Daniil Leonidovich Andreev: biography, izithombe namaqiniso athakazelisayo

UDaniil Leonidovich Andreev ungumbongi waseRussia, umbhali, isazi sefilosofi nomsindisi. Indodana yomlobi odumile uLeonid Andreev. Ukubaluleka kwakuyinhloko ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwengqikithi ye "Rose of the World." Namuhla sizojwayelana ne-biography yalowo muntu othakazelisayo kakhulu.

Ubuntwana

U-Andreev uDaniil Leonidovich waba yindodana yesibili kaLeonid Nikolaevich (umbhali odumile) no-Alexandra Mikhailovna Andreev. Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuthi umama womlobi wesikhathi esizayo wayengumzukulu kaTaras Grigorievich umshana kaShevchenko . U-Daniil Andreevich wazalelwa ngoNovemba 2, 1906 eBerlin. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuzalwa kwakhe, u-Alexandra Mikhailovna wabulawa ngumkhuhlane ngemuva kokubeletha. Ubaba, eshaqeka ngokushona komkakhe, wamangalela wonke umntwana osanda kuzalwa, ngenxa yokuthi ugogo (umama ka-Alexandra Mikhailovna) u-Efrosinya Varfolomeevna wanquma ukuthatha uDaniel eMoscow. Lapho utholakala emndenini kayise wakhe, u-Elizabeth Mikhailovna Dobrova, indoda yakhe yayingudokotela odumile.

Njengengane, uDaniil Leonidovich Andreev wayegula kakhulu. Izikhathi eziningana wayekhona ngokoqobo ekulingeni kokufa. Ngesithupha, lo mfana wagula nge-diphtheria futhi wathonya ugogo wakhe othandekayo. U-Efrosinya Varfolomeevna wayengasakwazi ukulwa nalesi sifo futhi wafa. Ngokushesha, e-dacha eduze kwaseSt. Petersburg, lo mfana wayezomgcoba ukuze abone unina nomkhulu. Ngenhlanhla, ngomzuzwana wokugcina wamiswa ebhuloho ngaphesheya komfula wendawo.

Eqhubeka nokuthi umntwana wayegula njalo futhi wazama nokuzibulala, kubonakala sengathi wayengekho endlini kayise. Eqinisweni, konke kwakuhluke ngokuphelele. U-anti nomyeni wakhe bathatha uDaniel njengendodana yabo, bamzungeza futhi banakekelwa. Ngalezo zinsuku indlu kaDobrovy yayingenye yezikhungo zamasiko (zomculo nezokubhala) zaseMoscow. Lapha kwafika iA Bunin, i-Skryabin, i-VI Shalyapin nabanye abaningi. Igunya lomndeni liboniswa ukuthi uMaximus Gorky wayengunkulunkulu kaDaniel. Umkhathi wendlu wawuzuzisa umfana futhi wamkhuthaza ukuba athande izincwadi.

Ngo-1915, uDaniel oneminyaka engu-9 ubudala wabhala ivesi lakhe lokuqala, "IJardin." Ngonyaka ofanayo, izindaba zakhe zokuqala zavela, kuqala "Uhambo Lwezinambuzane", bese kuthi "Ukuphila Kwezilwane Zase-Antediluvian." Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengomntwana, umgxeki oqala ukuloba phansi wabhala i-Epic enkulu, okwenza izenzo zakhe zakhiwe esikhaleni sakhe sokuzihlanganisa. Emadongeni ekamelweni lakhe, lo mfana wachaza ama-portraits ababusi benkosi ayeyilungiselele. Ubukhulu bawo buhambisana cishe nobukhulu bomntwana.

Ukufunda nokuqonda

Ekwindla ka-1917, umlobi wokuqala wangena egumbini lokuzivocavoca lika E. A. Repman, lapho wafunda khona kwaze kwaba ngo-1923. Ngonyaka olandelayo wangena kwi-Literary and Art Institute ebizwa ngeBryusov. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-Andreev waqala ukusebenza emsebenzini "Aboni". Ngo-1926 wajoyina i-Union of Poets, eyaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngo-1929.

