Ukusekelwa - kuyinto ... abashisekeli abadumile. abashisekeli yesimanje

-Charity ... izwi akuyona ababewazi kithi. Zonke wakuzwa okungenani kanye empilweni, kodwa ilungelo ukuchaza lokho okushiwo yinkulumo eside ngaphansi amandla alulona olwawo wonke umuntu. Futhi nokudinwa, ngoba Russia bekulokhu abadumile njalo lokuthi esiza abantulayo nokusebenzela ukusiza abanye ziyingxenye ebalulekile yesiko kwayo okwakuzothatha isikhathi eside.

Kuyini ukuphana?

Uma ucele omunye esiphikisayo ukuthi ukusekelwa okunjalo, bambalwa abantu abakwazi ukukubona, ngesikhathi esisodwa, ukuze anikeze impendulo ozwakalayo. Yebo, wonke umuntu wezwa abantu abacebile ukunikela isizo leemali kilabo iminyuziyamu, amakhaya ezintandane, izibhedlela, izinhlangano zezingane ezemidlalo, abaculi abasha, abaculi kanye izimbongi. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi konke lokhu usizo ukusekelwa? Kusesenokunengi esiza abantulayo kanye uxhaso. Indlela ukuhlukanisa lezi imiqondo ukuphelela komunye nomunye? Ukuze siwaqonde kahle la izinto ezibukhuni nokwenza ukusiza kulesi sihloko.

Ukusekelwa - iyona kuzo ukusekelwa ngezinto ezibonakalayo noma ezinye nezinye ngabanye khulula, ezithunyelwa yizinhlangano kanye nabamele amasiko zobuciko.

Umlando ukuvela kwegama elithi

Umsuka wegama elithi ubophekile ukuba yangempela ongokomlando. NoGayu Maecenas - lapha ogama lakhe usuphenduke into efanayo. Noble wohlanga olukhulu Roman, umhlobo kaKesari u-Octavian, wayedume ngokuba basiza izimbongi abanamakhono futhi abalobi beshushiswa yiziphathimandla. Yena ophulwa kokufa nombhali ukungafi "Aeneid" Virgil nezinye abaculi abaningi abakuphila kwabo basongelwa ngenxa yezombusazwe.

Sasizigqokele eRoma nezinye abashisekeli yobuciko, ngaphandle noGayu Maecenas. Kungani-ke yaba undabuzekwayo futhi uye waba ethemini yesimanje? Iqiniso lokuthi yonke eminye bona babasekeli babo abacebile wenqaba ukumelela imbongi ngehlazo noma umculi ngenxa yokwesaba imithetho yombusi. Kodwa noGayu Maecenas kwadingeka ukuba u-Octavian Awugustu ithonya elinamandla kakhulu, futhi wayengesabi ezingqubuzana izifiso zakhe kanye nokuhuheka nezinkanuko. Wasindisa le Vergil. Ngakho-ke isekela betembusave yombusi futhi ngenxa yalokho ewa umusa. Futhi kuphela umuntu amsiza, - Patron. Ngakho-ke, igama nezinye abashisekeli ukuthi walahleka emakhulwini eminyaka, futhi kuze kube sekugcineni inkumbulo ngalabo abazidelayo kwasiza zonke izinsuku zokuphila kwakhe.

Umlando ukuvela ukusekelwa

Usuku olunembile ukubukeka ukusekelwa akakwazi ngokuthi. Elingenakuphikwa kuphela yokuthi isidingo usizo kulabo abamele yobuciko ingxenye igunya nengcebo kubantu ubelokhu ekhona. zazihlukile Izizathu usizo olunjalo. Othile wayemthanda ngempela art futhi wazama ngobuqotho ukusiza izimbongi, abaculi kanye abaculi. Kwabanye, wayecebile noma intela ukuze aqondise noma isifiso ukuzibonakalisa donor baphane futhi usanta emehlweni kuhlanganise nomphakathi wonkana. Izikhulu zazama kangcono kwezobuciko enombono uwagcine ukuzithoba.

