Umakhi waseRussia A. Zakharov: biography futhi usebenza

U-Andrei Dmitrievich Zakharov, owanikela impilo yakhe ekwakhiweni kweSt. Petersburg, uyaziwa emhlabeni wonke njengombhali wezakhiwo ze -Admiralty. Ukubaluleka kwalo ekwakhiweni kweRussia akunakulinganiswa, wachaza indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo zaseRussia isikhathi eside.

Iminyaka yobudala

I-A.D. UZakharov, umakhi wezakhiwo, wazalwa ngo-Agasti 8, 1761 eSt. Petersburg emndenini wesigungu esiphezulu, isikhulu se-ober. Ubaba wakhe, uDmitri Ivanovich Zakharov, wathola umholo ophansi kakhulu, kodwa wakwazi ukukhulisa amadodana amabili ayeziqhenya yi-Fatherland. Indodana endala, uJakov Dmitrievich Zakharov, waba yinkampani yemfundo, uprofesa wezakhemikhali kanye nemishini. Omncinyane - u-Andrey Dmitrievich Zakharov - waba umakhi ovelele. Kusukela esemncane, ubaba wakhe wakhuthelela futhi wafuna amadodana akhe. Waqaphela ngokucophelela amakhono abantwana futhi wakwazi ukubona amakhono abo. U-Andreyan wathunyelwa e-Academy of Arts eneminyaka eyisithupha. Esiklasini, ngokushesha uzoba omunye wabafundi abahamba phambili. Umfana oneminyaka emibili uthola umklomelo wakhe wokuqala ngenqubekela phambili yezemfundo - incwadi.

Ukuthola umsebenzi

Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni, u-AD Zakharov ungena ekilasini lezakhiwo ze-Academy of Arts. Amakhono le nsizwa amsize ukuba aphumelele ukuphumelela ekufundiseni, othisha bagubha umbono wakhe wendawo. Wafunda nabaphathi abakhulu: A.F. Kokorinov, Yu.M. Felten, I.E. Starova. U-Andrei Dmitrievich Zakharov uthola imiphumela emihle kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo futhi ngo-1782 waphumelela ngokucophelela ku-Academy. Ikhishwa "ku-grade 14 yabadwebi" futhi inikeze indondo.

Umfundi ohlakaniphile

Phakathi neminyaka yokutadisha, u-Andrei Zakharov waqoqa izindondo ezigcwele ze-Academy. Enye ye-debut isebenza ngomklami wesikhathi esizayo - iphrojekthi "iNdlu Yasekhaya" - ithola indondo encane yesiliva ye- Academy. Lona ngumvuzo ophakeme kakhulu wabafundi abancane. Ngo-1780, wanikezwa indondo enkulu yesiliva, futhi ekupheleni kwezifundo zakhe - indondo yegolide yephrojekthi ethi "Foksala" ("Ukuzijabulisa Indlu") nohambo oluya eParis "ukuze uphumelele ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo." Ngalesi sikhathi u-AD Zakharov uthathwa yimibono ye-classicism, uzama ukuhumusha imibono emisha kulokhu okuqukethwe.

Ngo-1782, u-Andrean, kanye nabafundi afunda nabo abathathu, beza eParis. Lapha baqala ukuvakashela ekilasini lokudweba okugcwele. UZakharov ufunda ku-JF ohamba phambili ongumdwebi waseFrance. Schallgren, futhi ithonywe umklami oqhubekayo kakhulu eParis, K. Ledoux, amaphrojekthi amakhulu amakhulu futhi ahlelekile okulula awakhuthaza umfundi waseRussia. USchalgren, umbhali weArc de Triomphe edumile eParis, wayengummeli oqhakazile kakhulu we-classicism yesiFulentshi, umdwebi omdala kanye nomdwebi othuthukile, imibono yakhe yabeka imibono ka-A. Zakharov ekulungiswe eSikoleni. Ngalesi sikhathi, umqondo wakhe wobuciko uhlanganiswa nendlela yokubhala yombhali, engakafaneli ibe yinkampani.