Ngo-Agasti 1921, uDaniel oneminyaka engu-15 ubudala, ehamba ngezigcawu ezungeze iKathhedral kaKristu uMsindisi, wabona isithombe se-Heavenly Kremlin. Wabhala ngalokhu esahlukweni 1 sencwadi yesibili kusuka ochungechungeni ethi "Roses of the World". Umcimbi olandelayo walokhu kulandelwa kwenzeka ngo-1928 ngesikhathi sePhasika. Ngesikhathi esesontweni se-Intercession kuLevshin, umbhali, umbongi, futhi manje engumlando, wabona umlando womhlaba ngesimo somsakazo oyedwa oyingqayizivele.

Umshado

Ekupheleni kwehlobo lika-1926, umlobi osemusha, uDaniil Leonidovich Andreev, washada no-Alexander Gubler, ababefundela nabo e-Higher State Courses in Literature. Umshado wenziwa e-Assumption Vrachka, esontweni lokuvuswa kukaSomlomo. NgoFebhuwari ngonyaka olandelayo, lo mbhangqwana wahlukanisa ngokusemthethweni, no-Andreev bayeka ukuya ezifundweni zemibhalo.

Ngo-1928, lo mbhali washicilela inkondlo ethi "Olubomvu eMoscow", waqhubeka esebenza encwadini ethi "Ababi" futhi waqala ukubhala umjikelezo "Amathambo". Ihlobo lonyaka wahlala eTarusa.

Iminyaka yangaphambi kwempi

Eminyakeni engu-40 yekhulu lokugcina Andreev wasebenza njengomculi wefonti, wabhala ukukhangisa kanye neminye imibhalo. Noma kunjalo, wachitha isikhathi esiningi encwadini. Ngo-1930, umbhali waqala ukwakha inkondlo ethi "The Sun". Ehlobo lika-1931 u-Andreev wahlangana no-MA Voloshin. Ngokushesha, ngoJulayi 29, ogwini lwaseNerussa, uDaniel Leonidovich wabhekana nakho lokho kamuva akuchaze ngokuthi ukuphumelela ekuzileni komzimba.

Phakathi nenyanga kaFebruwari-March 1932, umlobi wayebandakanye ukuhlela kokubhala, wabe esecabanga ukuthi uyinhloko yomkhakha wezenhlalo wephephandaba esitshalweni saseMoscow. Ehlobo lika-1932 iqoqo lezinkondlo "I-Diary of a Poet" yavela. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngokoqobo phakathi nonyaka umbhali wabhubhisa leli qoqo. Ngo-1933, uDaniil Leonidovich Andreev waqala ukubhala inkulumo ethi "Izivumelwano Zomthetho WokuQala Wokuqala", owahlala engaqediwe, kanye nomjikelezo we "Foothills". Ekwindla ka-1934, imbongi yaya eKoktebel futhi yabhala inkondlo ethi "The Grave of M. Voloshin."

Ngo-1935, lo mbhali wajoyina iKomidi LaseMoscow City of Artists-Designers. Ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba wonyaka ofanayo, i- "Chant" yenkondlo ethi "I-Song of Mansalvata" yavela ekukhanyeni, okuzogcwaliswa ngokugcwele eminyakeni emithathu. Ngo-1937, u-E. P. Peshkova wakhuthaza u-Andreev ukuba akhonze uStalin ngesicelo sokusiza ekubuyiseleni ekuthumeni komfowabo, u-VL Andreev. Ekwindla yonyaka ofanayo, umlobi waqala ukubhalwa kwendabuko mayelana nokuqhutshwa kwengqondo kwe-intelligentsia ngalezo zinsuku "ama-Wanderers of the Night", okwakhiwa "njengengcindezi yomoya" esimweni senkathi. Ngasekupheleni kwayo, leveli yafika kuphela ngo-1947.

