Abaqambi Ezivelele Yenguquko

Isazi-mlando Jules Michelet ekhulwini XIX, kwaba okokuqala wasebenzisa igama elithi "Renaissance". Abaculi bomculo, okuzoxoxwa ngayo kulesi sihloko basonta inkathi owaqala ekhulwini XIV, nini esikhundleni ukubusa isonto medieval kwafika isiko wokuziphilisa, kanye nenzalo yayo nobuntu.

Umculo Yenguquko

amazwe aseYurophu ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, Ufake enkathini entsha. imibono Kancane ngaphambili zobuntu kwavela Italy, kodwa isiko zomculo ubuswa esikoleni Dutch, lapho kuqala ekhethekile parametrized (zokukhosela) sezisunguliwe ngesikhathi sesonto, ukuqeqesha bomculo esizayo. I izinhlobo eyinhloko isikhathi esikhonjiswe kulelithebula lelingentasi:

Kakhulu bomculo abadumile Yenguquko eNetherlands - kuyinto Giyom Dyufai, uJakobe Obrecht, Josquin des Prez.

Dutch enkulu

Johannes Ockeghem wafundiswa at Notre Dame parametrized (Antwerp) kwathi ngo-40-yalolucwaningo we yesonto xv ekhulwini waba chorister esigodlweni Duke uCharles I (France). Ngemva kwalokho, wahola Chapel zasebukhosini. Wayephila ukuze Esegugile, ubashiyile ifa elikhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo, ngoba wayelahle wazibonakalisa i polyphonists oluvelele. Kufikwe nathi ukuthi lo mbhalo wesandla ukugudluka yakhe 13 ngokuthi Chigi codex, enye yazo edwetshwe amavoti 8. Wasebenzisa hhayi kuphela kwabanye abantu, kodwa futhi izingoma zabo.

Orlando Lasso wazalelwa endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi Belgium (Mons) e 1532-m. Ukukwazi kwakhe zomculo kweva ebuntwaneni. Umfana wathunjwa endlini kathathu ukwenza umculi omkhulu. Kikho koke ukuphila kwakhe ayihlala eBavaria, lapho u-Albrecht V eDuke egcekeni wasebenza njengomfundisi tenor, futhi yabe isiholela la yesonto. iqembu layo professional kakhulu wasiza uguqule Munich e-European umculo isikhungo, wavakashelwa bomculo abaningi abadumile Yenguquko.

Kuye safika ukufunda amathalenta ezifana Johann Eckard, uLeonard Lechner, isiNtaliyane D. Gabrieli. indawo yakhe yokuphumula sokugcina amamitha 1594 eyayilicoshe insimu yebandla Munich, kusale ifa elikhulu: ngaphezu kuka-750 Motets, uquqaba 60 futhi namakhulu ezingoma, phakathi okuyinto ethandwa kakhulu kwaba USusanne un Kubuyekeziwe. Ukuqamba liwuhlukanise Motets ( "Iziprofetho we Sibyls"), kodwa sibonga nomculo wezwe, owawungumnyaka eziningi amahlaya eyaziwa (vilanella O bella fusa).

esikoleni Italian

abaqambi Ezivelele Yenguquko e-Italy ngaphezu ezindaweni yendabuko ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukiseni umculo wezinsimbi (isitho, string & bow amathuluzi, upiyano). Insimbi ezivamile kwaba lute, futhi ekupheleni kwekhulu xv kwakukhona Harpsichord - owandulela upiyano. Ngesisekelo izakhi folk savela esikoleni ezimbili ezinethonya kunazo Ukwakheka: Roman (Giovanni Palestrina) kanye Venetian (Andrea Gabrieli).

Dzhovanni Perluidzhi Palestrina wathatha igama negama lomuzi eduze eRoma, lapho ngazalelwa khona ngasebenza njengombonisi eMnyangweni organist isonto main futhi wokuhlabelela. usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa liseduze kakhulu, kodwa washona ngo-1594-m. Ukuphila isikhathi eside wabhala iMisa-100 200 futhi Motets. Yakhe "IMisa uPapa Marcellus" yabangela ukutuswa uPapa Pius IV, futhi iba indlela Catholic umculo engcwele. Giovanni - ummeleli ovelele ukucula amaculo ngaphandle kwezinsimbi zomculo.

Andrea Gabrieli, kanye umfundi wakhe nomshana ka Giovanni wasebenza Chapel of (XVI ekhulwini) St kaMarku, "Umbala" choir ukucula isitho sound nezinye izinsimbi. Venetian School nethonya umculo wokuziphilisa, futhi ukukhiqizwa "Oedipus" by OSophocles enkundleni, Andrea Gabrieli Choir umculo yalotshwa nini, isampuli choral Polyphony kanye kuzalwa ikusasa opera.

Izici lesikole German

Nokho, umhlaba German ukubeka phambili Ludwig Senfl, kangcono polyphonist ngekhulu XVI, kungazange kufinyelele, ezingeni eenkhulwini Dutch. Songs of imbongi-umculi kusuka phakathi ababazi (Die Meistersinger) - ubuye umculo ekhethekile Yenguquko. abaqambi German bebecula Corporation: tinkers, abakhandi bezicathulo, Abeluki. Babemunye ngu zensimu. Kuvele omele ezivelele esikoleni eNuremberg ngabe sengiqala ukucula nama- Saks (iminyaka yokuphila: 1494-1576).

