Ukufaneleka - Iyini? Concept nezinhlobo

Imithetho luqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ilungelo lokuvota. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abadlali nethuba uvotele abafundela ejensi wombuso kanye nezakhiwo zikahulumeni zendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, izakhamizi zikwazi ngokwabo bakhethwe. Imithetho nekuhlanganyela kwebantfu avunyelwe ukuqapha ivoti, umsebenzi weKhomishani, kuhlanganise ukuzimisela imiphumela imikhankaso. Izakhamizi zingase inkululeko yabo ngesikhathi inhlolovo kanye neminye imisebenzi ebekwe umthetho wezwe, izenzo zomthetho we izifunda.

Isimiso inkululeko okhethweni

Umthetho uhlukanisa ilungelo lokuvota phezu yekwentiwa kanye asebenzayo. Lesi sakamuva kusho ingxenye oqondile ivoti, okusho - .. Isisho yentando yabantu. Passive kwesokudla - ithuba lokuba umfundi kumele zikhethwe. Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi ukuvota yokuzithandela futhi mahhala. Akekho esicindezela abantu ukubaphoqa ukuba inkululeko yabo, noma uyeke ukwenza kanjalo. Awukwazi ukudala noma yisiphi isithiyo nenkululeko ukuba ahlanganyele emikhankasweni. State Duma akhethiwe esekelwe alinganayo, jikelele, ivoti eliyimfihlo.

isizinda normative

Imithetho elawula ukhetho kamongameli, kwakheka ngokuyinhloko nguMtsetfosisekelo. Ukudla kwalo kucacisiwe kunombolo uMthetho Federal 67. Lo mthetho ulawula iziqinisekiso eyisisekelo amalungelo yokhetho iqhaza referendums RF izakhamuzi. Iziphathimandla Regional kungathatha ezinye izimiselo kule ndawo, awaphikisani uMthethosisekelo kanye noMthetho.

Umqondo ziqu

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ukubamba iqhaza kuzakhamizi ukuvota ngeke we kwenziwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Ziyakwazi ziqu. этих условий закрепляются нормативно. Concept futhi izinhlobo mibandela awashintsheki iziqondiso. Bonke zihlukaniswe amaqembu ezinkulu 2. Eyokuqala zemvelo, kanti eyesibili - izimo ngokungenasizathu. законодательством. Cabanga ngalokho ziqu eyayifunwa nomthetho wamanje.

izimo zemvelo

. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa le suffrage age umkhawulo. Uveza ukuthi isakhamuzi uvote kuphela uma engayifezi kahle inani elithile iminyaka. в разных странах различны. neziqu okunjalo suffrage asebenzayo emazweni ahlukahlukene zihlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Russia ukubamba iqhaza ivoti kungenzeka engu-18. Mangisho ukuthi lesi embundwini akuyona ngokushesha aqine. Kuze kube maphakathi nawo-60s kwekhulu elidlule, emazweni amaningi isakhamuzi ukubamba iqhaza ivoti engu-21 kuphela ubudala. Kukholakala ukuthi lokhu izinga lomthamo elisemthethweni, eningini elingaphezu kukahhafu. Lapho ufika ubudala 21, umuntu ungangena ifa, ngokuzimela afeze zonke izinhlobo ukuthengiselana nokunye. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi embundwini kwathathwa njengosongo ezingezona ezemvelo, ukuqothuka kwezinwele okungavamile kuphelile. Sibangelwa yokuthi ekuqaleni kwawo-60-yalolucwaningo kakhulu ushintshe amaqiniso okuphila. Ikakhulu, kwaphawuleka e-United States. Melika ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi kwakuhileleke YaseVietnam. Izwe eziqhutshwa izinsizwa. Empeleni kwakukhona isimo ephikisana kakhulu. Abantu abasha ukubiza amabutho kwababusi 18, babulawa onilwelayo izimiso isimo, ayikwazanga lokuzimbandakanya empilweni zezombangazwe. Kwakunesidingo ukunciphisa ziqu. и произошло в 60-е годы. Kwasekusithi 60s. E-UK embundwini phansi 70s. Nokho, ngisho nanamuhla, kwamanye amazwe setha ziqu ephakeme. , в частности, отмечается в Швейцарии и Японии. Lokhu ikakhulukazi abashe Switzerland naseJapane. Kula mazwe, kuyinto ukuvota kwenzeke iminyaka engu-20.