Umshado wesibili

Entwasahlobo ka-1937, u-Andreev wahlangana no-Alla Ivasheva-Musatova, owayengumkakhe wesibili ngemuva kweminyaka engu-8. Kamuva u-Alla Alexandrovna uzogwetshwa nomyeni wakhe, futhi akhululwe ngonyaka ngaphambi kwakhe. Umkakhe wesibili waba yinkxaso yomlobi empini yempi, iminyaka yokuboshwa futhi eminyakeni embi ngemva kwalokho. Walondoloza ifa lakhe futhi waba negalelo ekushicilelweni kwemisebenzi yakhe emikhulu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Kamuva, iminyaka engu-15, wayengumkaJevgeny Belousov, indodana yomlobi odumile u-IA Belousov.

Impi

Entwasahlobo ka-1941, i-FA Dobrov yafa, uDaniil Leonidovich obhekwa njengabazali abakhulu. Eminyakeni yokuqala yeMpi Yezwe Yesibili Andreev wasebenza ezinkondlweni "Yantari" kanye "namaJalimane" (futhi engagcwalanga), futhi wagcwalisa umjikelezo wezinkondlo "Amathangathi". Ngo-July 1942 u-EM Dobrova washona, okwakungenxa kaAndreeva njengomama.

Ekupheleni kuka-1942, umlobi wabhalwa ebuthweni. NgoJanuwari 1943, ujoyine i-196th Rifle Division yangena ekuvinjelweni kukaStalingrad. Ngaphambili, u-Andreev wayengumculi-umhlobiso, isikhonzi esibhedlela futhi wayekhona eqenjini lomngcwabo. Ukuze umlobi wenkonzo omuhle anikeze izindondo "Ngezokuvikela kweLeningrad". Ngo-June 25, 1945 u-Andreev wabonwa njengengavumelekile weMpi Yezwe Yesibili.

Ngemuva kwempi, imbongi yabuyela eMoscow futhi yazinziwayo njengomdwebi womdwebi emnyuziyamu wezokuxhumana. NgoNovemba 4, 1945 washada ngokusemthethweni no-A. A. Ivasheva-Musatova.

Ukuboshwa

Ekuqaleni kuka-1947, umlobi wagcwalisa inkulumo ethi "The Wanderers of the Night" futhi waqala ukuzindla ingxenye yesibili ye-trilogy, okuthiwa "iCelestial Kremlin" futhi yabonisa umlando wangaphambili womlobi.

Ngo-Ephreli 21, 1947 ngenxa yokulahlwa kanye neveli "Stranniki Nights" Andreev wagwetshwa ngaphansi kweSigaba 58. Uphikisana nezinkulumo ze-anti-Soviet kanye nezinhloso zamaphekula, uDaniil Leonidovich wathola iminyaka engu-25 ejele, okwakuyi-penalty ephakeme ngaleso sikhathi e-USSR. Ngaphandle komlobi ngokwakhe, izihlobo zakhe nazo zahlukunyezwa. Izihlobo nabangani bakaAndreev bagwetshwe iminyaka engu-10 kuya kwangu-25 ejele ekamelweni labasebenzi. Zonke izincwadi zikaDaniel Leonidovich Andreev, ezibhaliwe ngaphambi kwesiphetho, zabhujiswa yi-MGB.

Ngo-November 1948, uDaniil Leonidovich wasuswa ejele laseLefortovo waya ejele laseVladimir (okufanayo "iVladimirsky central"). Naphezu kwesiphetho, u-Andreev uyaqhubeka nokuzibandakanya ngokubhaliwe emsebenzini wokubhala izincwadi. Ngo-1950, wagcwalisa inkondlo ethi "Nemeracha", eyaqala kabusha ngo-37. NgoDisemba 1950, inkondlo yeSymony of the City Day yabhalwa. Ekupheleni kwenyanga efanayo, ngokuhlukana kosuku olulodwa, u-Andreev waqala ukusebenza "kwi-Iron Mystery" ne "Rose of the World."