Ngakho, kwakungekho ukusekelwa esikhathini ngemva okuvela isimo. Endulo futhi NgeNkathi Ephakathi izimbongi futhi abaculi zazisesimweni esibi ukuncika kusukela iziphathimandla. Kwaba ebugqilini cishe yasekhaya. Inezinga kulesi sikhundla kuze kube kuwa uhlelo amakhosi asendulo.

Phakathi nenkathi yalokho ngokuphelele ohlanga uxhaso kuthatha ifomu kwezimpesheni, imiklomelo, idumisa, okuthunyelwe enkantolo.

-Charity nokusebenzela ukusiza abanye - okukhona umehluko?

Kukhona ezinye ukudideka ne amagama kanye imiqondo kwezenzo zokuphana, esiza abantulayo kanye uxhaso. Bonke udinga usizo, kodwa umehluko phakathi kwabo namanje abalulekile ngempela, futhi kuwuphawu ukulingana Kungaba iphutha. Kuwufanele sihlolisise inkinga kwetheminoloji. Of imiqondo emithathu le-uxhaso ezahlukene kakhulu futhi ukusekelwa. Igama elithi likhuluma okokuqala nge-kungayithuthukisa ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, noma ukutshala kunoma yiliphi ibhizinisi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusekela umculi kungenziwa inqobo isithombe axhase noma usho igama lakhe abezindaba. Uma sikubeka kalula, xhaso ukuthola noma iyiphi inzuzo. Ukusekelwa - kuyinto usizo esingenandaba futhi oludlulele ukuze ezobuciko namasiko. Maecenas hhayi igxile ekutholeni izinzuzo eziningi bona.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo elandelayo sihloko - esiza abantulayo. Kuyinto esondelene kakhulu umqondo wekwelekelel-, futhi umehluko phakathi kwayo kancane obonakalayo. Lokhu ekusizeni abantu abadinga usizo, futhi isisusa esiyinhloko kobubele sivela lapha. Umqondo esiza abantulayo amade kakhulu futhi banikwa uba nohlobo oluthile.

Kungani abantu baziphatha ukusekelwa?

abanomusa Russian kanye abashisekeli njalo babengafani Western endleleni esiza ngayo ukusiza amalungu ubuciko. Uma sikhuluma Russia, ukusekelwa - iyona kuzo ukusekelwa ngezinto ezibonakalayo ukuthi iphelelwe umuzwa ububele, isifiso sokusiza ngaphandle kokuthatha inzuzo bona. E-West ngomzuzu wamanje sizuza esiza abantulayo njengoba zincishiswe noma yokukhululeka kubo. Ngakho-ke, lapha ukukhuluma mayelana nabugovu ngokuphelele engenakwenzeka.

Kungani Russian art abashisekeli XVIII leminyaka ngokwethukela isiqala kangcono le kwezobuciko nesayensi, ukwakha imitapo, iminyuziyamu, yaseshashalazini?

The main yisandla lapha ngezizathu ezilandelayo - nokuziphatha okusezingeni eliphezulu, isimilo abashisekeli benkolo. umbono womphakathi elinezikhonzi babesekela umbono wokuba nesihe. amasiko Lungile nemfundo benkolo baye babenza ukuba into enjalo elikhanyayo emlandweni Russia njengoba elichumayo art ukusekelwa kule XIX sekwephuzile - emakhulwini okuqala eminyaka XX.

