Germany - zwe elikhulu kunawo wonke e-Western Europe: Esikhathini Esidlule Nanamuhla

Germany Modern yisibonelo ukusebenza esiphelele isimo wongxiwankulu ohlulekile nge athuthukile umnotho isicebi, okuyinto zisendaweni ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kanye ukusetshenziswa emhlabeni amaphethini. umnotho Inamandla yezwe uncika izimboni zobuchwepheshe, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinsizakalo kanye eziphambili kakhulu ulwazi nobuchwepheshe, okuyinto zinama nezinkampani hhayi kuphela inzuzo kodwa futhi izinhlangano zikahulumeni, futhi izinhlangano ezibalulekile emphakathini.

Ukuphila Germany: okusebenza ngayo

Njengoba kwelinye lamazwe amaningi asethuthukile e-Europe, eJalimane kuholela abacwaningi bagcinelwe kangcono ezivela emhlabeni wonke. Cishe noma yimuphi umuntu is a professional kunoma yimuphi umkhakha ungathola isicelo wamathalenta kuleli zwe.

Cishe kuyo yonke imikhakha kule mboni German zidinga ochwepheshe kusezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu yekusebenta, okuyinto angathengwa amanyuvesi bendabuko German. Eziningi zalezi amanyuvesi hlala phambili abagijimi rankings international zezikhungo zemfundo.

Ukulandela izimiso emphakathini ovulekileko yokwamukela, iziphathimandla German setha nezimfuneko abaqotho kakhulu abafundi angaphandle abafisa ukufunda etikolweni letiphakeme German. Nokho, imfuneko esemqoka ukuthola imifundaze, izibonelelo, kanye, yebo, ukuqashwa okwalandela uhlala kwelifa loonyana ulimi German ezingeni eliphezulu.

German izihambi

Angela Merkel Ngokuqinisekile bayokwehlela phansi emlandweni njengoba omunye onamakhono kunabo Shansela German. Abafisa ukugcizelela izimo zawo ekhethekile, amaJalimane langena "kantslerka" feminitiv e inzuzo, elalikade zazingekho ulimi German. Kodwa okokuqala, u-Angela Merkel uzokhunjulwa indlela yakhe ngenhlonipho ukuba isinqumo izingqinamba zezenhlalakahle olwakheka eYurophu kusukela 2014 futhi kubangelwa, ngokusobala, ukwanda inamagquma kunombolo zababaleki ababevela kuwo ezilwayo Middle East kanye namazwe eNyakatho Afrika. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukunganeliseki ezikhulayo, ishansela phikelela phakathi izakhamuzi lokuthi eJalimane ubophekile ukwamukela labo ngempela abadinga ukusekelwa sibanike okungenani ezibalulekile kunazo: yokukhosela, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo okuyisisekelo kanye nesethi eziyisisekelo imikhiqizo.

Inhloko-dolobha ye-Germany usefunde inombolo enkulu zababaleki ababevela kuwo amazwe ukuhlupheka inhlekelele zezenhlalakahle, futhi Yiqiniso, ayikwazanga kodwa kuthinte isikhala ezisemadolobheni, ngoba ukucindezeleka kwengqalasizinda liye landa izikhathi eziningi phezu. Nokho, uhulumeni wase-Berlin ninake kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ingqalasizinda ezisemadolobheni, kudingekile ngakho kulezi zikhathi ezinzima. Ngakho, Germany - iyikhaya izigidi zabantu abadinga ukusizwa.

Geography futhi Umnotho

EJalimane, geography okwaphela amakhulu eminyaka kakhulu evumayo ukuthuthukiswa mazombe umkhakha, obuciko ukuhweba, isiyindaba yokuzikhethela lokho okuvumelana lwesigaba yentuthuko kosozimali asebenzayo kuqhathaniswa kwesikhathi. Amazwe njenge-United States, iUnited Kingdom ne-Spain, kakade kwafinyelela izinga kunalokho eliphezulu ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho nezezimboni ngasekupheleni XlX leminyaka, kodwa Germany wayesalokhu umbimbi nenkani kakhulu principalities disparate, duchies nemibuso.

Ngakho, ukushintshashintsha kwesimo sezombusazwe, izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu amele izimfuno ezahlukene kanye nezindlu isinqumo enethonya akuvumelekile ngesikhathi esifushane afeze ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha.