Ngo-1951, umlobi wasebenza "i-Morning Oratorio" ne "Death of Grozny". Ngonyaka olandelayo waqala ukusebenza encwadini yokuqala ethi "The Gods Russian" futhi wabhala inkondlo ethi "Rukh". Ngo-1953, amanoveli abhalwa incwadi ethi "The Newest Plutarch", futhi u-Andreev wabhala kanye nezinye iziboshwa, u-physiologist V. Parin kanye nomlando-mlando uL. Rakov. Ekwindla ka-1953, ngaphambi kokuthuthela kwelinye iseli, umlobi uDaniel Leonidovich Andreev wabhekana nakho okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlangenwe nakho okwakungakaze kwenzeke ngaphambili.

Ngo-November 1954, u-Andreev wabhala egameni likaG GM Malenkov - uSihlalo weMkhandlu weNgqongqoshe we-USSR, isitatimende lapho aphinde wenqabe ukwamukela uhlelo lweSoviet ngokungavumelani, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwenkululeko yenkululeko yentando yeningi. Ekupheleni konyaka ofanayo u-Andreev wabhekana ne-infarction ye-myocardial. Ngo-1955 wasebenzisa izinkondlo "Amademoni okuphindisela" ne "Navna". NgoFebruwari 8, 1956 umzala kaDmitry Leonidovich - AF Kovalenskaya - washona esibhedlela sekamu. Ngo-May wonyaka ofanayo, umlobi uqedile umsebenzi "Iron Mystery". Futhi ngo-Agasti 10, 1956, umkakhe wakhululwa ekamu. Ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa emva kokukhululwa kwayo, iKhomishana yePhini likaMongameli we-Supreme Soviet wase-USSR yenze isinqumo ngokusho ukuthi isigwebo ngaphansi kweSigaba 58 sanciphisa iminyaka eyishumi ejele.

Ngo-Agasti 24, 1956, okokuqala ngqa ngesikhathi eboshiwe, imbongi uDaniil Leonidovich Andreev wabona umkakhe ejele laseVladimir. Ngo-Ephreli 23 ngonyaka ozayo, wakhululwa esitokisini. Ngo-June 21, 1957, amacala aphikisana no-Andreev asuswe ngokuphelele, futhi ngoJulayi 11 wavuselelwa.

Iminyaka yamuva

Ehlobo lika-1957, i-pneumonia ekhulayo, uDaniel Andreev wahlangana nomfowabo omkhulu uVadim okokuqala ngemuva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-40 yokuhlukana. Kusukela ngoNovemba, 57 Andreev wayehlala nomkakhe eMoscow. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isimo sakhe njengesisulu seqembu lesibili sabuyiselwa, sithatha impesheni, ngesilinganiso sama-ruble angu-347. Ngo-November 30, 1957, umzala womlobi uyafa, u-AF Dobrov. Ekupheleni kwe-57, kanye noZ. Rakhim, u-Andreev wasebenza ekuhumusheni izindaba zaseJapane zikaFumiko Hayashi, ezifakwe encwadini ayisithupha.

Ngo-February 12, 1958, uDaniil Leonidovich Andreev wathumela iKomiti Eyinhloko yeCPSU ngesicelo sokujwayela izinkondlo zakhe. Ngokusho komlobi, ukuba aphile, efihla ukuklama kwakhe kubantu, ngoba umane nje akanakulinganisela. Ngo-February 26, wabizelwa eKomidini Elikhulu. Ingxoxo nabamele iziphathimandla zanikeza umlobi ithemba lokuthi esikhathini esizayo imisebenzi yakhe ingashicilelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokushesha wathola usizo lwezinto ezivela eMnyangweni Wabalobi.

