Bookplate - kuyini? Bookplate: izithombe

Fans abaqoqi ukuqoqa izincwadi emitatsheni zabo eziningi izincwadi, ngamunye ephethe umlando walo. Ezama ukuvikela imfuyo yabo, bibliophiles kanye Ongoti ethe njo noma wanyathela emakhasini izincwadi, incwadi amamaki - bookplate. Kuyini, uma futhi uvelaphi, kwenzeka kanjani nokuthi wenze lokhu "aphorism ingcaca," zama ukutshela kulesi sihloko.

Kuyini lokhu?

Ehunyushiwe ezisusela olimini lwesiLatin ku Russian Ex libris izindlela "ezincwadini." It is kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa umlando izincwadi wavela workshop medieval - scriptoria ezigodlweni ezizimele, lapho amaphepha akopishwa. Kwaba kukhona ukuthi zaqala ukwenza imibhalo eqoshiwe okuthiwa lomnikazi ku izincwadi, eqala ngamazwi athi "kusukela umtapo" noma "ezincwadini", bese ukuze ukhombise amagama kanye negama lomnikazi noma igama Isigodlo noma umtapo.

Its a nombono wanamuhla futhi ajwayelekile kithi of ilebula paper anamatheliswe ngaphakathi yencwadi wokuhlanganisa bookplate ubophekile nemidwebo futhi amakhosi German. Ngezinye izikhathi kuba ehlukene kakhulu - elula futhi zokuhlobisa, omnyama nomhlophe nombala. Kakhulu elula isibonelo, ijwayelekile ngamunye wethu kusuka ebuntwaneni - the bookplate umtapo Lananyathiselwa izincwadi ezikhishwe esikoleni. Aesthetically kuba lutho, kodwa athwala imininingwane ebalulekile mayelana umnikazi we shicilelo.

Bookplate - Ex libris - hhayi ayizange ithuthuke, izitayela imfashini inkathi, esizithandayo akuthandayo of the abanikazi ngisho esetshenziswa ukuphrinta hardware sinomthelela ukubukeka kwayo.

Njengomthetho, bookplate siqu lubhalwe ngemfihlo ngezinga elikhulu noma elincane of ulwazi mayelana umnikazi, isibongo sakhe futhi igama lokuqala, umsebenzi, isimo sengqondo, izithakazelo. Kukhona izikhathi lapho exlibris kwesokunxele inenani elikhulu ukwedlula incwadi ngokwayo, lapho itholakala.

Uma befika lapho?

Iphendula umbuzo ngabe bookplate - kuyini, kubalulekile ukuthola kuphi futhi kanjani lesi simanga kwezobuciko.

Ngokusho ososayensi, ama-bookplate endala kuyinto eBritish Museum, futhi yayingaphansi Amenhotep IV futhi sihlehlela emuva XIV ekhulwini BC. e. Isifiso ukuhlonza ubunikazi bendawo enjalo izinto eziyigugu njengokuhlakanipha izincwadi, izinto uqondakala kahle. abantu enamandla kakhulu nezicebi kuphela ayenamandla okukwenza ube yesandla azama ukuhlonza le impahla kwesokudla ukuwulondoloza.

Ngemva ukubukeka izincwadi yokuqala eyanyatheliswa eJalimane, abantu wathatha bookplates, okungase ukuhlonza umnikazi. Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke iqoshwe bookplate German libhekisela 1450, kanye French Zhana Berto La Tour Blanche - ukuba 1529.

Omunye lokuqala isiNgisi, isiDashi kanye Italian ex libris uvele 1579, 1597 kanye 1622, ngokulandelana.

Ukwahlukanisa nezinhlobo

Ingabe savela phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, incwadi izimpawu kungenziwa oluthathwa zibe lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo ezimbili eziyinhloko:

• ifonti - ekhombisa kuphela igama kanye nesibongo umnikazi;
• ubuciko, wabulawa ngendlela sibalo ezincanyana etshela kafushane mayelana umtapo aphethe.

