhubeka ukuthuthukisa futhi basakaza nomqondo Ukubukeka ukuba 1844 F. zh. Fetis. ERussia, igama elithi esihlatshiwe lingasetshenziswanga nhlobo kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Ngo imisebenzi Rimsky-Korsakov futhi Tchaikovsky ukuvumelana kokuthona ndawo kutholakala. Kuphela incwadi Taneyev "counterpoint ku isitayela okuqinile", a siphelile ngo-1906, ekhanyisa ke.

Igama elithi "izwi" inezincazelo eziningi. Okokuqala, ladotonalnaya uhlelo Harmonics-zisebenza kahle. Okwesibili, ithoni specific umculo. Okungukuthi, noma yiluphi uhlobo eyisibonelo ezingeni ukuphakama ethile. Umqondo wanamuhla ithoni kwembulwe umsebenzi noKarla Dalhauza kahle. Uphatha ke ngomqondo obanzi. Kususelwa ukuzimisela kwayo, kuba sobala ukuthi drevnemodalnaya Ihubo Gregorian - lena isampula lokuqala ithoni. Uphawula ukuthi, ngaphezu kuzithinta-harmonic, ithoni izingoma lapho.

Izici eziyinhloko Ukubukeka

1. Ukuba khona nje abutment noma isikhungo esithile. Kungaba umsindo, kuzithinta noma Into ehlukile ngokuphelele central.
2. Ukuba khona inhlangano ezithile ubudlelwane umsindo, elihlanganisa ngqo kubo ibe uhlelo kwakuwukuthi phezulu.
3. A abutment olulodwa, isikhungo, noma sonke isimiso ukuze kuzolungiswa ngesikhathi ibambene efanayo. Kule kusobala ukuthi ithoni e umculo kusikisela uhlobo yinye, etholakala emhlabeni isici esithile.
4. Umfana (Ezinkulu, Ezincane) onikelwa ngesimo kuzithinta bese uvula uhlelo, egijima ku zabo "ngendwangu."
5. Eziningana isici dissonance: D S nge Septimia nge lesithupha.
6. Yangaphakathi shift ngokuvumelana.
7. Modal isakhiwo ngasesinqeni se okuyinto unezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko wabeka: tonic, ephezulu kanye subdominant.
8. amafomu elikhulu isisekelo sokuthethelelwa kwezwi.

Umoya e Palestrina

Ngo ithoni classical owandile isimiso kwamandla adonsela phansi maqondana nendawo (tonic). Ngesikhathi ngokuvumelana efanayo eyisibonelo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kodwa akunjalo. Kukhona kuphela kwakuwukuthi esikalini. Ngo Palestrina ngokucacile izici eziyinhloko ohlelweni ukhathazeke uma une izingqimba ezimbili. It Choral (monodic) subbase nokuhlela kabusha yayo kwesakhiwo. Ngo palestrinskom ukhathazeke kungekho ukukhangwa sobala tonic. Kukhona isigaba njengoba enjalo. Ngo Palestrina ukwethula inhlangano ephelele imisindo, ohlelwe ukuphakama. Ayikho cadences, ngokulandelana, akukho amandla adonsela phansi ukuze ustoyu. Lokho ngokuphelele ukwakha liphethwe iyiphi ukhathazeke. Ngakho, Palestrina kungekho Ukubukeka efana zabuna saseVienna (uHaydn, Mozart, Beethoven).

evumelanayo Monodic futhi Ukubukeka harmonic

Ezinkulu nezincane kukhona belingana nezinye frets: aeolian, Ionian, Phrygian, ogama wesiko lokriyskim, Dorian, Mixolydian, kanye esikalini pentatonic. Phakathi Ukubukeka harmonic kanye frets monodic - umehluko omkhulu. Ukhiye amandla ezinkulu nezincane esingokwemvelo kwangaphakathi, umsebenzi, kanye nokuzimisela ezinyakazayo ithule. Babuye libhekene ubudlelwano obusebenzayo amaningi kanye umkhawulo yinye. Konke lokhu kungenxa ngingekho frets monadic. Futhi ungenalo Luhambo kucace tonic, ukubusa yayo. dynamism kuthiwa kohlelo kokuthona kuyinto eduze nabo ubunjalo ukucabanga European inkathi ezikhathini zanamuhla. E. Lovinsky waphawula kahle ukuthi modality, eqinisweni, limelela umbono nzile izwe, nephimbo okuphambene - oguduka.

Ngayiphi imibala bomculo rainbow "ukupenda" ithoni?

ithoni ngamunye ohlelweni, imisebenzi ethile ubuhlobo ashukumisayo-harmonic hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ngokuya umbala Palette. Ngokuqondene nalokhu nekucondza kakhulu ubunjalo nombala (umbala ngomqondo ongokoqobo).