Ngentwasahlobo ka-1958, u-Andreev waguliswa esibhedlela ngenxa yokwanda kwe-angina ne-atherosclerosis. NgoJuni 4, wathatha umkakhe u-Alla Andreeva eDoyeni leNdlu yeTheku. Ngemuva komshado, lo mbhangqwana wahamba ngomkhumbi ovela eMoscow waya e-Ufa nasemuva. Ekuqaleni kukaJulayi wonyaka ofanayo, incwadi yeshumi nanye ye-"Rose of the World" yaphela. Phakathi naphakathi kwekwindla lo mkhiqizo usuphelile ngokuphelele. Khona-ke umlobi waqeda ukusebenza kwiqoqo lezinkondlo "The Legend of Yaroslavet" kanye nenkondlo ethi "Izwe Elibi".

Ebusuku, kusukela ngo-18 kuya ku-19 Okthoba 1958, u-Andreev wabhala ivesi, elibizwa ngokuthi "Ngesinye isikhathi ngesikhathi sokuphila ...". Kulo, imbongi imbongoza ukuba insindiso yemibhalo yakhe yesandla. Ngenyanga elandelayo, uchungechunge lwezinkondlo zikaDaniel Leonidovich Andreev lwahlanganiswa, olubizwa ngokuthi "imimoya ye-Svyatorusskie". Ngo-Novemba 14, ngemuva kokubuya ku-Hot Key, umlobi uphinde uye esibhedlela.

Ekupheleni kukaJanuwari 1959 u-AA Andreeva wanikezwa iwarrant ekamelweni elisendlini yomphakathi eLeninsky Prospekt. Lapha u-Andreev, ehlushwa ukuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo njalo, waphila ezinyangeni eziyisithupha zokugcina zokuphila kwakhe.

Ngo-March 30, 1959, uDaniel Leonidovich washona. Ngo-Ephreli 3, u-Archpriest Nikolai Golubtsov wahlabelela umlobi ethempelini le-Deposition of Deposition eDonskoy. U-Andreev wangcwatshwa eMathuneni kaNovevicvic emathuneni kamama wakhe.

Ifa

Phakathi nokuphila kombongi, umlobi we-prose, isazi sefilosofi nesazi sefilosofi uDaniil Leonidovich Andreev, esithombeni sakhe siboniswe ngokugcwele ngemali yakhe, akukho msebenzi wezobuciko owake wakhicilelwa. Okuhlukile uma ngaphandle kwencwadi ethi "Abacwaningi Abahle Base-Asia Ephakathi Ezintaba" eshicilelwe ngokubambisana no-S. N. Matveev.

Ukufa eneminyaka engu-52 ubudala, uDaniil Leonidovich wayenaso isikhathi sokusho okuningi futhi akwenze. Into esemqoka ayeliphupha ngayo, kodwa wayenaso isikhathi - ukwakha isikole izingane eziphathekayo futhi zihlangane nabafundi bakhe. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu ngemva kokufa komlobi, umkakhe wayegcina ngasese imibhalo yesandla, esaba ukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo babezobhujiswa futhi. Umsebenzi oyinhloko kaDaniel Leonidovich Andreev - "Rose of the World" washicilelwa ngo-1991, cishe ngaphambi kokuwa kobuso baseSoviet. Ngale ndlela emangalisayo, i-biography kaDaniel Andreev yakhiwa. Ekuphileni komlobi kwakunezinkinga eziningi, imizwa ejulile nokudumazeka, imibono emangalisayo kanye nokuhlazeka okungadingekile. Kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, wayelokhu ehlala embonweni wakhe.

Imemori

Ngo-2003, ngokusho komlingani uDaniil Leonidovich Alla Alexandrovna Aleksey Kurbatov wabhala umculo we-Andreev inkondlo ethi "The Leningrad Apocalypse." Ekwindla ka-2014 edolobhaneni laseChukhrai, elisendaweni yaseBryansk, i-museum ye-Andreev Daniil Leonidovich yavulwa, i-biography esiyibuyekezile.