Izinyathelo zokuqala emsebenzini

Ngo-1786 AD Zakharov wabuyela eRussia, egcwele izinhlelo futhi ethemba ngekusasa. Bonisa amakhono akhe kuye emsebenzini wokuqeda ukwakha i-Academy of Arts, uneminyaka eminingana ukuhola ukulungiswa, ukuqedwa nokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo, lo msebenzi ongafundile nomthwalo onzima umklami. Ngo-1790 kuphela wakwazi ukudlulisela leli cala ukuze kwenziwe ngcono i-Academy komunye umakhi. UZakharov wenza imiyalo encane, isibonelo, iphrojekthi yezikole laseLyubuchi. Umsebenzi wokuqala ophawulekayo womklami uvela ngo-1791, lokhu kungumhlobiso omuhle ngesikhathi sokuphetha kokuthula neTurkey. Kule phrojekthi uZakharov wazibonakalisa nje njengososayensi ophakeme kakhulu, kodwa futhi njengomuntu obizwa nge-patriot. Emsebenzini wakhe wabonisa umbono omkhulu weRussia nokuziqhenya kwakhe ngokulandela u-Ishmael.

Umsebenzi wokufundisa

U-Andrei D. Zakharov, ongubuciko bakhe obuhlanganisiwe noSt. Petersburg, ngokushesha ngemuva kokubuyela ezweni lakubo ufika esikoleni sakhe sokuzalwa efuna umsebenzi. Ngomnyaka ka-1787, wangeniswa esikhundleni seprofesa oyiphakamiso, ngo-1792 wavikela lo msebenzi futhi waba profesa ku-Academy. UZakharov akazange ashiye umsebenzi wakhe wokufundisa kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe. Waba uthisha onethalente, eminyakeni edlule akwazi ukwenza umsebenzi omuhle, futhi ukukhulula abafundi abaningi abafanelekayo. Ngokuyinhloko, ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwakhe, i-A.N. UVeronikhin, umfundi wakhe wayengumdwebi ovelele waseRashiya A.I. Melnikov.

Umakhi we-Gatchina

Ngo-1799, u-Andrei Dmitrievich Zakharov, osebenza kanye namaphrojekthi akhe aqaphelwa ubuholi obuphakeme kakhulu bezwe. UPavel owokuQala wammisa umklami omkhulu waseGatchina, ngenkathi egcina isikhundla sikaprofesa ku-Academy. Lapha udala amaphrojekthi ezakhiwo nezakhiwo eziningana. Ekuqaleni waqala ukusebenza emsebenzini wezindwendwe, kepha ukufa kukaPawulu kwavimbela lo msebenzi ukuba ufezeke. Kulo, uZakharov wayefuna ukwakha amasiko ezakhiwo zethempeli e-Novgorod-Pskov. Ngaphansi kokuhola kwakhe eGatchina, iSonto LamaLuthela lakhiwa, alisindanga nanamuhla. Ubuye ahlele amabhuloho amabili: i-Humpbacked ne-Lion, inesikhathi sokuqedela amabutho amabili: "Birdman" ne "Farm". Okwokuqala wakhiwa, futhi ukukhishwa kwesibili kwamisa ukufa kukaPawulu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uZakharov wenza iqhaza ekwakhiweni komsebenzi wesayense "I-Russian Architecture", okwamnika ithuba lokuhlola ngokuningiliziwe izici zamasiko kazwelonke nokuhamba ezweni lonke. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, wangena ngokujulile ezisekelo zezakhiwo zaseRussia, waqaphela ukuthi yikuphi amandla namandla eRussia futhi wayekulungele ukudala amaphrojekthi amakhulu.

Sebenza ekubukeni kwesiqhingi saseVasilievsky

I-AD Zakharov ithuthukiswe ngekhono lakhe, wahlangana ngokuvumelana nomdwebi onethalente kanye nomakhi owenza kahle kakhulu. Uyamenywa njengochwepheshe kuzo zonke izinhlelo ezinkulu eSt. Petersburg. Ngakho wenza umthelela omkhulu ekudalweni kweprojekthi ye-Exchange. Ngo-1804, umakhi wakha iphrojekthi yokwakhiwa kwesibopho saseVasilievsky Island ngokulungiswa kwesakhiwo se-Academy of Arts. Kulo, umklami wayefuna ukwakha amasiko angcono kakhulu okwakhiwa kwesakhiwo saseFrance nge-arches namakholomu. Le phrojekthi yahlonishwa kakhulu ochwepheshe nabasebenza nabo, kodwa uhlelo aluzange lusetshenziswe, imibhalo kanye nezinhlelo azigcinanga. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-Andrei Dmitrievich usebenza ohlelweni lokwakhiwa kweNizhny Novgorod Fair, ekwakheni iphrojekthi ye-Foundry Workshop ye-Academy of Arts.