lokuphakamisa

. Kukhona iziqu zemvelo suffrage yekwentiwa. Njengomthetho, embundwini for angenele ukhetho yakhe sokuvowuda ephakeme kunaleyo uwukubonakaliswa intando ukubamba iqhaza kule nqubo. Loku kubangelwa kanje. , законодатель предполагает, что человек, предлагающий свою кандидатуру на какой-либо пост (депутата, мэра, сенатора, Президента, в конце концов), имеет определенный опыт. Ukubeka neziqu komthetho zokhetho, sivumele isishaya-mthetho isikisela ukuthi umuntu okhonza njengesosha nembangi isiphi isikhundla (obeyiphini leMeya, yilungu lephalamende, uMongameli, ekugcineni), has isipiliyoni. Umbundu kungenzeka 25, 35 nokunye. E-Italy, isibonelo, isakhamuzi ingaqalisa ngoba amalunga kuphela ukufinyelela engu-40 ubudala. Ukuvotela amalungu iSigele nge 25 kuphela.

Ezemfundo kanye nekukwati kufundza nekubhala

Kwamanye amazwe kukhona izinhlobo ezinjalo neziqu lokhetho. Kwamanye amazwe kwimikhakha yemfundo iyenziwa phakathi kwabavoti. Kwezinye izifundazwe US Ngokwesibonelo, eziqhutshwa umthetho lapho isakhamuzi wathola umthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Wayedinga kwaba off imigqa embalwa kuwo futhi uchaze ngamazwi azo. Ngakho akukhona nje inquma lizinga ongavamile, kodwa uthando lokufunda ukufunda nokubhala zezombusazwe indoda futhi. Imfuneko ngokubamba iqhaza ivoti kwezinye izifundazwe umusa ikhono ukubhala nokufunda ulimi yezwe lapho ukuvota uhlala. Kwezinye izimo, isakhamuzi adinga idokhumenti esiqinisekisa emfundo secondary. Ukuze isiphakamiso ephezulu ezingeni izikhundla ngezinye izikhathi idiploma kudingekile iziqu.

I ngokucacile kwamanye amazwe

устанавливаются в зависимости от особенностей населения. Sikhungo neziqu suffrage asethwe kuncike izici labantu. Kwamanye amazwe iphesenti eliphezulu izakhamuzi abafundile. Babevunyelwe ukuvota ngaphandle kwezimo ngisho lula inqubo yabo Ukukhetha. Ngokomthetho sisekelo Ecuador, ukwazi ukufunda nokubhala liyadingeka ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini lokhetho. Ukuqaphela Babengafundile ka yabo kungenzeka ozikhethela (efiselekayo). Ngemva ukwamukelwa yomthethosisekelo Peru abacela esigidini abantu abangakwazi ukufunda bavunyelwa (ngo-1980) okhethweni. ENdiya, inqubo lula ngenxa abafundile. Kuleli zwe, iqembu ngalinye futhi ngamunye kulabo abazobhapathizwa has uphawu lalo. Kungaba le-lotus, juba, indlebe, nokunye. I abavoti ngesikhathi ukusebenza ukhetho ukubona abalingiswa abazakhele bona nge wayesezibeka umkhaza uphawu ebhokisini lokuvota.

sedentary

Kwezinye izimo, setha ziqu ethize. также обуславливается спецификой местности. Futhi kunqunywa imininingwane yalolu sezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-isakhamuzi Irish ayivunyelwe iqhaza ivoti, uma ingenayo indawo yokulala. Kubonakala sengathi abakwazi ukusizakala ilungelo lokuvota kanye tramps abahlala ngaphansi amabhuloho. Ngokusemthethweni enqatshelwa iqhaza ivoti ka zalwa abasebenzi yezolimo, abenza izinkudla kwenye ipulazi. Laba bantu abafaki abaphindela beyohlala emizini yabo siqu, ngakho bancishwa suffrage asebenzayo. Ngo eziningi emazweni imfuneko ukuthola umusa endaweni lapho ukuvota senzeka ngokuqhubekayo phakathi nenkathi ethile. Le nkathi ingase ibe khona ehlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, iningi US uthi njalo badinga ukuchitha izinyanga 1-2 e-Germany -. 3 izinyanga eFrance -. Isigamu ngonyaka, futhi ngo-Canada - ngonyaka. Kunezizathu ngempela okunengqondo okuyiwona asethwe ziqu ezinjalo. в первую очередь связано с тем, что человеку, прежде чем участвовать в голосовании, нужно узнать специфику местности, почувствовать себя членом общины. Lena ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuthi umuntu ngaphambi ukuvota, odinga ukukwazi imininingwane endaweni, sengathi ilungu lomphakathi. Leli qiniso kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi iziphathimandla ukhetho ukuze isakhiwo indawo. Mangithi ukuthi ngisho isikhathi esifushane ukuhlala endaweni, amaningi awahlanganyeli ivoti. Ngokwesibonelo, e-America, eziningi abasebenzi kwesizini. Athuthela kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye ngesikhathi sokuvuna. Laba bantu abafaki iqhaza okhethweni. Musa ilungelo labo lokuvota izakhamuzi abahlala trailer (amakhaya mobile). Ngokwemibiko ethile, laba bantu, kukhona abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-6. They cishe musa iqhaza empilweni zezombangazwe isimo.

