Scab on amazambane: izizathu zokuvela nezindlela zokwelapha

Isikhumba ku-amazambane yisifo esiwumfutho esithinta izilimo eziyizigaxa. Ama-pathogens angahlala enhlabathini isikhathi eside, futhi angene emifino ngokusebenzisa ama-pores noma amanxeba amancane. Ufuna nje ukusho ukuthi izimpande ezithathelwanayo zingadliwa, kodwa ingxenye ewonakele inqunywe futhi ilahlwe kude. Ingozi yokubonakala kwesikhumba ukuthi imikhiqizo yezohwebo nezokunambitheka yemifino incishisiwe, izinga lamavithamini, amaminerali kanye nama-amino acids awela. Uma ukulahlekelwa kwezinto eziwusizo kungu-35% -40%, khona-ke isivuno sincishiswe ngesigamu (kwezinye izimo, ukulahlekelwa kufinyelela ku-60% -65%).

Izimo ezithandekayo zokuthuthukiswa kwesifo

Njenganoma isiphi isifo, isikhumba sivela kwezinye izimo. Phakathi kwazo kukhona okulandelayo:

- inhlabathi i-pH ingu-6.1 - 7.4, okungukuthi, ukusabela okuncane kwe-alkali.

- Ukushisa kwe-air 24 ° С - 29 ° С.

- Okuqukethwe umswakama wehlabathi kungaphakathi kuka-50-70%.

- Uma usebenzisa i-lime ne-ash ash.

- Uma ufaka umhlabathi ngomquba. Ingozi ikhona yokuthi empini yokulwa nezilonda, izilimo eziyizigaxa ezithintekayo zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukondla imfuyo. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi izinambuzane ezincane zizinzile, zidlula isilwane sezilwane futhi zihambisane nomfutho wayo. Ukutshala umhlabathi ngomquba onjalo kungabangela ukutheleleka okwengeziwe.

- Nge-overabundance yemanyolo equkethe i-nitrogen ne-calcium.

- Ngokuntuleka kwe-boron ne-manganese emhlabathini.

Izinyathelo ezivimbela ukuvimbela ukubukeka kwesikhumba

Kungcono ukudala ngokushesha bese uzama ukulondoloza izimo lapho amanxusa abangela khona lesi sifo angakhululekile. Kodwa uma usuqaphele kulezi zilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane ze-warts ezinamandla, khona-ke qiniseka ukuthi uthola ukuthi, Indlela yokukhipha amazambane esikhumba. Kukhona amathiphu jikelele kubalimi abanganciphisa ingozi yokuthuthukisa lesi sifo:

• Hlola ngokucophelela izinto zokutshala. Khetha izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinkulu ezinesisindo esingama-75-100 g, zilandelwa ngesisombululo se-boric acid (ama-gramu ayi-10 ngamalitha angu-9 wamanzi).
• Ukuhlwanyela okujulile kwezimpande izitshalo futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokukhwabanisa.
• Ngemuva kokuvuna, kubalulekile ukuqoqa zonke izinsalela (izilimo eziyizigaxa ezingcolisiwe, izimpande, iziqu) futhi zibabhubhise.
• Indawo yokutshala amazambane kumele ishintshwe, njalo ukuhlwanyela ubhontshisi emva kwalo, okucebisa inhlabathi nge nitrogen futhi ukuyibulala. Buyisela isiko se-tuber endaweni yaso yokuqala eminyakeni engu-4-5.
• Hlola i-acidity yenhlabathi (pH akufanele idlule 6.0). Uma kungenjalo, isiko singahlasela isikhumba sezambane. Ukwelapha Izindlela zamakhemikhali Akunikezi imiphumela, kodwa ukunciphisa ingozi yokutheleleka akulula. I-pH ingalungiswa ngokufaka umquba wamaminerali (superphosphate) ngaphansi kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Qaphela ngokucacile isimiso sokunisela. Ukwethulwa kwelame kusebenza kuphela uma inhlabathi i-pH ingaphansi kwezingu-4.9. Kuwusizo ukukhipha izithombo zamazambane ngezigaxa ze-pine eziwile, ulethe isulfure (2.1 - 3.2 kg ngekhulu lekhulu) noma i-gypsum (amamitha ayizigremu angu-15-20 kg).

Lezi yizincomo ezijwayelekile kuphela. Kubalulekile ukuba abalimi bazi ukuthi kukhona isikhala esihlukile kumazambane. Izindlela zomzabalazo kanye nemibandela yentuthuko ingahluka ngokungaqondile, kodwa ngokujwayelekile imithetho yokuqeda inkinga ifana.

Scab

Loluhlobo lwesifo luvame kakhulu kunezinye. I-agent causative yi-Streptomyces scabies. Ikhula kahle enhlabathini enesihlabathi futhi eqalwe, ngaphansi kwezimo zemiswakama ephakeme kanye nokwehla okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukuqala kwalesi sifo kulula ukuxilonga izilonda ezincane, ezikhula kancane kancane futhi ekugcineni zimbozwe nge-plate coorky.

