Monopoly emnothweni - kuba ... monopoly kanye Umncintiswano emnothweni Russian. Indima monopolies emnothweni Russian

Umthelela esinakho emnothweni ngaso sonke isikhathi ukhona ubelokhu kakhulu. Kulokhu, umthelela kungaba okuhle nokubi. Sikhishwe ukushiyeka amalungiselelo athile yomthetho ephathelene kwenkululeko ukuphathwa, ucwaningo esinakho uhlale kubaluleke kakhulu.

definition

Monopolies emnothweni kukhona izinkampani ezinkulu wahlanganyela zokukhiqiza ukulawula ukuqaliswa eyodwa noma ngaphezulu izinhlobo zezimpahla. Ukuba khona kwabo ikhiphela ngaphandle kungenzeka ukuncintisana. izimo ayitholwa emnothweni ukufinyelela eduze namanye amabhizinisi.

izimbangela

Kungani kukhona esinakho? Esikhathini sphere kwezomnotho kukhona izinto ezahlukene anomthelela ukuvela amabhizinisi enjalo. Izizathu eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

1. Amandla uthole imali eningi ngenxa yokuntuleka umthengi ukukhetha.
2. I lokuhlushwa ukukhiqizwa futhi inhloko-dolobha.
3. I nokungabikhona kokuncintisana.
4. yinye capital - "ukumuncwa" eziningi amabhizinisi amancane.
5. Ithuba nokuqalisa emikhulu uhlelo namanye amazwe.

ngezigaba

Kukhona izinhlobo eziningana lapho ayitholwa emnothweni angaba khona. Ziyakwazi:

• State Enterprise. Lezo zinkampani ngokomthetho. izenzo normative washayelwa imikhawulo, oda nemisebenzi yabo.
• okunguye yedwa Yemvelo. Encwadini umnotho emakethe kukhona isimo uhlelo, ukuthi uhlangana lo funa umthengi zizosebenza ngaphezulu ukungabi khona umncintiswano. Lokhu kungenxa kakhulu izici ubuchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa. Kulesi ukukhiqizwa, okuyinto kuveza amandla embonini, ayikwazi esikhundleni ngeminye imikhiqizo. Kule ndaba, isidingo imikhiqizo eyenziwe yinkampani, ngezinga elincane kuzoncika izinguquko ukubaluleka kunalokhu oyikho eyinqaba kweminye imikhiqizo.
• Vula esinakho emnothweni - kuba isimo uma kukhona ubuchwepheshe obusha, kodwa namanje hhayi balufunda. Ngakho-ke, ukuqaliswa kwayo lwenzeka ngesikhathi izigaba sokuqala, njengoba umthetho, inkampani eyodwa enkulu.

Indima monopolies emnothweni Russian

Izinkampani yalolu hlobo igcwalisa umsebenzi ebalulekile Russian Federation. Indima monopolies emnothweni isiRashiya, kubonakala eqinisweni lokuthi isimo inkampani kuncike kakhulu ukukwazi ukuncintisana namazwe wezwe enkundleni ngamazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okumqoka kuba kanye nokuvikeleka sangaphakathi isimo izimpahla ezikhiqizwa. Lesi sakamuva ngoba imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa sokudliwa emphakathini wonke. Elikhulu amabhizinisi-monopolists baphathe ugesi, igesi, amanzi, ukuhlinzeka ezokuthutha, kuhlanganise ojantshi, amasevisi emoyeni, ukuhlinzeka ukuxhumana izinhlelo, ukuxhumana. Zonke mikhiqizo babambeke by labantu. Esinye sezici eziyinhloko ukuthi ukuhlukanisa noma iyiphi ayitholwa emnothweni - ukusungula okusezingeni eliphezulu entry izithiyo umkhakha lunye. Lapho kukhona umkhiqizi oyedwa kuphela, umphumela ekhishwa okuyinto omkhulu, walibumba is by inani capital ezokwenza nezinye izinkampani ukuncintisana. Emphakathini lapho indoda, njengoba umthetho, akukho kungenzeka ukumelana inkampani engaphezu kweyodwa ezinjalo.

UMthetho Federal № 147

Umthetho uhlinzeka uhlu imikhakha, ngalinye elikwazi ukwenza inkampani eyodwa esinakho. Lezi zihlanganisa:

1. Ezokuthutha imikhiqizo igesi, amafutha nowoyela ngokusebenzisa amapayipi.
2. Ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsiza ekudluliseni ukushisa kanye nogesi.
3. F / d zokuthutha.
4. Amasevisi Terminal (ezokuthutha, zezindiza).
5. Ilungiselelo tekusebenta ukuphathwa Dispatch e-kagesi amandla umkhakha.
6. Ukusebenza amasevisi yangaphakathi izindlela amanzi ingqalasizinda.

Ngokusho kulolu hlu, kuba ukusula indima enkulu ayitholwa emnothweni. Lezi izimboni ezithinta izici ezibalulekile zokuziphilisa. Ingqikithi ayitholwa emnothweni kuyinto ukulokhu imikhiqizo efunekayo, ubambe ngesikhathi intengo izinga elilungile. Phakathi izinkampani ezivelele kunazo ezisebenza Russian Federation kulokhu, kufanele kuphawulwe lezi, njenge:

1. "Gazprom".
2. "Railways Russian".
3. "Transneft".
4. "FGC UES".

ngokucacile

Monopoly emnothweni - inkampani enjalo, lapho:

1. Imisebenzi ikakhulukazi okubandakanya ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo, eyenzelwe anhlobonhlobo abasebenzisi (abathengi).
2. Ngeemali kuhilela imali eningi.