Wazalelwa emkhayeni abathungi, zonke izinsuku zokuhamba kwakhe wayesebenza wezicathulo, erudition abatelekile kanye nezithakazelo zomculo nokulotshwa kwalo. Wayefunda iBhayibheli e incazelo yaleli wezinguquko enkulu uLuther, wayazi izimbongi lasendulo futhi sasimthanda Boccaccio. Ngenxa umculi abakhulu, Sachs benza izinhlobo hhayi siqu Polyphony, kodwa wadala umculo ingoma ishede. Base beseduze dance, kulula ukukhumbula futhi ube isigqi esithile. Umsebenzi edume kakhulu kwaba "tune Isiliva".

Renaissance: abaculi France futhi abaqambi

isiko French zomculo ukuzwa ngempela ekuvuselelweni ukubonwa ngekhulu XVI, lapho phansi yezenhlalakahle yahunyushwa ngo lizwe.

Omunye abameleli engcono kakhulu Kleman Zhaneken. Kuyaziwa ukuthi wazalwa Chatellerault (ngasekupheleni kwekhulu xv) wahamba esuka ukucula-umfana ukuba umqambi siqu yenkosi. Of ifa layo kwezobuciko walondoloza iculo wokuziphilisa ishicilelwe kuphela Attenyanom. Kwakumelwe 260, kodwa udumo yangempela wathola yilabo abadlule evelile: "Birdsong", "Ukuzingela", "Skylark", "War", "Ukhala Paris". Ziyaqhubeka zibhaliwe futhi lisetshenziswe ngabanye ukuze kusetshenziswe.

iculo lakhe bebelokhu vociferous, zifana nezindlu kwezahlakalo choral, lapho ngaphezu sifutamsindvo futhi cantilena kwezwi amemeze samanje obhekene Dynamics umsebenzi. Kwakuyisikhathi umzamo ngokugqamile ukuze uthole izindlela ezintsha zokuthola izinsuku isithombe.

Phakathi abaqambi abadumile eFrance - Guillaume boilers, Zhak Modyui, Baifa UJean-Claude Lejeune, Claude Gudimel, unikeza umculo izimpahla obunobunye aba nesandla ekuthuthukeni kwalo nokwenziwa umculo ngumphakathi jikelele.

Abaqambi Yenguquko England

Ekhulwini xv eNgilandi zenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya imisebenzi kaJohane Dabsteyla futhi XVI - Uilyama Borda. Bobabili amakhosi ethambekele umculo ngokomoya. Bird waqala organist at Lincoln Cathedral, futhi yaphela umsebenzi wakhe e-Royal Chapel eLondon. Ngokokuqala ngqá wakwazi ukuba sikuqonde umculo nezamabhizinisi. Ngo-1575, ngekubambisana ne umqambi Tallis waba monopolist kule ncwadi ka imisebenzi zomculo ukuthi akuzange kumlethele inzuzo. Kodwa kwathatha isikhathi ezinkantolo sivikele ilungelo labo impahla. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe (1623) e imibhalo esemthethweni yesonto, wabizwa ngokuthi "umsunguli umculo."

Yini uyasala abaqambi enkulu the Renaissance? Bird ngaphandle anthologies eshicilelwe (Cantiones sacrae, Gradualia) uye walondoloza yesandla eminingi, uwabheka efanelekayo amasevisi asekhaya kuphela. Kushicilelwe madrigals kamuva (Musica Transalpina) yabonisa nethonya elikhulu abalobi isiNtaliyane, kodwa amaMisa eziningana futhi Motets wangena Isikhwama yegolide umculo engcwele.

Spain Cristobal de Morales

Laba bameleli be-best of Spanish umculo esikoleni badabula Vatican, ekhuluma esontweni likapapa. Bazizwa umthelela ababhali Dutch futhi isiNtaliyane, ngakho-ke, ambalwa kuphela wakwazi ngibe usaziwayo ngaphandle kwezwe. Renaissance bomculo eSpain babe polyphonists ekudaleni imisebenzi choral. Omele bhá - Cristobal de Morales (XVI ekhulwini), owahola parametrized e Toledo futhi wafundiswa umfundi angaphezu kwelilodwa. Umlandeli Josquin des Prez, Cristobal privnos inqubo ekhethekile uchungechunge imisebenzi ngokuthi homophonic.

Ukuthandwa esikhulu kunazo zonke esitholakala Umbhali ezimbili requiem (zokugcina - amavoti emihlanu) ". Kuvele ohlomile", kanye le-Mass Wabhala nemisebenzi yezwe (the cantata yokudumisa isivumelwano sokuthula e 1538), kodwa isho imisebenzi yakhe eminingi esemusha. Isihloko ku ekupheleni ukuphila Chapel e Malaga, wahlala nombhali umculo engcwele.

esikhundleni isiphetho

Abaqambi Yenguquko, kanye nemisebenzi yabo sengilungisile owawuchuma umculo wezinsimbi kwekhulu XVII kwavela uhlobo olusha - opera, owathatha butholakala enqubweni eyinkimbinkimbi yokuthela amazwi amaningi eza setulu okuholela umculo. Benza intuthuko yangempela ukuthuthukiswa isiko zomculo kwaphawula ukuqala art yesimanje.