Telegraphs: izinhlobo, umdwebo nezithombe

Telegraph wadlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni emphakathini wanamuhla. Slow futhi alithembekile yokudlulisa ulwazi sebehlushwa intuthuko futhi abantu babheka izindlela ukusheshisa ke. Nge kokusungulwa ugesi kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukudalwa amadivayisi, kweso uthumela imininingwane eyimfihlo olude.

Ngesikhathi komlando

Telegraph e incarnations ezahlukene - omdala izinhlobo zokuxhumana. Ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo kwakunesidingo ukudlulisa ulwazi buqamama. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Afrika, i-ukudluliswa kwemiyalezo ezihlukahlukene ezisetshenziswa imigqomo tom-Toms eYurophu - emlilweni, futhi kamuva - zokuxhumana semaphore. Eyokuqala semaphore yocingo yaqale ngokuthi "tahigraf" - "skoropisets", kodwa ke balikhipha bafaka okuyigama elifanelekayo ngaphezulu ngokuthi "yocingo" - "dalnopisets".

Idivayisi lokuqala

Nge kokutholakala lo mkhuba "ugesi" futhi ikakhulukazi emva izifundo usosayensi Danish Hans Kristiana Ersteda (umsunguli imfundiso yokuziphendukela umugqa wemiyalo) kanye usosayensi wase-Italy u-Alessandro Volta emangalisayo - umdali wokuqala cell electrochemical nebhethri lokuqala (yayibizwa kanjalo ngaleso sikhathi "inqwaba voltaic") - kwakunokuvungama okuningi imibono yokudala yocingo kagesi .

Imizamo akhiqize amadivayisi kagesi adlulisele amasignali ezithile ibanga elinqunyiwe, othathwe ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18. Ngo-1774, i-yocingo elula lakhiwa e-Switzerland (Geneva), usosayensi futhi umsunguli Lesage. Wahlanganyela transceivers ezimbili 24-amaphakethe isehlane izintambo. Lapho usebenzisa ishayela ngosizo umshini kagesi kwenye idivayisi ukubambezeleka lokuqala ibhola lesibili ephambuka Buzinova elihambisana electroscope. Khona-ke ubuchwepheshe lithuthukile umcwaningi Lomon (1787), esikhundleni wire 24 komunye. Nokho, lesi simiso kunzima ukubiza yocingo.

Telegraph kwaqhubeka kuthuthuka. Ngokwesibonelo, isazi sesayensi yemvelo French André Marie Ampère wadala apharathasi okuxhunyanwa ehlanganisa izinaliti kazibuthe 25, umiswe enama-asi, nokungu-50 futhi izintambo. Nokho, amadivaysi okukhulu kwenziwa leli thuluzi kuyinto cishe yaphela indaba yalo.

Schilling apharathasi

I-Russian (WaseSoviet) ebhukwinitifundvo uthi yocingo yokuqala, + iyahluka kwenye ababengaphambi ukusebenza kahle yayo, ubulula nokwethenjelwa, lwakhiwe eRussia Pavlom Lvovichem Shillingom e 1832. Yiqiniso, amanye amazwe aye uphikise lesi simangalo, "athuthukisa" ososayensi bakhe okungenani abanamakhono.

IziNyathelo Shilling (Amaningi awo, ngeshwa, kuze kube) e telegraphy aqukethe amaphrojekthi amaningi athakazelisayo telegraphs kagesi. Baron Schilling apharathasi kwaba ifakwe okhiye okuyinto sekuqalile kagesi ku izintambo ohlanganisa okuxhunyanwa nokwamukela apparatuses.

yocingo wokuqala emhlabeni, esakhiwa 10 amazwi, owaphasiswa ngo-October 21, 1832 ne yocingo, efakwe pavla Lvovicha Shillinga efulethini. Umsunguli futhi isungule cabling iphrojekthi ukuxhuma yocingo phansi iGulf of Finland phakathi ePeterhof futhi Kronstadt.

