Bangaki amasekela ku Duma State?

Isibalo amasekela State Duma we Russian uMthethosisekelo ichaza. Phakathi ukhona, futhi kuba eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amabili, umthetho ayikashintshi kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo umlando we parliamentarism Russian isikhathi eside. Ake sithole ukuthi kwakungani amasekela eziningi kanjani State Duma yeRussia, kanye eminye imininingwane ukusebenza emzimbeni kanye nomlando wayo.

Umsuka walo ePhalamende Russian

Ngaphambi ukuthola amasekela eziningi kanjani uDuma State, ake sixoxe kabanzi umsuka parliamentarism Russian.

Iphalamende kuqala ezweni lethu, okuthiwa - UMbuso Duma uvele phakathi nesikhathi uMbuso Russian. isisekelo salo kwaba uhlobo imvume kubantu yokubusa kwamakhosi, ngubani yafuna ilungelo iqhaza elawula izwe, okwaholela inguquko sidle ka 1905. Khona-ke uMbusi uNicholas II yakhipha umyalo wokuba ku ukusungulwa the Duma State. Nokho, izinqumo zawo zazilotshiwe hhayi esibophezelayo, kodwa nje kukhombisa.

Kakade ngo-December 1905 we-umhlangano wokuqala umzimba ePhalamende wathola. Isibalo amasekela ku Duma uMbuso abantu 448. Iningi lazo sasihlanganisa kukhishwa nezingxenyana ezithile wentando yeningi (153), Trudoviks (abantu 97) kanye autonomists (abantu 63). 105 amasekela ezingabhaliswanga yiliphi iqembu. Iseshini lokuqala Duma lokhu nomhlangano sihlehlela emuva April 1906, kodwa yaphumelela izinsuku 72 kuphela ngoJulayi futhi usuhlakazekile ngokuvumelana umyalo wombusi.

Duma we nomhlangano wesibili wasebenza engxenyeni yokuqala ka-1907. Ngalesi sikhathi, inani eliphelele amasekela ku Duma uMbuso abantu 518. Manje, iningi lazo lalingabantu kusukela Trudoviks (104 amasekela) kanye Labaqalayo amasekela 98 kuphela. Ukususwa amasekela we Duma uMbuso kwenziwe June 1907, lapho umzimba ePhalamende usuhlakazekile benze sengathi izinsolo ngomzamo amanye amalungu alo ukuba afeze umbuso.

Duma we umhlangano wesithathu wasebenza kusukela ngo-1907 kuya ku-1912. 446 amasekela bekakhona. Ngalesi sikhathi, iningi lazo lalingabantu e Octo - abantu 154.

Bangaki amasekela State Duma of the last, wesine, umhlangano, okuyinto wasebenza kusukela ngo-1912 kuya ku-1917? Emisebenzini yayo iqhaza 442 amasekela. Ngaphezu kwakho konke futhi kwaba Octo - abantu 98. It yahlakazeka emva Februwari Revolution ngo-Okthoba 1917, lapho ukhetho kwahlelwa ababamele LoMhlangano. Kodwa amathemba esikhathi esizayo parliamentarianism Russian wahlala zingafezeki, njengoba Okthoba Revolution-1917 zenzeka ezweni ngonyaka.

Ngemva amaBolshevik athatha izintambo ngo isishayamthetho RSFSR, futhi kamuva ngaba Russian Federation Supreme Soviet. Usebenzisa umsebenzi zomthetho kusukela ngo-1938 kuya ku-1993.

Imfundo ye-Russian State Duma

Isizathu ukuze kwakhiwe umzimba omusha ePhalamende kwazanywa ingxenye enkulu zamaphini woMkhandlu Ephakeme, eliholwa yayo Isilawuli Ruslan Khasbulatov ngo-October 1993 ukuba afeze umbuso. Lo mzamo kuphumelele yini, kodwa kwaba isikhathi sokuchitha uMkhandlu Ophakeme.

