Polonium 210: isigamu-nokuphila. Kuyini ukusetshenziswa polonium 210?

Polonium-210 abahlangene esicacile imisebe. Futhi akulona ize, ngoba kuyingozi kakhulu.

Umlando yokutholakala

ukhona kwabikezelwa ngo-1889 ngu-Mendeleev lapho edala ithebula lezakhi abadumile. Ekusebenteni, lesi sici olunezinombolo 84 itholiwe yiminyaka emakhulu asithoba kamuva imizamo Curies, wafunda lo mkhuba yokukhishwa kwemisebe. Maria Sklodowska-Curie wazama ukuthola imbangela emisebeni enamandla asebenza ezintweni ezivela kwezinye namaminerali, ngakho waqala ukusebenza nge amasampula ezimbalwa amatshe, sibanikeze zonke etholakalayo ezindleleni zakhe, uhlukanisa zihlukaniswe zibe izingxenyana ezincane futhi ukulahla ezingadingekile. Ngenxa yalokho, wathola into entsha, okuyinto isibe Analogue of bismuth kanye evulekile yesithathu ngemva enemisebe isici uranium futhi cindezela.

Naphezu Imiphumela ngempumelelo ukuhlolwa UMariya wayenolwazi oluhle ekujaheni ukukhuluma mayelana kangakanani lokhu ayekutholile. ukuhlaziywa Spectral, olwenziwa uzakwabo Curies futhi enganikanga ngezizathu ukukhuluma mayelana ukutholakala yesici entsha. Noma kunjalo, umbiko emhlanganweni we Paris Academy of Sciences, Julayi 1898 umbhangqwana kubika irisidi nezinsolo into bembonisa property metal futhi wasikisela ukuyibiza polonium behlonipha Poland - ezweni kaMariya. Kwakuwusuku okokuqala futhi kuphela emlandweni lapho kwakukhona kakhulu eligqamisiwe lento sesivele sibizwa. Nokho, sibonelo uqala ukuvela kuphela ngo-1910.

Izakhiwo kanye amakhemikhali

Polonium kuyinto kuqhathaniswa esithambile silvery metal white. He is enemisebe ukuze sikhanya ebumnyameni futhi njalo eshubile. Ngakho ukuncibilika yayo ukhombe kancane kunakunoma tin - degrees 254 kuphela celsius. Metal ngokushesha kakhulu oxidized emoyeni. Emazingeni aphansi, it yakha monatomic ngehele elula cubic.

Ngu impahla yayo amakhemikhali polonium liseduze kakhulu i Analogue - tellurium. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlobo compounds yayo kunomphumela omkhulu eliphakeme lemisebe. Ngakho ukuthi ukusabela ezihilela polonium kungaba bezijabulisa kakhulu futhi ezithakazelisayo, nakuba ngempela eziyingozi ngokuya izinzuzo zezempilo.

isotopes

isayensi Ubude okwamanje uyazi 27 (ngokuvumelana kweminye imithombo - 33) yakha polonium. Akekho kubo akuyona esitebeleni, futhi bonke enemisebe. Iningi isotopes esindayo (nezinamba athomu kusuka 210 kuya 218) e esincane ezitholakala emvelweni, abanye kungenziwa kuphela etholwe ngemishini.

Radioactive polonium-210 - kakhulu eside waphila amafomu zemvelo. Kuqukethwe esincane Radium e-uranium imikhando, futhi ezakhiwe ukulandelana ukuphendula eziqala U-238 ubizwa futhi ihlala iminyaka engu-engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 4.5, uma sikhuluma isigamu-nokuphila.

reception

Ngo 1 ton of uranium-ore iqukethe isotopes ka polonium-210 e isamba lube ngu-100 micrograms. Zingaba ovelele e ukucutshungulwa imikhiqizo imfucuza, kodwa ukuthola imali ethe xaxa noma zincane timphawu kuzodingeka ukuthi iphathe omningi impahla. A okuningi indlela elula nephumelelayo ukuba zamagama ezithela kakhulu ngokuzishisa ngemisebe ye bismuth yemvelo ne neutrons endaweni enuzi.

Ngenxa yalokho, ngisho nangemva ezinye izinqubo etholwe polonium-210. Isotopes 208 kanye 209 ayathola lapho bismuth noma umthofu zishiswe ngaphakathi ngemishayo esasizosheshisa alpha izinhlayiya, ama-proton noma deuterons.

radioactivity

Polonium-210, kanye namanye isotopes, kuyinto alpha-emitters. Iqembu libe nzima ngokwengeziwe futhi likhipha gamma rays. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi usizo ngokwengqikithi 210 liwukuphela komthombo we-alpha izinhlayiya, kuyingozi ngempela, akunakwenzeka ukuthatha izandla zakho futhi ngisondelene nakakhulu ibanga oseduze, njengoba iyazifudumeza, ke ingena aerosol. Kakhulu yingozi njengoba engene yokuphefumula polonium noma ukudla. Yingakho asebenta nalelicembu izidakamizwa esiqhutshwa amabhokisi ekhethekile uphawu. Kuyinto ukwazi ukuthi lesi sici imayelana nengxenye engaphezu kweyikhulu edlule Kuye kwatholakala amahlamvu ugwayi. inkathi ukubola polonium-210 uma siqhathanisa nabanye isotopes libanzi, kodwa ngoba kungaba buthelela izitshalo, bese umonakalo nakakhulu empilweni obhemayo sika. Nokho, noma yimuphi umzamo ukuze kukhishwe leso sidakamizwa ngogwayi ayiphumelelanga.