Ukushayela yocingo

I-apharathasi eyamukelayo lalinabashumayeli ohlobo, ngamunye okubandakanya wire yokuxhuma kanye izinaliti kazibuthe okwesikhashana ngaphezu ohlobo phezu kwayo. On lezi lokuluhlaza kwaqinisa kwenye mug, zaveza ngakolunye uhlangothi black, elinye emhlophe. Ngokucindezela ikhi ikhoyili Lidlulisela yenaliti kazibuthe baphambukile futhi zayiswa ezifanele isikhundla mbuthano. amalungiselelo Inhlanganisela imibuthano telegrapher reception ku alfabhethi (ikhodi) ekhethekile kunqunywa uphawu ngocansi.

Okokuqala, izintambo eziyisishiyagalombili Bekulindeleke ke inombolo yabo lancipha ezimbili zokuxhumana. Ukuqhuba yocingo ezinjalo PL Schilling athuthukile ikhodi ekhethekile. Zonke abaqambi alandelayo telegraphy endaweni esebenzile ukudluliswa esephepheni izimiso.

Kunezinye izenzakalo

Cishe kanyekanye telegraphs ezakhiwe efanayo ukusebenzisa lokungeniswa imisinga akhiwa ososayensi isiJalimane Weber Ghaus. Kakade 1833 ababenakho umugqa yocingo e-University of Gottingen (Lower Saxony) phakathi astronamicheskoy futhi zokubuka kazibuthe.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi idivayisi Schilling wakhonza njengephayona prototype iBrithani Telegraph Cook futhi sathathwa uWinston. Pheka ngajwayelana imisebenzi umsunguli Russian of Heidelberg University (Germany). Kanye nomngane Winston bona ngcono apharathasi begodu lobunikazi. Idivayisi baba nempumelelo enkulu commercial e-Europe.

A revolution elincane 1838 wenza Shteyngeyl. Akukona nje kuphela ukuthi, wayechitha lokuqala yocingo umugqa ibanga elide (5 km), ngakho ngisho ngephutha elathola lolu daba ukuthi wire eyodwa kuphela (ingxenye yesibili wenza phansi) ingasetshenziswa isignali yokudlulisela.

Morse yocingo

Nokho, kuzo zonke lezi amadivaysi nge dials futhi inaliti kazibuthe wavelelwa icala ezingelapheki - abakwazi kunqandwe: ukudluliswa okusheshayo kolwazi, kwenzeka iphutha futhi umbhalo akazange uhlanekezelwe. Qeda umsebenzi ekudaleni elula futhi enokwethenjelwa wesifunda yocingo izintambo amabili kuphumelele ngomculi waseMelika nowaseNingizimu umsunguli USamuel Morse. Uye athuthukiswe futhi isicelo ikhodi yocingo lapho incwadi zamagama ngamunye yakhethwa inhlanganisela ethile yemacashati bese uyilahla.

Morse yocingo esakhiwe kakhulu ukumane. Ukuze uthole wesifunda futhi kokumphazamisa zamanje usebenzisa ukhiye (manipulator). Siqukethe isigwedlo eyinsimbi eksisi zazo baxhumana umqhubi umugqa. Omunye ekupheleni isigwedlo entwasahlobo-ingalo icindezelwa ukuba onqenqemeni metal, olunezintambo kuya umamukeli bese emhlabathini (phansi isetshenziswa). Lapho telegrapher ngazo komunye umkhawulo ingalo, le ngokuqondene nezinye izindlela exhunywe kwi-ikhebula ibhethri. Kuleli qophelo, lamanje odlula ngokusebenzisa a umamukeli zitholakale endaweni ehlukile.

Esiteshini ukwamukela isigubhu ekhethekile nilimaza strip emincane iphepha uhamba njalo clockwork. Ngaphansi kwethonya engenayo electromagnet zamanje edonsela ngenduku yensimbi okuyinto kuhlaba iphepha, kanjalo zakha isimiso ukulandelana kwezinhlamvu.

Academician okusungulile Jacoby

usosayensi Russian, Academician BS Jacobi isikhathi kusuka 1839 kuya 1850, wadala izinhlobo eziningana telegraphs: lokubhala, kuletha abantu abayimbijana okhombisa izenzo zokuvumelanisa iphinde teleprinter kwezwe yokuqala. Ukusungulwa zakamuva kwaba yingqophamlando entsha ekuthuthukiseni yokuxhumana izinhlelo. Ngiyavuma, kuba lula kakhulu ukufunda ngokushesha wathumela incwadi yocingo kuka ukuchitha isikhathi kokulotshiweyo wakhe.