Ngokungangabazeki, imisebenzi izinkampani ezinjalo kufanele kulawulwa isimo. Endaweni yokuqala ezingeni zomthetho asethe imikhawulo ethile ekwakhekeni izintengo amasevisi. Tariffing kumele kwenziwe ukuze umkhiqizo ekhiqizwa isineminyaka bonkhe batsengi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhizinisi esinjalo, kanye nezinye, banomsebenzi ukwenza ukukhokha intela mali.

Okuhle

Enterprise-monopolist ekwazi uku:

• Khulisa ukusetshenziswa umphumela ngokwezinga ukukhiqizwa yayo siqu. Lokhu kusiza ukwehlisa izindleko ukukhiqiza iyunithi okukhiphayo.
• Hambisa izimali ezinkulu ukuze silondoloze umugqa ukukhiqizwa ezingeni elikhulu.
• Sebenzisa nokufeza STP.
• Landela kwezinkambiso iyunifomu kumasevisi nemikhiqizo.
• Miselela mshini emakethe isakhiwo naphakathi-phezulu, isimiso ukusebenzelana okuhilela izivumelwano. Lokhu kunengxenye ekwenzeni ukunciphisa okuphawulekayo ukulahlekelwa elihlobene ne ukungaqiniseki ingozi.

nebubi

izici ezingezinhle imisebenzi ayitholwa ziyabonakala amakhono abo ukuze:

• Setha ezingeni izindleko yokuthengisa. Lokhu yakha isilingo sokuba ukuguquguquka elikhulu batsengi. Lesi sakamuva kungenzeka sibe nomthelela reverse phezu ibhizinisi.
• Vimba ngcono lobuchwepheshe zokukhiqiza.
• Londoloza ngezithukuthuku ikhwalithi yamasevisi nemikhiqizo.
• Thatha uhlobo "diktat zokuphatha", ngaleyo ndlela esikhundleni indlela ekhona wokuncintisana.

okutholakele

Njengoba singabona kusukela kuhlu olungaphezulu, isithunzi ayitholwa amabhizinisi bangaba nemibi, kanye okuphambene nalokho. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi lolu hlobo ukuphathwa buphikisana kakhulu. Engavamile ukukhomba ngokuhlukile leyo bulingana nebubi noma kochwepheshe, eziyinkinga kakhulu. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, inani labantu abakwazi zinde ukungaqiniseki ukuncika esinakho. Uhlelo lwamanje manje azisakwazi noma ukuba buthaka, ingasaphathwa unqobe indima engakhi monopolies emnothweni. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, lezi zinkampani Manje letibanga utshalomali.

umthetho kahulumeni

It kungenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ikakhulukazi, kukhona ukulawula intengo, okubandakanya izindlela:

1. izindleko esijwayelekile.
2. Ukusungula ngentengo mkhawulo. Ukusebenzisa le ndlela, kuchazwe abasebenzisi, abaphinde babophezeleke ngaphansi nomsebenzi oyimpoqo. Kubo, setha eliphansi lokuvikeleka uma akunakwenzeka ukwanelisa ngokugcwele.
3. Ukuxhaswa. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi indlela intengo ukubandlulula. Uveza ukuthi abathengi zinikezwa nomunye umkhiqizo ngentengo encishisiwe ngezithukuthuku zabanye abasebenzisi.

Futhi isebenza non-intengo umthetho kahulumeni. Ziyakwazi:

1. amasheke olwandulelayo. Usikisela ilungiselelo esiyisibopho isicelo semvume ungene kunoma imuphi umsebenzi noma olunye ulwazi ngesicelo iziphathimandla abanekhono.
2. Landela-up. Kuyinto umzimba saziso zokulawula aziswe izenzo uzibophezele.

okokuqandisa yamanani

Lesi isilinganiso sathathwa ezingeni kahulumeni ngo-2013. Ngonyaka wokuqala we isixazululo engazange aphakamisele yamanani, futhi 2 iminyaka eduze Inkomba izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali nesikhathi sangaphambilini. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, okunguye yedwa wathi ziyophoqeleka ukuba usike izinhlelo zokutshala izimali. Lokhu, abe nomthelela omubi isimo eziningi izimboni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuqaleni ukwethulwa izinyathelo ezinjalo futhi inkampani bakhomba amathuba rearrangements kwesakhiwo. Ngakho, kwaba ukuncishiswa abasebenzi (unit zokuphatha), zokuchithwa indexation inkokhelo (ngaphandle abasebenzi ukukhiqiza). Kulinganiselwa of "Gazprom" ngo-2013 for zeqhwa yamanani iminyaka 3 esilandelayo, inkampani kungenzeka ukuthi ulahlekelwe ruble 510 billion imali. Kulokhu, uhlelo utshalomali kulindeleke ukuba zingancishiswa ngokushintsha ruble 407 billion.