-Charity eRussia. Umlando umsuka kanye sengqondo lahulumende imisebenzi efana

-Charity nokusebenzela ukusiza abanye eRussia abe emasikweni akudala futhi ijulile. Nilubophe kwasekuqaleni kusukela ukubukeka ubuKristu Kievan Rus. Nakuba esiza abantulayo waphila njengesidalwa usizo lomuntu siqu lokubasiza abaswele. Umsebenzi wokuqala babenza isonto kokuvula ema-hospice ukuze esibhedlela asebekhulile, abakhubazekile nababuthaka. Qala esiza abantulayo ukubeka Prince uVladimir, ngokomthetho aphoqelelwe ukuba bahlanganyele esontweni futhi wesigodlo zomphakathi esiza abantulayo.

Nababusi elandelayo isiRashiya, ukuyiqeda inxiba professional, Nokho, aqhubeka anakekele abaswele ngempela. Siyaqhubeka ukwakha izibhedlela, almshouses, amakhaya ezintandane ngokuba engumlanjwana kanye uphazamisekile emqondweni.

-Charity eRussia isungule ngempumelelo sibonga abesifazane. Ikakhulukazi wayevelele ekusizeni abaswele we uMbusikazi uCatherine mina, Maria Feodorovna futhi Elizabeth A ..

Umlando kwezenzo zokuphana eRussia kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII, lapho kuba uhlobo esiza abantulayo.

I abashisekeli wokuqala Russian

Eyokuqala emlandweni Russian art abavikela kwaba Bala Aleksandr Sergeevich Stroganov. Omunye bamazwe elikhulu ezweni, igrafu Udume kakhulu sengathi izuzisa baphane futhi ngalendoda. Baningi wokujikeleza, Stroganov balithanda kwakhiwa iqoqo imidwebo, amatshe kanye zemali. A esiningi, imali kanye umzamo Earl ikhokhwe ukuthuthukiswa amasiko zobuciko, ukunikeza usizo nokusekelwa enjalo yezimbongi ezidumile ngokuthi uGabriyeli Derzhavin no-Ivan Krylov.

Kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe Bala Stroganov kwaba umongameli unomphela Imperial Academy of Arts. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wayeyindoda esasiphethe le-Imperial Public Library futhi kwaba umqondisi walo. Kwaba ngokusuka kwakhe ukwakhiwa kwalesi iKazan Cathedral, ezihilela kungekho abaklami angaphandle kanye Russian.

Abantu abafana Stroganov kwavula indlela yokuba abashisekeli okwalandela, ngokungenabugovu futhi ngobuqotho ukusiza ukuthuthukiswa amasiko zobuciko eRussia.

Lo mbuso onomoya odumile we Demidov, abasunguli Russian umkhakha Metallurgical, udume hhayi kuphela iqhaza elikhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwamabubulo yezwe, kodwa futhi ngoba esiza abantulayo yakhe. abameleli Dynasty anakekela eMoscow University futhi wasungula umfundaze ukuze abafundi kusuka imikhaya ehola kancane. Bavula isikole sokuqala commercial ngoba abantwana bathengisi. Ilokhu basiza Demidov Foundling ekhaya. Ngesikhathi esifanayo babe babehilelekile inhlangano yobuciko iqoqo. Sekuvele ezizimele esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

Enye abavikela ezidumile umxhasi kwekhulu XVIII - Bala Nikolay Petrovich Sheremetev. Wayengumuntu connoisseur kwezobuciko, ikakhulukazi yaseshashalazini.

Ngaleso sikhathi, yena wayedume ngokuba umshado ihlazo ezweni lakubo, ekhaya yaseshashalazini actress uPraskovya Zhemchugovoy. ngokushesha Washona futhi washiyela umyeni wakhe ukuba siyishiye zomusa. Bala Sheremetev wagcwalisa esicelweni sakhe. Ingxenye inhlokodolobha ayihlala kusitwa ngco artisan kanye Isipho uMlobokazi. On isinyathelo sakhe, ukwakhiwa ema-hospice eMoscow. Wabuye izimali ukwakhiwa kwezindlu namathempeli.