Konke kwashintsha nge ukufika Shansela Bismarck, ngubani ephethwe an amazing - it is hhayi kuphela united isizwe samaJalimane, kodwa futhi lifinyelele kwezimboni angabacwasi ngokushesha kanye sesimanje. Athole amandla, Germany okuqalwe empini yasishintsha Yiqiniso komlando wesintu. Kusukela Okokuqala Umhlaba eJalimane ishiywa ngakhungatheka ngokuphelele, aphanga futhi cishe udwenguliwe. Ukuphila eJalimane ngemva kokunqotshwa eyinhlekelele elibuyiselwe isikhathi eside, kodwa yaphela impi esilandelayo, ekugcineni okwaholela i nemiphumela ezilulazayo nakakhulu kuso sonke isizwe.

ngemva kwenhlekelele,

Ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili, inqubomgomo yaseJalimane yayihloselwe ukuthuthuka komnotho kanye nomphakathi, kanye nokuhlalisana ngokuthula nomakhelwane balo. Kancane kancane kodwa laqonda uhulumeni German elungisa amaphutha ngaphambili zabo, ukukhokha isinxephezelo futhi eqaphela basola esidlangalaleni. Germany ngemva kwempi umbukwane esidabukisayo kakhulu: madolobha awile, wabhubhisa umkhakha kanye division zibe ezimbili uthi.

Lesi sigaba sokuqala yaba izingxenye bomsebenzi umbuso ngezikhali wahlulwa kwaholela ekusungulweni amabili uthi - iMpumalanga Jalimane neNtshonalanga Jalimane. Khuluma ngalokho okwamanje inqubomgomo eJalimane munye, kwakungeke kube yinto engalungile.

isimo German wadala iqhaza US naseBrithani, okwakubizwa ngokuthi iFederal Republic of Germany futhi ungaphansi kokucindezeleka obonakalayo kusukela nomfelandawonye wayo Democratic. isimo East German yayibizwa ngokuthi i-German Democratic Republic. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, womabili la mazwe okuthiwa ziyisisekelo Berlin, nayo ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili - empumalanga nasentshonalanga. Lokhu ukusondela ayikwazanga ukudala ukucindezeleka ngokweqile ngenxa yokuthi izakhamuzi Jalimane ngenkuthalo efuna ukubaleka abona yonke into ayakubona uhulumeni wakhe kobushiqela endaweni umthwalo yeningi.

Kwaphela isikhathi esithile yezakhamuzi ababalekela inkinga yacishe isixazululekile lapho yakhiwe Berlin Wall ukuthi ihlukaniswe emzini, nize nembathiswe 1990. Nokho, ayisekho elawulwa ukundiza abantu entshonalanga eqele isikhathi eside uthi angomakhelwane negate umphumela lesi sakhiwo.

Germany: GDR kanye FRG

Amabili uthi zifanekisela umfuziselo ukuthuthuka komnotho kanye nomphakathi, zonke ngokuyisisekelo akufaki omunye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuba emngceleni phakathi Germanys ezimbili ijulile kakhulu lokushintshisana kwezamasiko, izakhamuzi ukukhumbula ukuthi esikhathini esingeside esedlule wahlala kwelinye izwe.

Ukuthuthukiswa okwalandela nomnotho emazweni angomakhelwane kwakubangelwa yokuthi emkhakheni wezimboni German Kuye kwasakazwa ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke indawo yakwa-bonke Lander-German.

Lapho uDonga LwaseBerlin Yakhiwa, ezweni omkhulu futhi ihlukaniswe futhi buthaka kakhulu amashumi eminyaka. Nokho, ngemva kokuwa Warsaw Pact atheleka kufika isikhathi kancane lula ukuphila amazwe aseYurophu, ngoba yokuhlanganisa onobuhle ababili ohluke ngokuphelele ngokuphila - akuwona neze umsebenzi olula. Kuthinta umehluko okukhulu ezingeni zokuphila: East kwakuhlala amaJalimane kakhulu empofu kunokulinganisa takhamiti eNtshonalanga Germany futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ejwayele nezinye namazinga wemisebenzi yomphakathi kanye nezinye kwamazinga etimphilweni tabo.

Nakuba ukubhujiswa izithiyo ophakathi kwala mazwe womabili, kwasho ukuqala isikhathi esisha empilweni zabantu isiJalimane, wonke umuntu waqonda ukuthi ukukhohlwa ngomlando wakhe akunakwenzeka. Udonga Yiqiniso, akuyona yacekeleka phansi ngokuphelele, ngesikhathi esifanayo ulondoloze isimo ezindaweni zayo ehlukile ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo njengesikhumbuzo sokuzinikela ngemiphumela belligerence ngokweqile. Found lapha nalaphaya ezindaweni izingcezu uDonga LwaseBerlin athandwa kakhulu izivakashi, ungakhohlwa ifotho aphoyintimenti akho ne umlando.

Ngemuva kweminyaka engamashumi amabili, ngo-May 2010, isakhiwo yesikhumbuzo wavulwa e Berlin, onesihloko esithi "Memory Iwindi". igama okunjalo romantic uyazifihla umlando izingozi eziningi ezibuhlungu. ngokuhlukana umugqa okwalapha ukusika indwangu ophilayo komuzi, indiva izithakazelo abakhileyo, futhi ezindaweni lapho umngcele kwaba ngaphansi namafasitela ezindlu, wabulala izakhamuzi eziningi GDR, ukuba siphume amafasitela ethembeni ukuthola yena epharadesi zama-Capitalist.