Isikhwama ejwayelekile kumazambane Akuveli kuwo wonke amamaki. Isivikelo esinamandla kunayo yonke lesi sifo ngu "Berlechingen" no "Priekul", kanye ne "ikhamera".

Kanye nemithetho ejwayelekile yokutshala nokunakekela isiko, kunezengezo eziningana. Ngaphambi kwalokho, Indlela ukuqeda amazambane esikhumba, Yenza ukwelashwa okuvimbela izilimo eziyizigaxa - ufafaze nge "Nitrafen" noma "Polycarbacin". Iphumelela kakhulu ekulwa nesifo kusiza ukuhluma kokutshala izinto ekukhanyeni. Ukuphuza amasiko kuqala ngokushesha ngemuva kokujula emhlabathini bese uqhubeka kuze kube yilapho isiqu sesitshalo sikhula sibe yi-1.5-2 cm ngobukhulu.

Scab powdery

I-agent causative yi-Spongospora subterranea. Ikhula enhlabathini emanzi kakhulu. Futhi izimpande ze-pathogen zingazixuba emhlabathini bese zifinyelela izimpande. Inkohliso enjalo kumazambane Kuboniswe ngombhalo we-warts umbala ompunga okhanyayo.

Isikhumba semifantu ye-tuber esakhiweni sokutheleleka, lesi sifo sanda phambili. Kukholelwa ukuthi izinhlobo ezinjenge "lorch", "jubel", "amakhadikhadi" kanye "mazhestik" azikho ngaphansi kokugula.

Lesi sifo i-mbatata - isikhumba I-Powdery - ithinta izimpande nesiqu. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zithinteka ekutheleleni okungeziwe ngokulimala kwekwephuzile kanye nokubonakala kokubola okumile. Ukutshala izinto ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela kugcinwe kwisisombululo se-40% formalin (isilinganiso - 1: 200) semaminithi angu-6-7, bese uhlanganisa amahora ambalwa nge-tarpaulin.

Isiliva sesiliva

Ekuqaleni kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kunezindawo zombala obomvu noma izindawo ezincane ezifana ne-soot emnyama. Ngemva kokubheka ikhasi lezambatho, ibala liba grey.

I-agent causative yi-fungus i-Helminthosporium solani, ephindaphinda ngokushesha ekushiseni kwe-19-21 ° C kanye nomswakama we-90-95%.

Isifo siyingozi ngoba isivuno siphansi kakhulu. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezithintekayo ziyaqhubeka nokulahlekelwa isisindo ngisho nalapho zigcinwe, futhi indawo ye-warts ingase ibonakale igolide ibolile. Izitshalo ezihlahleni ze-loamy nezeshlabathi ezinomhlabathi zithinteka kakhulu lesi sifo. Ngaphambi kokutshala, izilimo eziyizilimo eziyizigaxa zihanjiswa. Ukwelashwa kwenziwa futhi ngemuva kokuvuna ngaphambi kokugcina, usebenzisa amalungiselelo anjengoNitrafen, Botran, Fundazol, Celest noma uTitimim.

I-Rizoctonia, noma isikhumba somnyama

I-agent ye causative yi-Rhizoctonia solani. Ikhula ezimweni zomswakama ophezulu. Njengomthetho, ukutheleleka kwenzeka uma entwasahlobo iphuzile futhi imvula. Kubonakala sengathi kunamabala amnyama acindezelekile noma ama-sclerotia, okuyinto enzima ukukhipha phezulu.

Isikhumba esimnyama kumazambane Kuyingozi ngoba ingakwazi ukushaya i-tuber ngisho nasezindaweni zokuhluma. Amahlumela anjalo angashabalalisa, noma avele ebusweni anezilonda zamagqabi angenhla anesigqabha. I-agent ye-causative ihamba phambili emhlabathini we-loamy.

Lokhu kungenye yezinhlobonhlobo ezimbi kakhulu zesifo, ngoba izinhlobo eziphikisanayo azikho. Ukuze kungabonakali isikhumba esidayisa ama-mbatata, ukwelashwa kuqala ngokufaka izilimo eziyizigaxa ngamalungiselelo ezinjenge-Integral, Planrys noma Bactofit, kanye noFenoram, i-Vivatax noma i-Maxim.

Ukujula kokutshala: inhlabathi eyi-sandy loamy - i-7 cm, i-loamy - 8-11 cm, i-peat - 12-13 cm. Melana nesilinganiso sokutshala isilinganiso, lapho inhlabathi ivunguza kuze kufike ku-8 ° С. Ukuvimbela ukubukeka kwe-rhizoctonia ekusungulweni kwamaminerali amaminerali kanye nama-organic emithini ephakeme kakhulu kunelawo anconywa kuleli klasi.