A umnikelo okhethekile ekuthuthukiseni abathengisi kwabaswele

Namuhla abantu abaningi sibe nombono onganembile ngokuphelele mayelana Russian ekilasini umthengisi XIX-XX eminyaka. Kumiswa It is ngaphansi kwethonya amafilimu kweSoviet futhi izincwadi, lapho ungqimba echayeke umphakathi kwaba ngendlela ebukekayo kakhulu. Zonke abathengisi poll babukeka abafundisekile kahle, igxile kuphela ukwenza ibhayisikobho engenisa inzuzo nganoma iyiphi indlela abantu ngenkathi ngokuphelele elingenalo nesihe kwabanye. Lena ngokuyinhloko umbono okungewona. Yiqiniso, akuwona wonke ayenjalo bekulungele futhi kuyoba, kodwa abathengisi abaningi abanengxenye babeneminyaka ingxenye sifunde kakhulu futhi ulwazi sabantu, singabali Yiqiniso, izikhulu.

Kodwa phakathi imindeni wekuvana bona babasekeli babo kanye abashisekeli iyokwazi ukubalwa phezu iminwe. -Charity eRussia - ngokuphelele inzuzo isigaba yomthengisi.

Sesike kafushane, isizathu sokuthi kungani abantu baye baqala bahlanganyele ukusekelwa. Sekuyisikhathi eside iningi abathengisi kanye abakhiqizi esiza abantulayo cishe sekube kuyindlela yokuphila, sekuyinto kokunikeza okufakiwe yohlamvu. Lapha nendima eyadlalwa yokuthi abathengisi abaningi abacebile bebhange esasiyinzalo Old Amakholwa, okwakubekelwa elinesimo ubuhlobo ekhethekile emalini nasengcebweni. Futhi isimo sengqondo osomabhizinisi Russian umsebenzi kuthi ehlukile kunaleyo, isibonelo, eNtshonalanga. Kubo, ingcebo - akuyona okhulekela izithixo, ukuhweba - hhayi umthombo inzuzo, kodwa imisebenzi ethile ebekwa uNkulunkulu.

Wakhulela amasiko enkolo ejulile, Russian osomabhizinisi-abanomusa babekholelwa ukuthi ngengcebo, enikezwa nguNkulunkulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukuze kubalulekile ukuba umuntu ovuthiwe. Eqinisweni, babekholelwa ukuthi isibopho bahlanganyele impumuzo. Kodwa awuzange ukuphoqelelwa. Yonke into yayenziwa ngendlela ngesikhathi socingo komphefumulo.

Famous art Russian abashisekeli kwekhulu le-19

Le nkathi kubhekwa sokuthuthwa kwempahla kwabaswele Russia. Ukuqala yokukhula okusheshayo kwezomnotho nomthelela ezikushiya ububanzi umcabango nokuphana kwabantu ocebile.

abashisekeli Famous XIX-XX eminyaka - kaningi kakhulu le abameleli besigaba yomthengisi. Laba bameleli be-bhá - Pavel Mihaylovich Tretyakov nomfowabo kancane odumile Sergei Mikhailovich.

Mangisho ukuthi Tretyakovs abathengisi hhayi wayenazo ingcebo eningi. Kodwa lokhu ayiwathiyi ukuqoqa ngokucophelela imidwebo zamaciko adumile, ukuchitha kubo imali sina. Sergey wayenesithakazelo ngaphezulu Umdwebo Western Europe. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, washiyela iqoqo kumfowabo langena ukuqoqwa imidwebo ngu Pavel Mikhailovich. Ibe e 1893, i gallery yobuciko yethiwa abashisekeli ezimbili ezinkulu Russian. Uma sikhuluma kuphela mayelana nokuqoqwa kaPavel imidwebo, phezu abavikela esaphila Tretyakov esichithwa ke mayelana sesigidi sama-ruble. Kuvele isamba Amazing kulabo izikhathi.