Ngawo lowo nyaka, uMongameli Russian Boris Yeltsin wakhipha isimemezelo ku ekwakhekeni komzimba entsha ePhalamende - State Duma. Ukhetho Duma Kwakuseshwa ngoDisemba 1993.

nemisebenzi Duma State

Manje ake sibone ukuthi yini imisebenzi zamaphini we Duma State.

UMbuso Duma yisona sakhiwo esiphezulu zomthetho eRussia. Lokho kungumsebenzi eyinhloko amasekela iyona inqubo zomthetho. Lokhu umzimba ePhalamende has isimo endlini encane Federal Assembly, endlini engenhla okuyinto uMkhandlu Federation.

Amalungelo nezibopho amalungu ePhalamende kumele bucaciswe eMthethweni ku isimo oyiphini Duma State. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho oqinisekisa amasosha omzimba ePhalamende, kanye nabanye abaningana amalungelo amasekela.

I sesikhundleni amasekela

Ekuqaleni, ngesikhathi ushintsho ngokushesha ngemva kokumiswa le Duma State, zamaphini we nomhlangano wokuqala wathola iziqinisekiso zabo nje isikhathi esiyiminyaka emibili. Kodwa kusukela umhlangano olandelayo Kwakuhlelwe ukwandisa isikhathi esiyiminyaka afika kwamane. Lokhu kwakwenzelwa ukuba ngo-1995 2011, amasekela ezisukela enkulungwaneni yesibili kwisishayamthetho yesihlanu enegunya isikhathi iminyaka emine.

Kodwa kusukela ngo-2011 ngesikhathi sokusebenza amandla iPhini linwetshelwe iminyaka emihlanu. Kuyinto kule nkathi elinikwe ithuba bafeza izabelo zabo we umhlangano wesithupha. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ukuze asindise isabelomali izimali tekubamba ukhetho.

Ukhetho oluzayo ngoba amasekela we Duma State ihlelelwe Septhemba 2016.

Mshini kokhetho

Kuyini ohlelweni yokhetho lamaphini we Duma State? Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, uma olwedlule lamaphini siqhutshwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine, manje olwenzeka njalo eminyakeni emihlanu.

ERussia, kukhona uhlelo okuxubile kokhetho. Okungukuthi, isigamu zamaphini akhethwe onomzali igunya wesifunda yokhetho, kanti enye ingxenye - kuhlu party. Ngakho, endabeni yokuqala, abavoti uvotele kumuntu othize, lapho esimweni esifundeni ukunqoba kuyoba iphini, futhi esimweni sesibili - iqembu. Kuyinto le ndlela ikhulisa ukuqinisekisa izithakazelo izifunda ethize kanye izintandokazi sokhetho abavoti.

inani lamaphini

Manje ake sibone ukuthi okwamanje bangaki namasekela ku Duma State. Ukuze lombuzo linikeza impendulo ecacile uMtsetfosisekelo Russian, okuyinto uchaza inani ephalamende.

Kuleli qophelo embhalweni zamaphini State Duma 450. Kulokhu, hhayi inombolo ecacisiwe sekushintshile kusukela ukwakheka komzimba ePhalamende ngo-1993.

Ukwakheka Duma State

Siye safunda okuningi in the State Duma amasekela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kubalulekile ngokulinganayo ukwazi ukuthi kukhona amandla okwamanje simele izintshisekelo zabantu. Uhlu olugcwele amasekela we Duma State phezu 450 ngenxa bulkiness sayo samanje lapha akusebenzi, kodwa singazihlolela isakhiwo ephalamende, ngokwazi inani abameleli imibango phakathi kwawo.