Modern Germany: Ukucwaninga

Ucwaningo of the ukwakheka labantu wezwe sizibandakanye Statistical Office ekhethekile esibheka imikhakha yabantu kuleli zwe. Ngokusho ehhovisi kwezibalo, ngemva ubunye bakulelo zwe wawusuwuhlanganisile abantu abayizigidi ezingu-ayisishiyagalombili. Lokhu kubeka eJalimane inombolo yayo endaweni nesithupha emhlabeni. Ukwakheka labantu German wehlukile futhi zihlukahlukene.

Sinesithakazelo ngokukhethekile iqiniso lokuthi iminyaka eminingi Ukucwaninga German kanye umnotho zinezikhathi ukukhula ehamba kancane. Ngisho nangezikhathi zenhlekelele, nenani labantu lalanda kanye nomnotho neze sesibolile ukuba kangangokuthi omunye wayengakhuluma ukuntengantenga abalulekile.

Izimpahla ejensi kwezibalo sinikeza ngolwazi olunemininingwane hhayi kuphela mayelana labantu Federal Republic, kodwa futhi ukubunjwa yayo kazwelonke nakwezenkolo. Ukuba lokhu kwaziswa ikuvumela ukuba sihlele ukusetshenziswa kwezimali zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, kuyaziwa ukuthi abantu abathi abawona iyiphi inkolo, unezingane abangaphansi kuka-nozakwabo zenkolo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo abesifazane abafunde ukhetha ukuthi izingane umhla abesifazane nge imfundo ephansi noma uyeke ukuzala.

Nokho kubalulekile ukuze sicacise ukuthi esitebeleni, siqala elincane, ukwandisa sabantu wokuqala kuyo yonke okusekelwe yokuthi eJalimane, ngokusho kombiko we-UN, yilona lizwe lesibili emhlabeni ngokuya kwababaleki yokutholwa. Kwasekuqaleni, Yiqiniso, e-United States. Kuyaphawuleka futhi ukuthi izinto eziphawuleka kakhulu ngesibalo nethonya abaHlakazekile umelwe abasuka Turkey nozalo lwabo. Iningi lezifiki kusuka Turkey efika kuleli zwe phakathi kowezi ukwakhiwa owavela ku kabusha post-yimpi. Nokho, akubona kuphela izisebenzi namuhla eJalimane, kodwa futhi ababaleki, ongahambisani nomthethosisekelo German iqinisekisa ukukhoseliswa ezombusazwe. Nokho,, kufanele sibuyekezwe njalo ngonyaka.

Isakhiwo federal: okusebenza ngayo

Omunye ejwayelekile iningi nemifelandawonye emhlabeni kuyinto eJalimane. History of the State ibonisa ukuthi amasiko lezifunda ngabanye kubaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni isimiso sezombangazwe ozinzile futhi yeningi. ezweni ngalinye kunemtselela inqubomgomo kazwelonke ngokubamba ukhetho ephalamende bese kamongameli ukhetho wezwe.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo impilo izakhamizi zendawo ngokusebenzisa Sihlomise okhethweni lomasipala kanye nesimo ephalamende, bekwi ukuhanjiswa izimali eziqoqiwe ngesimo izintela.

Germany Administrative sehlukaniswe eyishumi nesithupha uthi, ngamunye ephethe ePhalamende ayo kanye noHulumeni. Ingabe isimo niyisizwe esinabantu abaningi kunazo North Rhine-Westphalia nge izakhamuzi eziyizigidi nesikhombisa, ubhekwa komncane kunabo Mahhala futhi Hanseatic eMzini Bremen - umhlaba, ehlanganisa amadolobha amabili: empeleni Bremen futhi Bremerhaven.

Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi Bremen - ezweni kuphela lapho kukhona ku motorways umkhawulo isivinini:-ke akumele leqe ayikhulu namashumi amathathu ngehora. Kuyinto kulezi ezingabonakala zincane, futhi kubonisa ukuthi umoya federalism futhi yelinyenti yeliciniso, ngoba izakhamuzi usethe imithetho yabo, eveza kakhulu ngokunembile indlela yabantu bakhona yokuphila.

Ngakho, kuyacaca ukuthi Germany - okuthuthuke iyizwe yelinyenti nge isiko ocebile futhi uhulumeni Federal.

Ngo North Rhine-Westphalia, isimo olukhethekile le ndawo ibizwa kuvikelwe njengoba Federal uMthethosisekelo kanye nemithetho lonke izwe ngokwalo. Esikhathini united eJalimane North Rhine ingena isimo isimo, uyiyeka ibe ephalamende yayo futhi isigungu.