Waqala iqoqo lakhe imidwebo Russian Tretyakov ebusheni bakhe. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, kwaba ncamashi umgomo - ukuvula igalari yomphakathi kazwelonke, noma ubani oku ukufinyelela khulula kuso bese ujoyina yobuciko yobuciko Russian.

Bazalwane Tretyakov esikukweleta lesikhumbuzo omangalisayo ukusekelwa Russian - the Tretyakov Igalari.

Maecenas Tretyakov wayewukuphela engumxhasi wezobuciko eRussia. Savva Ivanovich Mamontov, ummeleli we lwamakhosi abadumile, owasungula kanye umakhi ngobukhulu Russian imizila yezitimela. Akazange afune udumo qakala ngokuphelele imiklomelo. Uthando lwakhe kuphela kwaba uthando yobuciko. Savva ngokwakhe wayengumuntu imvelo zokudala ngokujulile, futhi umsebenzi wayo ebhizinisini abacindezelwe kakhulu. Ngokusho besikhathi, wayengase abe omangalisayo opera umculi (waze uzongihlinza esiteji of the opera endlini Italy), futhi umqophi.

impahla yakhe Abramtsevo waphenduka ibe ikhaya lamukela abaculi Russian. Lapha njalo kwakukhona Vrubel, Repin, Vasnetsov, Serov, futhi Chaliapin. Bonke Mamontov enikeziwe usizo lwezimali kanye ukusekelwa. Kodwa omkhulu ukwesekwa UMuphi uye walungiselela yaseshashalazini ubuciko.

imisebenzi Mammoth yesihle izihlobo zakhe kanye nabo ebhizinisini wazizwa bethanda silly, kodwa lokho akuzange kumyekise. Ekupheleni ukuphila Savva avela zonakale futhi ngokulambisa ejele. Yena wakhishwa phambili, kodwa ukuba nebhizinisi bahluleka. Kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe sasekelwa bonke labo wayeke wasiza ngokungenabugovu.

Savva Timofeevich Morozov - an amazing isizotha UMuphi owasiza Art Theatre ngombandela wokuthi igama lakhe angeke ukhulume ngale nasemaphephandabeni. Futhi amanye amalungu lokhu lwamakhosi abahlinzeke usizo olungenakuqhathaniswa ekuthuthukiseni amasiko zobuciko. Sergey Timofeevich Morozov ezizoqhubela art Russian zokuhlobisa futhi isicelo, iqoqo lakhe kwaba maphakathi Imyuziyamu yezinto ezenziwe ngezandla eMoscow. Ivan Abramovich kwaba nomvikeli ongaziwa lapho Marc Chagall.

yesimanjemanje

Inguquko nemicimbi okwalandela kuphazamisekile amasiko esonto lakhe elikhulu wekwelekelel- Russian. Ngemva kokuphindela eSoviet Union kwaba yisikhathi eside ngaphambi kukhona abashisekeli entsha Russia yesimanje. Kubo Philanthropy - iyingxenye imisebenzi efanele ihlelwe. Ngeshwa, esiza abantulayo indaba ephathwayo, okuyinto unyaka nonyaka iyaduma ngaphezulu Russia, elikushoyo okuncane mayelana abezindaba. Umphakathi jikelele iqaphela izimo ezimbalwa kuphela, kodwa iningi umsebenzi abaxhasi, abashisekeli kanye nezimali yesihle aphethwe sabantu. Uma manje ubuza yimuphi counter: "Yini abashisekeli yesimanje zaziwa kuwe", kuba umuntu singenakwenzeka sizophendula lo mbuzo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, laba bantu kudingeka bazi.

Phakathi osomabhizinisi Russian imatasa umsebenzi wokusiza abantu kwasekuqaleni kufanele kuphawulwe uMongameli "Interros" inkampani uVladimir Potanin sibambe, ngowezi-2013 imemezele ukuthi bequeaths Engcebweni yakhe abahluphekile. Ngempela isitatimende ekhexisayo. Waqala isisekelo elibizwa ngegama lakhe, okuyinto izibandakanye emisebenzini emikhulu emkhakheni wezemfundo kanye namasiko. Njengoba Usihlalo weBhodi Labaphathiswa ye Hermitage, wayeseboshwe umhlatshelo kuye ruble angu-5.