Okwamanje, iningi Duma amasekela kusukela iqembu pro-uhulumeni "United Russia" - abantu 238. Kulandele zamaphini kusukela Communist Party - abantu 92. Basuke kulandele abamele iqembu "Fair Russia" - abantu abangu-64. Kunabo bonke amasekela ePhalamende Liberal Democratic Party - abantu abangu-56. Lokhu ulungisiswa inani lamaphini ngokufanele kudingeka ukumelwa zezifunda ezihlukahlukene zaseRussia, kanye namabutho zezombusazwe.

isakhiwo ephalamende

Manje ake ufunde indlela ekuhleleni leyo State Duma futhi yini inhlangano yamazwe ayo. Phela, 450 amasekela - kusenzima inani elikhulu labantu, futhi ngamunye kubo, ngaphandle imisebenzi zomthetho eziyisisekelo, kufanele enze imisebenzi nakakhulu ePhalamende.

On wamaqhuzu division amasekela thina kuchaziwe ngenhla. Omunye uye kuphela ukusho ukuthi iqembu - iqembu amasekela lohlanganisiwe olulodwa umgomo wesikhathi eside kanye nombono ezivamile ukuqhubeka lizwe. Ngokuvamile amafraktjhini akhiwa emhlabeni amaqoqwana ehlukile noma idaliwe kusuka ngokuhlanganisa amaqoqwana eziningana.

Waba umuntu wokuqala kuleli uDuma State usihlalo. yemisebenzi yakhe ihlanganisa kobuholi iPhalamende ngesikhathi imisebenzi sessional nekwetfula ke ebuhlotsheni bayo nabanye zikahulumeni, kanye nemitimba yangaphandle ePhalamende. Usihlalo Duma State ayokhethelwa ngu ivoti eliyimfihlo yiphini, njengoba umthetho, ku ukubiza yokuqala esimisweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, owokuqala akhethwe substituent futhi substituents. Umsebenzi wabo lisize uMongameli ukuziphatha session, ngaphezu, iphini lokuqala kuyakuba esikhundleni sakhe uma engekho noma ngasiphi isizathu. Okwamanje, usihlalo we-Duma State eyilungu iqembu pro-uhulumeni "United Russia" Sergei Naryshkin.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-State Duma phiko ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwaloluhlelo ephalamende Russian. Leli gunya ingaphansi kwesibopho sokulalela ukwesekwa yokudla, tekwatisa, zezimali kanye senhlangano ye imisebenzi amasekela. Ukuze yisho kuleli isakhiwo, inhloko yabangamashumi Duma kulandzelana nekuhlunga tinsita. Okwamanje, lesi sikhundla ithatha Jahan Redzhepovna Pollyeva.

Izindawo ezithile umsebenzi umthetho amakomidi State Duma abathintekayo. Zakha amalungu ahlelwe emaqenjini izingxenye ehlukile, ngokuvamile ngokuvumelana party quota. Okwamanje, amakomiti eziyinhloko:

• ngomthetho womthethosisekelo;
• ngesabelomali;
• Labour and sotspolitike;
• kwenqubomgomo kwezomnotho;
• endaweni;
• Amandla;
• umkhakha;
• impilo;
• Imfundo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona eziningi amanye amakomiti. Kulezi amayunithi isakhi ePhalamende athuthukiswe futhi saxoxa izikweletu ezithile, ngokwesiqondiso iphrofayela wekomidi. Izenzakalo amakomiti Usihlalo Usihlalo, abanale amasekela lokuqala namaPhini.

okufana kakhulu umsebenzi wemisebenzi amakomiti. Umehluko omkhulu wukuthi idatha izakhiwo umsebenzi akuyona umsebenzi umthetho, futhi ukulawula isiphi isiqondiso operation. Ngezinye izikhathi le khomishana ngokukhethekile kwakhiwa ukuqapha ukuqaliswa umsebenzi othize. Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo ikhomishini eziyisithupha iPhalamende Russian:

• Ukulawula ukuthembeka ulwazi mayelana iholo;
• ku Yokuziphatha ePhalamende;
• Audit Commission;
• Ukwakha ekwakheni Centre ePhalamende;
• Control ukuqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa imboni yezokuvikela Russian;
• ku control izindleko imali kusuka ibhajethi, elibanzi eliqonde ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imimoya. nokuvikeleka.