Ake sihlolisise ngesikhathi bookplate ubuciko, lokho oyikho nalokho ukubukwa kwakhona. Njengamanje bobathathu:

1. Isitembu sici zekhulu XVI-XVII, ke ayeveza elingenamikhono izingalo yomnikazi. It obadalwa ngokwentando imithetho art heraldic.
2. Monogram kuhlanganisiwe art iphathwa zokuqala yomnikazi. a bookplate okunjalo (ngenhla) kuyabonakala esihlokweni.
3. Scene le zokuhlobisa kakhulu futhi kungaba kuqukathe izakhi eziningi, ezibonisa siqu izintandokazi, umsebenzi nokuzilibazisa yomnikazi.

Ukuthi bamele?

Uma ngaphambili encwadini izimpawu wanqoba izifanekiselo zokuqala, bookplates yesimanje ezimweni eziningi libe izingxenye ezimbili: kuyikhono futhi umbhalo. Futhi uma kulo mbhalo ezimfundisweni ukhombise incwadi ubulungu kumnikazi ethile, umfanekiso kungaba ngokuphelele noma yini. Lapho bookplates yakhelwe, abaculi ucelwa ukubonisa isici esithile ekuphileni noma umnikazi umtapo izithakazelo. isithombe okungokomfanekiso ngempela, lapho kungaba portrait noma landscape, ukubonisa noma umhlobiso izinto izakhiwo umtapo elibi noma caricatured. Ayikho imikhawulo, ngaphandle umcabango yekhasimende kanye nekhono of the umculi.

Ezikhathini laseSoviet bookplates lidumile umfanekiso Lenin, izindaba namaqhawe-Civil futhi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, abasebenzi okuxhaphaza abasebenzi kanye abalimi, ukunqoba isikhala.

Bangakwenza kanjani lokho?

Namuhla kukhona amasu amaningi ngokukhiqiza bookplates:

• ukuhlelwa;
• isitembu;
• zincographic;
• lithography;
• ukuphrinta usilika-screen;
• yezicathulo ku izinto ezihlukahlukene.

Ukuhlola kafushane izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezisetshenziswa lapho wenza incwadi bookplate.

ukugawula imithi

Enye amasu endala kuyinto isitayela seshidi - oqoshiwe, ukwenziwa esihlahleni. Kakade BC VIII leminyaka. e. East ukuthola mikhondo eliphezulu kusukela iphathwa ukhuni evele, futhi ngekhulu XIV inqubo efanayo isetshenzisiwe eYurophu. Sibize lolu hlobo Woodcuts cut, eyenziwa wakhe ukuze okwabonwa longitudinal okugawula izingodo elithambile, ngokuvamile ipheya, ishizolo futhi ngommese. Ngenxa ukumelana izinkuni Imicu yotshani inqubo kwaba isikhathi eside futhi kukhathaza. Esikhathini womqophi XVIII leminyaka IsiZulu Thomas Bewick wasungula indlela ukuqeda lokuqopha wabulawelwa izigaba esiphambanweni sokhuni okuqinile umsiki ekhethekile. Lolu hlobo kwendandatho ngokushesha kwakuqala ukwanda ngoba akuvumelekile ukuba uthole imigqa mncane futhi ihlanzekile, ukujula edingekayo futhi ukuhamba kalula phakathi ukukhanya ezindaweni amnyama.

Oqoshwe zethusi

Lena enye yezindlela endala ukudala mikhondo uvele ekhulwini XIV e-Italy. It wenziwa ukusika iphethini umsiki esikhethekile yethusi ukugcwaliswa alandelayo anemifantu etholwe upende nge. Ngemva lesi sibonelo libhalwe sicindezelekile, ezimanzi, umswakama iphepha upende. Le nqubo kuba kubenzima kakhulu ebulawa, ngoba awukwazi ukuguqula noma yini noma ngcono.

etching

Lena indlela ethandwa kakhulu wokwakha umkhiqizo exlibrises acid etching iphethini kwi-zinc noma ithusi ipuleti. Okokuqala, ebhodini embozwe metal, isicelo lacquer Ukwakheka ekhethekile esekelwe wax izinto okhipha inhlaka. Lapho ukuvenisha is eqina, umculi uthola inaliti ekhethekile, eneka iphethini metal. Uma isithombe idluliswa plate elicwiliswe esitsheni of nitric acid buqeda kwensimbi. Ngezinye ukuhlanzwa kusukela ukuvenisha acid etholwe ebusweni iphethini.