Oleg Vladimirovich Deripaska, omunye osomabhizinisi ezicebile nezinethonya kakhulu waseRussia, kuyinto umsunguli we umhawu Isikhwama "umsebenzi khulula", okuyinto ngezimali siqu izimali somabhizinisi. Isisekelo wachitha izinhlelo ezingaphezu kuka-400, kwesabelomali ezingafinyelela ingqikithi cishe 7 bhiliyoni ruble. Deripaska waziphatha imisebenzi esiza abantulayo emkhakheni wezemfundo, isayensi kanye namasiko, kanye nemidlalo. Futhi, lesi sikhwama sinikeza usizo Hermitage, yeshashalazi eminingi, izigodlo zezindela, izikhungo zemfundo kulo lonke leli zwe.

Ekhuluma ewukuhlakanipha labantu abanesandla esivulekile ngo-Russia yesimanje angasebenza ibhizinisi hhayi kuphela ezinkulu, kodwa futhi kusho izikhulu nabalingani izakhiwo kwezohwebo. -Charity waziphatha "Gazprom", JSC "Lukoil", CB "Alfa Bank" nezinye izinkampani eziningi namabhange.

Ngithanda ukubalula Dmitriya Borisovicha Zimina, umsunguli we OJSC "Vimpel-Communications". Kusukela ngo-2001, futhi wafeza inzuzo ngendlela eqhubekayo inkampani, umhlala futhi wazinikela ngokuphelele abahluphekile. Wasungula indondo "lwenkanyiso" futhi "Dynasty" Isikhwama. Ngokwe Zimin kakhulu, zonke inhloko-dolobha, wanikela esiza abampofu i-nhlobo. He qamba Foundation ubelokhu ebasekela isayensi eyisisekelo eRussia.

Yiqiniso, ukuphana yesimanje kungazange kufinyelele ezingeni ukuthi uyalandelwa ku "igolide" kwekhulu XIX. Manje kuyathandeka patchy, kuyilapho abanomusa we emakhulwini eminyaka adlule aye anikeza isiko kanye isayensi ukwesekwa ehlelekile.

Ingabe ikhona esizayo kwezenzo zokuphana eRussia?

Apreli 13 lalibonisa iholidi emangalisayo - Suku UMuphi kanye engumxhasi wezobuciko eRussia. Idethi siyigubhe usuku lokuzalwa noGayu Maecenas, umxhasi Roman izimbongi futhi abadwebi, ogama lakhe usuphenduke into efanayo igama elithi "UMuphi". Umqalisi lomkhosi kwaba Hermitage, emelelwa umqondisi walo Mikhail Piotrovsky. Lolu suku kwaba igama lesibili - Suku Siyabonga. Okokuqala ukusho ke ngo-2005 futhi kunethemba lokuthi esikhathini esizayo ngeke alahlekelwe ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo.

Manje kukhona sengqondo kuyadida ukuthi ukusekelwa. Esinye sezizathu esikhulu salokhu isimo sengqondo kuyadida ukuthi abantu abacebile e izimo namuhla ekhona, wonke namandla babhekane nezinga elikhulu emphakathini. Akekho izingxabano ngokuvamile inzuzo kusukela ingcebo akuvumelekile ngokuphelele ukuba iningi labantu kusho. Kodwa kukhona isibalo sabantu abacebile alabo abanikeza izigidi wokuthuthukisa kanye nokulondoloza isayensi kanye namasiko, kanye nezinye izinjongo yesihle. Futhi Kungaba kuhle uma uhulumeni ngokuthi yokuthi amagama wesimanje Russian art abashisekeli baye lwaziwe embuthanweni ebanzi abantu.