Ehola usihlalo ikhomishana ngamunye imele.

Enye umzimba kwesakhiwo ephalamende isiRashiya State Duma Council. Kuyinto leli gunya silungiselela izikweletu ezithile, ukuba ibhekisiswe kuseshini, futhi ihlela ukusebenza ephalamende phakathi e-session inqubo. Okungukuthi, kuba umzimba uyifeza msebenzi wokulungiselela ekulungiseleleni bill ngaphambi kokwenza kubo ngawo wonke umuntu ukuba zamaphini.

Uqondisa uMkhandlu Usihlalo Duma State. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iBhodi sakhiwe yiphini lakhe kanye nabaholi imibango ePhalamende. Kodwa chairmen lamakomiti kuphela unelungelo ngenhloso yokuthola ivoti elifanele kule isitho.

Enjalo e uhlaka iyona isakhiwo senhlangano ye-State Duma we Russian Federation.

Kokuphela Duma State

The kungenzeka kuqedwa ePhalamende nguMthethosisekelo yeRussia. Le nqubo kungaba kwenziwe, uma kathathu Duma sinqatshiwe abazobhapathizwa ezihlongozwayo kokuthunyelwe ka ngumengameli welive nome ndvunankhulu kathathu ebonisa disbelief. Kulokhu, inhloko yezwe bangasebenzisa ilungelo ngokomthethosisekelo chaza ephalamende. Kodwa ngenkathi ukuthi emlandweni wanamuhla isiRashiya, le nqubo ye kokuphela Duma State engakaze isicelo. Kuphela kokufa komzimba ePhalamende kwenziwa ngo-1993 ngaphansi kukaMengameli Boris Yeltsin. Kodwa wabe namanje ngokuthi uMkhandlu Ophakeme, okungukuthi, kwaba ngaphambi izikhungo Duma.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhathi eziningana ukususwa amasekela we Duma State eyenziwa ngabanye. Kulokhu, iPhalamende uqobo enquma sokumisa yelungu ngalinye. Ngokwesibonelo, inqubo enjalo ukhishiwe imisebenzi iphini State Duma kusukela "Fair Russia" Ilya Ponomarev.

okusho parliamentarism

Inani Duma State eRussia ayikwazi overestimated. Phela, lena igunya isimo, lapho esebenzisa isikhungo kokhetho, izakhamuzi ukuzivocavoca zabo ilungelo lomthethosisekelo okubusa. imisebenzi yaso zihlanganisa ukwamukelwa of izenzo zomthetho, kanye enze eziningi ukulawula imisebenzi, kanye nezinye izinkinga. Ngakho, ngamanye amagama, ukuthi kuya State Duma lapho kwemukelwa imithetho ethize kuleli zwe.

Inani lamanje lamaphini ephalamende ngokwesayensi kwafakazela inani elidingekayo abamele zonke izifunda of Russia, futhi amabutho ahlukahlukene ezombusazwe ukuba acabangele timfuno sonke isibalo sabantu. Yingakho kwanqunywa ukugxila kulabo zamaphini 450.

Yiqiniso, njenganoma iyiphi isikhungo zikahulumeni, uhlelo wephalamende ikude ephelele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuphathwa ngempumelelo ngaphezulu umzimba, lapho wonke mass sabantu kokuba nobuzwe babantu esimweni esithile, kungaba nomthelela lwenqubomgomo yomphakathi, okwamanje yasungulwa emhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona eziningana amagatsha, kuhlanganise isishayamthetho ngokwehluka nezimali, ukusebenza ePhalamende, ivumela ukulawula kwamanye amagatsha kahulumeni (executive, futhi zokwahlulela), kanye ukuvimbela usurpation zokubusa omunye wabo noma umongameli.