Ngokwesibonelo, isihluthulelo "C ezinkulu" kungumongo uhlelo jikelele futhi kubhekwa elula kakhulu, ngakho-ke ngaso ezimhlophe. abaculi abaningi, kuhlanganise phakathi abaqambi omkhulu, ngokuvamile atholakala umbala ukuzwa. Ummeleli ecacile yokuzwa enjalo kubhekwa UNikolai Rimsky-Korsakov.

Ngokwesibonelo, isihluthulelo "E ezinkulu" asihlobanisa ezimbalwa: umbala oluhlaza kwentwasahlobo birches kanye shades lamadlelo. "E flat Okukhulu" ngaye - kungcono ikakhulukazi ithoni amnyama futhi udangele, yena zaveza emcabangweni wakhe ngezwi grey-bluish, nobuntu amadolobha namadolobhana, izinqaba. Ludwig van Beethoven, kwaba "B minor" omnyama. Lokhu umbala akusona isimanga, ngoba imisebenzi ezilotshwe kule ukhiye njalo umsindo kalusizi kabuhlungu. Njengoba ubona, imibala akwenzeki ngengozi, zihambisana ngokugcwele umlingisi ekhululekile umculo. Uma ushintsha ikhi, bese-ke iyoba lowehlukile ngokuphelele. Ukukwenza umkhuba ingcaca, wahlela Motets Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Ave verum Corpus, K.-V. 618) Ferenc ishidi. Kusukela "D Major," usho transposed kube "C Major", ngokuqondene ezashintsha isitayela umculo, kwakukhona izici Romanticism.

Iyini indima futhi indawo ungaphakathi ithoni umculo?

Kusukela ngekhulu le-17, ezihlukahlukene Ukubukeka kuzithinta, ikakhulukazi nge izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi, babé yinto izindlela ebalulekile yomculo inkulumo. ithoni Ngezinye izikhathi okukhulu mncintiswano indaba ephathwayo, isigaba kanye nombhalo. UPyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky babekholelwa ukuthi okushiwo umqondo zomculo incike ngokuvumelana nokuguquguquka kwezwi, kunokugxila ezintweni iphethini kwamagama namanothi. Ngo ukwakhiwa amafomu zomculo akunakuphikwa omkhulu bendima. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene amafomu elikhulu: sonata, eyindilinga, opera, Rondo nabanye. Phakathi izindlela ukuthi ukunikeza iqhubu nempumuzo, evelele kakhulu yilezi: inguquko kancane kancane noma okungazelelwe kusukela ukhiye eyodwa kuya kwenye, elishintsha bashintshashintshe izwi, bahlabe juxtaposition zezigigaba okungafani. Konke lokhu okwenzekayo ngokumelene okwenza sokuhlala esimeme ithoni main.

nokuzwelana tonalities

Ukubukeka Ezihlobene kukhona idigri yokuqala, wesibili nowesithathu. Iqembu inombolo eyodwa ukukhathazeka zonke ukulele kohlelo diatonic ekhethiwe noma predetermined phezulu. Zithole lula kakhulu. Lokhu kudinga kusuka kuzithinta tonic thola subdominant ephezulu kakhulu. Lona izigaba lesine nelesihlanu. Baphinde babe ukulele zabo ezihlobene, okuyinto ayafana kuwo ukubunjwa umsindo. Eyesibili degree of relatedness - ithoni tonic nge frets alinganayo kodwa ehlukene (njengoba igama elifanayo). Ngokwesibonelo, "C ezinkulu" futhi "C ezincane". Izimpawu amathoni, ngokulandelana, zizohluka. I "C Major" abazi khona, futhi okufanayo ezincane ezintathu flat.

Amanothi iqoqo lesithathu abe igiya ezivamile (3). Izihlobo third-degree nazo ukulele ezimbili ezifanayo isakhiwo futhi emi kude ka amathoni ezintathu. Ngokwesibonelo, "kuyinto C ezinkulu" futhi "F-ebukhali ezinkulu." Konke lokhu ulwazi kuyoba usizo kakhulu uma ufuna ukushintsha ithoni ingoma usebenzisa ukushintshashintsha kwezwi noma kuka.

isiphetho

Ngakho, isethi ithoni sinezici main ukuthi ukunquma essence yayo. Theorists ukuhumusha ngendlela ehlukile. Futhi, ososayensi abavumelani imvuselelo yayo futhi ibole. Uma abacwaningi nabaculi lamazwe Western Europe baye bakuthola bokuqala (njengoba Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-14), e-Russia ke zaqala ukusetshenziswa kamuva kakhulu. Yingakho ithoni umculo we zabuna saseVienna futhi romantics ngokuphongoza ukuthi okwakukhona Palestrina futhi ngeke Shostakovich, Hindemith, Shchedrin nezinye bomculo we 20-21 leminyaka.