yesimanjemanje

Uma abaculi ngaphambili bookplates ezivezwa Woodcuts noma etchings, namuhla iningi bookplates ababulawa ngokusebenzisa ujabule enjoloba isitembu. imishini yesimanje lobuchwepheshe ivumela uqophe izakhi ezincane kunazo zonke bookplates elikuvumela ukuba badale imisebenzi eziyinkimbinkimbi yobuciko.

amalebula Incwadi eRussia

Kufika ngekhulu XVIII emibhalweni yesandla isiRashiya, futhi ukuze iwagcine abanikazi nje ukwenza "title possessory", lapho igama lokuqala nesibongo Kwasakazwa. Ngenxa Russian ukuphrinta iphayona Ivanu Fedorovu le bookplate lokuqala olunyathelisiwe uvele ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVIII. Ekuqaleni, kwaba isitembu image kuphela, kodwa kancane kancane waqala ukuvela ngesakhiwo imidwebo unikezwe isiqubulo emfushane, esichaza isikhundla ubungqabavu aphethe. Phakathi nokubusa uPetru mina izincwadi zezwe yathi chithi saka futhi iza ngendlela bookplate. Imidwebo, isetshenziswa abezindaba ukuphrinta, umphakathi futhi abe ekhulunywe, okubonisa isikhundla emphakathini yomnikazi.

Esikhathini nezihlakaniphi XIX leminyaka ungqimba asebenzayo kwakhiwa eRussia, futhi umtapo yangasese saphela iwuphawu lungelo. Abantu abaningi abafundile, ososayensi, abalobi kancane kancane kwakheka iwumtapo wolwazi obanzi. Lokhu kuye kwaba negalelo yokwanda ebanzi bookplates, kodwa kwaholela yokuncishiswa yayo. Kunalokho abaqhoshayo crests umndeni noma Monograms uvele uzimele evamile, senziwe ikhophi kanzima, okuyinto uvumelane idatha yomuntu siqu yomnikazi futhi endaweni ehlala njalo izincwadi - igumbi lezincwadi kanye emashalofini.

Ngo XX bookplate ekhulwini kuba uhlobo cishe ezimele yobuciko ingcaca. Lokhu lula yokuthi eRussia uhlobo wayekwenza yabadwebi abadumile njengoba Aleksandr benua, Leon Bakst, Georgy Narbut, Elena Lancer, Mikhail Dobuzhinsky, nabanye abaningi. It is eyaziwa ukuthi kuphela bookplate Vasnetsov yadalwa ngo-1901, ukuba ngqo, vimba ukuphrinta "Iz knig IS Ostroukhova "wenza womqophi owaziwa isikhathi VV Mate isithombe ukuthi umdwebi eyenziwe inki.

Umlando wanamuhla incwadi uphawu

Ngemva 1917 Revolution futhi kulwiwa kwakukhona iqoqo abaculi ingcaca, ezifana UNikolai Kupriyanov, uVladimir Favorsky, Alex Kravchenko futhi amanye amakhosi. Izihloko Exlibris enwetshiwe kakhulu, futhi bookplate waqala ukubonisa izici zobuntu ngabanye kanye izintandokazi wabanikazi izincwadi.

Isikhathi esilandelayo bookplates udumo ezweni lethu waqala eminyakeni 60-70 kwekhulu elidlule, lapho abantu ngagxila ekuqoqeni izincwadi. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umsebenzi ngaleso sikhathi wawumncane kakhulu nohlaka yamaSoviet, abaculi ngikudalile bookplates eziningi ezithakazelisayo futhi engavamile.

Namuhla, ngekhulu xxi, isithakazelo exlibris ingamaKristu. Lokhu kungenxa ngokuyinhloko yokuthi bayanda abantu besikhathi sethu ukubabela ube siqu, bookplate siqu, ngofuzo, ezifana Ex libris, okuyinto ngezansi isithombe.

esikhundleni isiphetho

Okwamanje, incwadi emamaki awakhonzi nje kuphela ukulondoloza ubuqotho umtapo, kodwa futhi njengoba izinto collectible. Abakwazi ukutshela okuningi inkathi ethile, abanikazi kanye bengazilawulela khona isigcino sabo. Iphendula umbuzo ngabe bookplate - kuyini, singasho ukuthi lokhu akulona nje uhlobo zanamuhla zokukhulekela nobuciko bokunyathelisa, kodwa futhi inkumbulo umgomo izikhathi ezidlule futhi amadoda.