Paul

Kuleli zwe lanamuhla, emazweni amaningi azikho imingcele ngokobulili. Nokho, lesi simo kwaba akuhlali. Ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, isibonelo, abesifazane bavunyelwa ukuvota kuphela ezinye izifunda. Lawa kwakungamadodana ikakhulukazi emazweni aseScandinavia (Iceland, Finland, Norway, Denmark), New Zealand nase-Australia. Abokuqala ukuthola ithuba lokuqasha bavote wathola owesifazane Dutch. E-UK, imfuneko kobulili kwazo kwasuswa ngo-1918, e-Germany - Esikhathini esingangonyaka kamuva, futhi e-United States - ngo-1920. Ngemva ukususwa Umhlaba Okwesibili kwezithibelo bekulokhu cishe kuyo yonke indawo emhlabeni. Ngo-1944, e-France, abesifazane bavunyelwa ukuvota. EJapane, imikhawulo yasuswa ngo-1946, e-Italy - ngo-1945 Omude kunayo yonke owake eyathatha ziqu ngokocansi e-Switzerland - kuze kufinyelele 1971 Nakuba okokuqala kuleli zwe, umbuzo yokunikeza abesifazane ithuba iqhaza ivoti rose in 1919 isinqumo sakhe yephuza ngempela isikhathi eside. Ukuze engu-50-ke kwenziwa survey eziningana futhi referendums. Kodwa iqhaza amadoda kuphela ababemelene zokulinganiswa kwamalungelo abesifazane. Ngakho-ke, ikhambi lenkinga eside kangaka. Kwamanye amazwe-Middle East, hhayi kuphela abesifazane, kodwa amadoda angeke uvote. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kula mazwe e okhethweni lukazwelonke kungukuthi enikeziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, esimweni esinjalo e-UAE, Saudi Arabia. E Kuwait, amadoda kuphela iqhaza okhethweni. Ngo eziningi izifundazwe kanye namuhla kukhona iziqondiso aphula ama- amalungelo abesifazane. Ngokwesibonelo, eHaiti, bayazibuza nje uvotele ukhetho izinhlaka zakuleli. EGuatemala, kwakukhona umthetho ukuthi ilungelo lokuvota zingasebenzisa abesifazane abafundile kuphela. Futhi amadoda ukuvumela ukuvota, kungakhathaliseki imfundo, ikhono funda / bhalela. mfuneko isebenze e-El Salvador futhi Costa Rica ukuthi washada nabesifazane kungenzeka iqhaza okhethweni nge 25 futhi ungashadile - iminyaka engu-30.

Impahla ziqu

It sekuneminyaka u-Adalberto isikhathi eside kuwo wonke amazwe ukuthi wathatha iPhalamende. Kula mazwe, ukubamba iqhaza imikhankaso yokhetho kuvunyelwe abantu namuhla ngokuthi esezingeni eliphakathi nendawo. Basuke kuchazwa impela nje - ku nenani lentela ikhokhwe. Esikhathini izincwadi, yaphawula ukuthi labo izakhamuzi abangenalo impahla, baye baphumelela hhayi isimo elithile emphakathini ayikwazi bavunyelwe ukuphatha izindaba zombuso. Sabasebenzi, njengoba umthetho, kwaba apolitical futhi bengakwazi ukufunda. Ezifudukayo umsebenzi omningi ukuze ngokwanele ukuthi kwenzekani emhlabeni. Nokho, nge ngcono ezobuchwepheshe kanye nentuthuko impucuko, ukuncishiswa isikhathi umsebenzi amashifu, ukunwetshwa wumfelandawonye wezinyunyana phezu ukulinganiselwa isimo impahla babe okuyihlazo. Ngemva Okokuqala Umhlaba, base cishe emhlabeni iqedwe. Okwamanje, ecacile impahla ziqu cishe nhlobo. Nokho, kwamanye amazwe, okokusebenza isikhundla umkhawulo setha ababezobhapathizwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubhaliswa ngabaphakanyiselwe uMongameli Argentina Udinga ukunikela ubufakazi bokuba khona ethile inzuzo yonyaka. Lokhu ikhandidethi uqinisekisa ukuthi uhlose ukuba bathathe iposi akuyona ukuze kuzuze bona, kodwa ngenxa ukukhonza abantu. mthetho, futhi namuhla elikhona imithetho Costa Rica, New Zealand, eMexico, Colombia, Australia.