Ibhizinisi lokuphila - I-Admiralty

AD Zakharov, umakhi waseRussia owe emlandweni njengomdali wezakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu eSt. Petersburg - i-Admiralty. Ngomnyaka we-1805, wamiswa njengomklami oyinhloko yomnyango we-Admiralty, okwakuyizinsuku ezinkulu futhi kwadingeka izakhiwo eziningi. UZakharov wadala amaphrojekthi amaningi, akuzona zonke ezazisetshenziswa, ezinye izakhiwo azizange zigcinwe, kodwa izinga lomsebenzi laliyinkimbinkimbi. Wenzelwe imizi eminingi eRussia: Kronstadt, St. Petersburg, Kherson, Revel, Arkhangelsk, umsebenzi wawuningi kakhulu. UZakharov wayebucayi kakhulu kumsebenzi ngamunye futhi akazange ashiye ngaphandle kokuguqulwa, ngezinye izikhathi kubaluleke kakhulu, hhayi isakhiwo esisodwa, kusuka ezakhiweni ezincane zehhovisi kuya ezakhiweni eziyinhloko ze-Admiralty e-Arkhangelsk nase-Astrakhan. Kule miklamo ithalenta yelungiselelo lamadolobhana aseZakharov labonakala, lachaza ukubonakala kwamadolobha amaningi aseRussia. Imisebenzi ebaluleke kunazo zonke kwakuyizakhiwo ze-Black Sea Hospital eKherson, eCadet Corps e-Nikolaev, iphrojekthi ye-Cable Plant e-Arkhangelsk.

Noma kunjalo, ibhizinisi eliyinhloko lokuphila kukaZakharov kwakuyiprojekthi yesakhiwo esikhulu iSm Petersburg Admiralty. Wakha ukwakha okumangalisayo, okwakhiwa okukhulu, ubude besakhiwo salo ngamamitha angu-400. Ukulinganisa nokulinganisa kobucwebe obuhlotshiswe ngemifanekiso bubukeka bukhulu futhi bukhulu. Futhi umbhoshongo onobuhlungu nomkhumbi wegolide ubeka umthamo, owawubusa kakhulu endaweni yasemadolobheni. Lesi sakhiwo sasiyinhloko enkulu yokwakha kukaZakharov, kulesi sakhiwo konke kuphelele: kusukela ekusebenzeni okucatshangelwayo kuya ekubukeni okuhloniphekile nokuvumelana.

Imisebenzi yomakhi

U-Andrei D. Zakharov, ogama lakhe lezakhiwo lihlotshiswe namuhla nazo zonke izincwadi zokubhala ezakhiweni zaseRashiya, lidale amaphrojekthi amaningi wezinga elihlukile emadolobheni amaningi ezweni. Imisebenzi ephawulekayo yilezi:

• I-Cathedral yaseSt. Andrew i-First-Called Kronstadt;
• Uhlelo lokuthuthukiswa kwesiqhingi saseProvision e-Admiralty yaseSt. Petersburg;
• I-Cathedral yaseSt. Catherine i-Great Martyr e-Ekaterinoslav;
• Isibhedlela samanzi esifundeni saseVitborg saseSt. Petersburg;
• I-Alexander Nevsky Cathedral e-Izhevsk;
• Ukuthuthukiswa kabusha kwePort Rowing Port eSt. Petersburg.

Izakhiwo eziningi zakwaZakharov azisindanga kuze kube yilolu suku, kodwa ifa lakhe lithandwa yizinzalo.

Ukuphila kwangasese

Umdwebi u-Andrey Dmitrievich Zakharov wanikela ngokuphila kwakhe konke emsebenzini wakhe owuthandayo. Wafundisa okuningi, wasebenza emaphrojekthi, futhi wayengenaso isikhathi sokuhlela injabulo yomuntu siqu. Wasebenzisa isikhathi sakhe samahhala ekutadisha izincwadi kwi-mechanics, ubuciko, ubuchwepheshe, nesithakazelo ekubazileni. UZakharov wahlaselwa yinhliziyo, kodwa akazange afake ukubaluleka kwalokhu. Ehlobo lika-1811, wagula kakhulu futhi ngo-Septhemba 8 wafa. I-Academy of Arts yabonisa usizi olujulile ngokuhamba kwakhe okungazelelwe. Ngeshwa, lo mdwebi omkhulu akazange abe nesikhathi sokubona agcwalise noma yimaphi amaphrojekthi akhe amakhulu, imisebenzi yakhe eminingi yayingaphambi kwesikhathi futhi ayengakafiki.