I okuxhunyanwa oqondile-ukuphrinta apharathasi Jacobi kwakuba Ukudayela nge umcibisholo kanye contact we sigubhu. On the circle elingaphandle Ukudayela imali izinhlamvu nezinombolo. Idivayisi ethola has a Ukudayela nge umcibisholo, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukisa kanye electromagnets ukunyathelisa futhi isondo izinhlobo. On isondo ejwayelekile eziqoshwe zonke izinhlamvu nezinombolo. Ngezinye ukuqala ngokuhamba idivayisi ukudluliselwa pulses zamanje ababevela umugqa, apharathasi ukuphrinta ethola electromagnet kwabangela sicindezelwe iphepha web esondweni isampula kanye zisephepheni wathola uphawu.

ama-apharathasi Hughes

umsunguli American David Edward Hughes evunyiwe telegraphy indlela ukusebenza zokuvumelanisa, ezakhiwa ngezinyanga 1855 teleprinter nge wheel ejwayelekile Ukujikeleza okuqhubekayo. I Transmitter lentwana ikhibhodi-uhlobo upiyano, nge 28 okhiye omnyama nomhlophe, eyayibonakala inflicted izinhlamvu nezinombolo.

Ngo-1865, imishini Hughes isifakiwe lenhlangano yesevisi yocingo phakathi Petersburg naseMoscow, bese zasakazekela kulo lonke elaseRussia. Lezi amadivayisi kabanzi kuze-yalolucwaningo 30 XX leminyaka.

Bodo apharathasi

Hughes apharathasi akakwazanga ukuhlinzeka ngesivinini Izintambo zikagesi ezisobala kanye ayisebenzisa isixhumanisi. Ngakho-ke, ukuze esikhundleni salezi amadivayisi ukuza amadivayisi yocingo amaningi, yakhelwe 1874 yi-engineer French Georges Emilem Bodo.

Bodo Idivayisi ivumela ukudluliswa ngesikhathi esisodwa yocingo opharetha eziningana emgqeni efanayo amathelegramu eziningana zombili izinkomba. I-apharathasi yakhiwa distributor, bese bedlulisela eziningana kanye namadivayisi kokuthola. Lidlulisela ikhiphedi siqukethe izihluthulelo ezinhlanu. Ukuze ngcono ukusetshenziswa zokuxhumana imigqa elisetshenziswa apharathasi Bodo Lidlulisela enjalo apharathasi lapho ulwazi ngocansi ufakwe telegrapher ngesandla.

Umgomo we operation

Idivayisi okuxhunyanwa (ikhibhodi) omunye umshini yiwona isiteshi ngokuzenzakalelayo exhunywe ngokusebenzisa umugqa isikhathi esifushane bona abamukelayo abafanele. I-oda uxhumano yabo futhi ukushintsha ukunemba zikhathi yemidlalo enikeziwe abasabalalisi. yocingo ijubane lomsebenzi kufanele kuhambisane umsebenzi abasabalalisi. Emabhulashini valve ukuwudlulisa reception Kumelwe uphendukisa synchronously futhi isigaba. Ngokuya ngenombolo yokudlulisela nokwamukela amadivayisi ixhunywe distributor, ukusebenza yocingo Bodo ububanzi 2500-5000 amazwi ngehora.

Amayunithi okuqala efakwe Bodo "Petersburg - eMoscow" yocingo ngo-1904. Esikhathini esizayo, lezi amadivaysi kabanzi inethiwekhi yocingo yase-USSR futhi wasebenzisa kuze 50s.

kudivayisi Inching

Inching yocingo lalibonisa esigabeni esisha kakhulu ekuthuthukeni yocingo ubuchwepheshe. Idivayisi incane, futhi kulula kakhudlwana ukusebenza. It typewriter isitayela ikhibhodi yasetshenziselwa okokuqala. Lezi izinzuzo eziye zaholela yokuthi ekupheleni imishini 50s Bodo abangu kwaphoqa ngokuphelele kuzo amaphuzu wire.

umnikelo Omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni yasekhaya ekuqaleni-stop amadivayisi abe A. F. Shorin futhi L. I. Treml, okuyinto lakhiwa ngaphansi imboni yasekhaya ngo-1929 waqala uveza isimiso esisha yocingo. Kusukela ngo-1935, Lidlulisela okuzenzakalelayo (Lidlulisela) kanye wesifunda umamukeli (reperforator) yaqala ukunyathelisa idivayisi onobuhle ST-35, phakathi nawo-1960 ngabo zenzelwe.

wekhodi

Kusukela kudivayisi PT-35 esetshenziswa amadivayisi zokuxhumana yocingo kanye Bodo, ikhodi ekhethekile №1, okuyinto babengafani ikhodi evamile amazwe ekuqaleni-stop izimoto (№2) ikhodi lakhiwe ngabo.

