KumiswaIsayensi

Izindlela Formational futhi civilizational ukuba emlandweni wesintu

Kwaphela isikhathi eside eziningi ezincwadini yasekhaya nesayensi, kukhona eyodwa kuphela indlela ukuba kuhlolwe nokutadisha esidlule lesintu. Ngokusho kwakhe, wonke ekukhuleni komphakathi uyashintsha izakhiwo kwezomnotho. Lo mbono ukubeka phambili ecacile kugomela Karl Marks. Kodwa namuhla abaningi ngokuvamile indaba kubhekwa ngombono ezahlukene ebanzi of izici ngokuhlanganisa ndawonye izindlela formational futhi civilizational ukuze umlando ngemvelaphi nokuthuthuka kanye ukuphila kohlanga lwesintu.

Lo mkhuba, zikhona izincazelo eziningi, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu kubo uthi imfundiso kaMarx ingenye emaceleni futhi akusho acabangele izici eziningi futhi idatha engokomlando, okungakwazi kucatshangelwe ekutadisheni into yehlukene kaningi okubalwa ezinjalo, njengoba umphakathi.

Formational futhi izindlela civilizational abasemakhaya ukunamathela kwabo lezi zinto ezilandelayo:

  1. formational - esekelwe ukuthuthuka komnotho kanye ilungelo ubunikazi;
  2. impucuko - uyakucabangela kuzo zonke izingxenye zokuphila, ezisukela zenkolo ziphethe ubudlelwane "ngamanye -. amandla"

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi njengoba ngisho nomqondo onjalo esinobunye indlela civilizational athuthukile. umcwaningi ngasinye futhi uyakucabangela zici, esisodwa noma ezimbili. Ngakho, Toynbee ihlukanisa eyishumi nesithupha izinhlobo umphakathi, esekelwe ekukhuleni komphakathi ensimini eyodwa kusukela buqala ukuba eliphakeme kanye nokwehla. Ngokuphambene kuye Uolt Rostou ikhomba kuphela 5 impucuko, ngesisekelo okugcizelelwe ubekwe ratio "labantu - ukusetshenziswa", the esiphezulu okuyinto isimo ezikhiqizelwa.

Njengoba singabona kusukela ithiyori yokugcina, izindlela formational futhi civilizational ngokuvamile zenqane nomunye, okuyinto akumangalisi. Lesi simo kungenxa yokuthi bonke libhekene umlando umphakathi elinento eyodwa umbono. Ngakho, kokubili izindlela formational futhi civilizational ukuba isifundo esiphathelene nomphakathi awukwazi zembula ngokugcwele ukuvela nokwakheka kwalo kuzo zonke izigaba, ngenxa nje yokuthi omunye indlela.

Ngakho, kakhulu olunzulu kwalokhu imfundiso yokuziphendukela kumiswa Marx no Toynbee sika theory impucuko. Iningi abacwaningi eminyakeni yamuva nje futhi uthambekele ekubhekeni ukuthi uma uhlanganisa nemingcele ayisihluthulelo imiqondo le, amaqhinga formational futhi civilizational ukwazi bathethelele ngokugcwele ukuthi kungani ukuthuthukiswa isayensi, umnotho, isiko kanye nezinye imikhakha yempilo yomphakathi waqhubeka ngendlela it usukela emakhasini umlando.

Okungenhla kungenxa yokuthi theory kaMarx letigaba 5 (zokwakheka) zabantu kusekelwe ngokuyinhloko uhlobo umnotho nokuthuthukiswa amathuluzi. Theory ka Toynbee ngempumelelo sigcwalisa ke, okwembula izici zezenhlalo, ezenkolo, amasiko, isayensi, nezinye. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lapho kusaqalwa Toynbee ukugxila kakhudlwana ngokunembile ingxenye yenkolo, futhi lokhu zilawulwe ukuphikisa kwabo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isimo sesishintshile, futhi namuhla izindlela formational futhi civilizational ukuba isifundo esiphathelene nomphakathi zihlukaniswe ngokwemibandela kuphela.

Kumele kuqapheleke futhi ukuthi lezi zindlela of kuvisisa umlando khona njengoba amaphutha nobuhle. Ngakho, imfundiso yokuziphendukela zokwakheka has a ukutadishwa zonke izici izigaba ezinhlanu umlando kwezomnotho yanoma yimuphi umphakathi. Ububi kuyinto ukuqonda eyodwa emaceleni izinqubo zingaveli uthi (okungukuthi izifundo zabo theory kaMarx), okuyinto lubonakaliswa yokuthi isihloko isifundo zihlonzwe izwe laseYurophu kuphela. Experience uthi Slavic, Arab, American futhi Afrika izwe hhayi kunakwe. Mayelana njengenye isici based isahlulelo sakhe kanye "Ubaba" inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela impucuko Toynbee.

izindlela Formational futhi civilizational kumlando lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu okwamanje kuqhathaniswa yini sibi. Ngale ndlela izindlela zocwaningo ngokuyisisekelo ekuthuthukiseni umphakathi alikushiyi esicishe sizihlole zonke izinqubo ezihleli ezenzeka emphakathini. Futhi ngakho ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwakheka kwamabala amhlophe kumele kusetshenziswe izindlela formational futhi civilizational kanyekanye.

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