ingozi

Ngenxa polonium-210 likhipha-alpha izinhlayiya kuphela, sigcina izinyathelo zokuphepha ezithile wesabe ukusebenza ke akufanele kube. Ubude endleleni yalezi amagagasi kuyaqabukela ngaphezu ngamasentimitha kweshumi, ngaphandle, bavamise kukhuluma nabo abakwazi ukungena esikhunjeni.

Nokho, once ngaphakathi emzimbeni, babangela kuye wokubangela ukulimala okukhulu. Lapho injected igazi ngokushesha zisakazeka kuwo wonke izicubu - emva kwamaminithi ambalwa khona kwakhe kungabonakala zonke izinhlaka. Okokuqala, kuba khona kunoma nezinso isibindi, kodwa ngokuvamile kuba isakazwa sasivumela ngokulinganayo, futhi lokhu akunakubangelwa lethality yaso ephezulu Imininingwane.

Polonium ubuthi omkhulu kangangokuthi ngisho ngemithamo emincane kubangele ezingamahlalakhona emisebeni ukugula nokufa ngokusebenzisa izinyanga 6-11. Izindlela eyinhloko ukuqedwa kusukela umzimba - ngokusebenzisa nezinso pheshana emathunjini. Kukhona ukuncika indlela yokuxhumana. Ingxenye-ukuphila izinsuku ezingu-30 kuya kwezingu-50.

ubuthi Khona Ngengozi ngu polonium nakanjani engenakwenzeka. Ukuze uthole imali eyanele ketshezi kufanele ukufinyelela enuzi kanye buyela i IKhompyuthaYami ngenhloso umhlatshelo. eyinkimbinkimbi ukuxilongwa futhi ukuthi izimo ezimbalwa kuphela Emlandweni waziwa. Isisulu lokuqala ubhekwa indodakazi ukuthi bangabavumbululi polonium - Irene Joliot-Curie, ngubani phakathi nophenyo waphula capsule nge ketshezi laboratory kanye wafa eminyakeni 10 kamuva. Enye amacala omabili avela e ngekhulu xxi. Eyokuqala wabo - kunjalo ukuthusa slavi, owashona ngo-2006, kanti eyesibili - kokufa Yasser Arafat, lapho izinto imikhondo IKhompyuthaYami enemisebe atholakele. Nokho, ukuxilongwa esichazayo alikaqinisekiswa.

nokwahlukana

Omunye isotopes isikhathi eside kunazo zonke, ikanye 208 kanye 209, kuyinto polonium-210. Ingxenye-ukuphila (okusho ukuthi, ngesikhathi lapho isibalo izinhlayiya ezinemisebe sesehlile) wokuqala ababili ngokulandelana iminyaka 2.9 futhi 102, futhi ekugcineni 138 izinsuku namahora 9. Njengoba for nye isotopes, besaphila ibalwa ngokuyinhloko ngemizuzu kanye namahora.

Ingxube izakhiwo ezahlukene polonium-210, okwenza kube ekahle kunazo yochungechunge ukusetshenziswa amazinga kahulumeni ahlukahlukene ekuphileni. Ukuba igobolondo okhethekile metal, ngeke ukulimaza impilo yakho, kodwa uyakwazi ukunikeza amandla abo ukuze isintu sizuze. Ngakho lokho wasebenzisa polonium-210 namuhla?

isicelo yesimanje

Ngokokunye ukulinganisela, mayelana 95% of the ukukhiqizwa polonium bagxila eRussia, okuyinto kuhlelwe ngonyaka mayelana amagremu 100 ketshezi, cishe kanye nazo zonke ke athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe e-United States.

Kunezindawo ezimbalwa lapho polonium-210 isetshenziswa. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, lesi mkhathi. Nge lalilincane ke lubaluleke njengoba umthombo ezinhle amandla nokushisa. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi cishe zonke izinyanga 5, ukusebenza yayo kuyehla ngesigamu, le isotopes ngoyisiwula kusinda ibiza kakhulu ukukhiqiza.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, polonium ngokuphelele Irreplaceable wesayensi yenuzi. It is kabanzi ukufunda ithonya-alpha emisebeni ye ukuba nezinye izinto.

Ekugcineni, insimu eyengeziwe kwesicelo is akha amadivayisi ukuqeda zikagesi ukuze umkhakha futhi ukusetshenziswa ekhaya. Kuyamangalisa ukuthi into eyingozi enjalo bangaba cishe kitchenware, kokuba ebiyelwe emgodleni okuqinile.