Ngemva decommissioning Bodo amadivayisi akusadingeki ukusebenzisa ezweni lethu is a non-standard ikhodi ekuqaleni-stop, futhi zonke CT-35 epaki zamanje wayiswa omhlaba jikelele nekhodi №2. Amadivayisi ngokwabo, njengoba olwesimanje, futhi umklamo omusha, wethiwa igama elithi ST-2M futhi Sta-2M (nge ticalo ezishintshayo).

imishini Rolling

izenzakalo eSoviet Union ziye pitted ngokumelene nalo, ukwakha ephumelelayo kakhulu roll yocingo. engavamile yaso ukuthi umbhalo libhalwe umugca ngemugca eshidini ebanzi iphepha, efana iphrinta dot--matrix. ukusebenza okuphezulu futhi ikhono ukudlulisa esiningi ulwazi zazibaluleke hhayi nje kuphela kubantu abavamile, kodwa izindawo ukuphathwa kanye nama-ejenti kahulumeni.

• Round Wire T-63 umshini ifakwe amarejista ezintathu: Latin, Russian futhi digital. Ngosizo itheyiphu ebhobozi ngokuzenzakalela yamukele iphinde isebenze ukudlulisa idatha. Ukuphrinta lwenzeka roll iphepha 210 mm.
• Okuzenzakalelayo roll yocingo electronic Pta-80 ikuvumela ukusetha indlela ngesandla noma ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuthumela nokwamukela i-imeyili.
• Iinsetjenziswa RTM-51 futhi Pta-50-2 asetshenziselwa umyalezo ukuqopha inki 13-mm tape indinganiso roll iphepha ububanzi (215 mm). I mikhondo umshini ngomzuzu ezingu-430.

Contemporary

Telegraphs, izithombe zazo zingatholakala emakhasini izincwadi futhi Museum nemibukiso, wadlala indima enkulu e kuyashesha intuthuko. Naphezu ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha ukwaziswa ngocingo, lezi amadivaysi akuhambile lwanyamalala, futhi kwathuthukela lwanamuhla nemishini yama-fax kanye ezingcono yocingo electronic.

Ngokusemthethweni, zinyanga yocingo ngocingo, usebenza isimo Indian of Goa, yavalwa Julayi 14, 2014. Naphezu funa kakhulu (5000 amathelegramu nsuku zonke), isevisi kwaba ezingenanzuzo. E-US, inkampani yocingo zokugcina Western Union uyekile afeze imisebenzi eqondile ngo-2006, ukugxila Imali ethunyelwe. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngenkathi Telegraphs wawungakapheli, futhi zayiswa imvelo electronic. Central Telegraph Russia, nakuba abasebenzi kakhulu ziyancipha, uyaqhubeka ukufeza izibopho zayo, ngoba alikho onkhe emadolobha le ndawo enkulu kungenzeka azokuqhubela ucingo kanye internet.

Esikhathini zakamuva isikhathi yocingo iziteshi eyalo imvamisa wiring, ihlelwe ikakhulu ikhebuli umsakazo edluliselwe link. Inzuzo enkulu imvamisa telegraphy kwakuwukuthi ivumela ejwayelekile yocingo isiteshi ukuhlela kusuka 17 kuya 44 iziteshi yocingo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imvamisa wiring kwenza ukuba afeze sanoma yisiphi ibanga zokuxhumana. Uxhumano lwenethiwekhi sakhiwa imvamisa iziteshi zikagesi ezinde, ukugcinwa lula, futhi has a nezimo ngokuphelele ivumela ukuthi ukudala circuitous isiqondiso ukwehluleka isiqondiso core umugqa. Imvamisa wiring kwaba elula ngakho, ukonga futhi enokwethenjelwa, okumanje iziteshi yocingo DC asetshenziswa sincipha isibalo sawo.