imikhawulo engeziwe

Kwamanye amazwe, ihlinzeka ukuvota zamasosha. Imibono ephathelene nokungakhethi yayo ihlukaniswe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amabutho emazweni amaningi namuhla akhiwa uchwepheshe isisekelo, nezinombolo zabo ezincane. Ngakho, iqhaza noma non-iqhaza ukuvota ka amasosha akazange kakhulu ezithinta imiphumela. Nokho, iningi lempi beswela amalungelo yekwentiwa. Ngokusho abanye abalobi, kubonakala kunengqondo. Izikhungo emabuthweni ahlomile akufanele abadliwa ezombusazwe. Uma isakhamuzi ufisa ukubamba iqhaza kuhulumeni, wayeyoba ukuyeka umsebenzi wezempi. Kwamanye amazwe kukhona iziqu zenkolo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Iran, ukukhethwa ephalamende isakhamuzi kufanele Muslim, ngentshiseko Islam. Kuleli zwe, cishe u-90% amalungu ebhodi kukhona nabefundisi benkolo.

Isimo e-Russia

достаточно немногочисленны. Iziqu amalungelo sokhetho WaseRussia aziziningi ngokwanele. Omunye ukulinganiselwa eshiwo ngenhla. Ikakhulu, i-yokuvota kwangathi zonke izakhamuzi eziye zaphetha engu-18 ubudala. включают в себя ограничения для кандидатов в президенты, депутаты Госдумы. Ukufaneleka ku Russian Federation ibandakanya imikhawulo ukhetho KaMongameli, uMbuso Duma. Inhloko isimo bangaba kuncike ofinyelele engu-35. Esikhathini Duma State ingaqalisa iminyaka engaba ngu-21. Kulokhu, ikhandidethi kamongameli kumele abe iziqu zaseyunivesithi futhi ukwazi inkambo kwahulumeni kamasipala, kanye umthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Kwezinye States kukhona okuthiwa ziqu zokuziphatha. , например, запрещено участвовать в голосовании лицам, отбывающим тюремное заключение. Esikhathini Russian Federation, isibonelo, akuvumelekile ukuba iqhaza ukuvota abantu odonsa isigwebo. Ngo Art. 48 Italian uMthethosisekelo ayikuvumeli kukhethwa nezikhonzi uzibophezele izenzo zokuziphatha okubi ebalulwe emthethweni. Liphinde okwakwenqatshelwe iqhaza ivoti yimali, yezidakamizwa nezinye izifundo, aba nethonya elikhulu ku imiphumela igunya ukhetho uyazicabangela engathandeki. Kwamanye amazwe, kuvinjelwe ukuqaliswa ilungelo labo lokuvota esivuna njengesijeziso. Kwezinye izimo, umthetho uvumela ukumiswa kungenzeka zomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, lolu hlobo isimo abakhona kumthethosisekelo Mexican. Ngokomthetho yezwe, ithuba iqhaza ivoti futhi ukuthi amele ukhetho ingamiswa ngoba vagrancy ejwayelekile noma ukudakwa. Okufana izivimbelo enkantolo eziphoqelelwe. Esinye isimo ngoba angenele ukhetho yakhe eRussia lingaphezulu yisakhamuzi gosdolzhnosti.

isiphetho

Konke emhlabeni kukhona abangaba ngamashumi ayisihlanu neziqu. Bonke zihlobene imininingwane ekuthuthukiseni impucuko esimweni esithile, izici mlando. Abaningi babo bafunana thombo thungela. Ngokwesibonelo, imfundo noma umkhawulo wobudala abantu ukusebenzisa lwesikhundla somphakathi okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ngokungangabazeki, indoda esifisa ukuthatha okuthunyelwe zekhanda yezwe, kumele abe nesipiliyoni ezithile zokuphatha, ulwazi. suffrage Passive Awukwazi ukusebenzisa bezinye izizwe e-Russia. Libuye ngempela kunengqondo, njengoba igunya lokulawula okwakwenzeka isimo kungenzeka kuphela izakhamuzi abahlala kuwo futhi bazi isimo sawo yangaphakathi. Temv phakathi kwamanye amazwe zisasebenza imithetho aphula nenkululeko abanye abantu abahlala ezindaweni zabo. Lokhu ikakhulukazi kuthinta abesifazane, obani abavunyelwe ukubamba iqhaza ivoti akuyona njalo, noma ngimathintanyawo.