Berlin - European Youth Capital

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi udumo bayanda phakathi ukuhamba intsha zithole dolobha ezifana Budapest futhi ePrague, Berlin namanje umholi simo yamadolobha ashukumisayo kakhulu kwamasiko kanye le-European Union. Lokhu enkazimulweni has isisekelo esiqinile, ngoba enhlokodolobha yase Germany ngokomthetho ikhaya kubaculi abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyisithupha kubhaliswe.

inombolo enjalo lezisebenzi yobuciko ngenxa yokuthi Berlin iyakhiwa kahle uhlelo yobuciko imfundo, kokubili komphakathi kanye nezinkampani ezizimele kanye ngokwethukela. Ukuze abaculi lapha inikeza inqwaba art residencies, workshop, yebo, nemipheme, abazimisele izohlinzeka abaculi abasha futhi abanamakhono. zemibukiso okunjalo enhlokodolobha yase lemine, kodwa empeleni kungaphezu, ngoba kukhona ngezizathu eziningi kangaka lolungakahleleki embukisweni.

engamakhulu Ngaphezu kwalokho amagalari namamyuziyemu amashumi nge amaqoqo omhlaba bodumo loke nje lidume ngokuthunga Berlin umdanso zabo namasiko, okumelelwe amakilabhu ahlukahlukene amaqembu ayimizulane njalo.

izimpawu State

Njengoba ngishilo ngenhla, Germany - isimo yesimanje yeningi sikahulumeni. Nokho, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi, naphezu uhlobo okuqhubekayo kanye nezimo, unesikhundla umlando onothileko eside yasebukhosini, kubangela abantu German ukuhlupheka okuningi.

Ngakho, i-civil yesimanje ifulege Germany kuhlehlela emuva Okokuqala Republic ifulege we Weimar Republic, obabukhona kusukela ngo-1919 kuya 1933. Ukulandela ukwamukelwa eJalimane lobuNazi umbuso ifulege uyekwa, kodwa esanda yokutholwa ngo-1949. Maka kanye elingenamikhono izingalo Germany, okuyinto kunzima overestimate ukubaluleka, kukhona ebalulekile ubuzwe futhi zifanekisela ubunye besizwe.

Modern ifulege iFederal Republic limelela tristimulus web ngokomlando kubalulekile eJalimane imibala - black, obomvu negolide (phansi). Lezi imibala avame ukusetshenziswa lapho kwenziwa yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye-eJalimane, ukunyakaza ukubhikisha emyalweni olandelanayo European ayakha ngemva kokunqotshwa Napoleon.

Nakuba ifulege civil jikelele kuyinto tricolor elula ngemivimbo ovundlile ifulege isimo ibekwe Republic elingenamikhono.

On the elingenamikhono izingalo Germany wasebenzisa uphawu ezivamile heraldic - okhozi. Eagle amaphiko wakwambula, kodwa izimpaphe yehla thwi phansi. Ulimi, izimpiko, ngezidladla futhi uqhwaku ukhozi wenza abomvu.

Ukwamukelwa iwuphawu olubaluleke kunazo zonke kazwelonke iphutha ngezigaba ezimbili: okokuqala, ngo-1950, kwanqunywa kuphela incazelo elingenamikhono izingalo. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva sivunyiwe njengendlela isibonisi sokuqhafaza, isb. F umdwebo ababulawa ngokuhambisana incazelo wangaphambilini atholiwe. Njengoba Germany - kuyinto republic federal, ukuthi isihloko ngasinye has elingenamikhono ayo izikhali, kanye imizi namabhantshi yabo zomlando izikhali futhi amafulegi, kukhona amakhulu amaningi eminyaka.

inqubomgomo angaphandle

Germany ezweni lanamuhla kunikezwa endaweni ekhetheke kakhulu emhlabeni kwezepolitiki. Ikhumbula labantu, ezingeni zentuthuko yomnotho ezingaba lempi, noma iyiphi into ebaluleke emhlabeni ngeke akwenze ngaphandle ukunakwa Ministry Foreign German.

Germany eyilungu inqwaba ehola izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe, izikhungo kanye izinhlangano. ochwepheshe International aveze ukuthi, e isu ezweni layo kulandela isimiso ukuthula nobuntu, besikhumbula nhlekelele kunabo bonke ekhulwini XX, ukuphindaphinda lapho futhi abantu noma uhulumeni engafuni.
Nokho, lokhu akubavimbeli lonke ukuthatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo umsebenzi NATO - inyunyana ezempi nezombusazwe - futhi ukunikeza insimu yalo US raskvartirovki ezempi. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, Germany ibilokhu iyilungu egcwele club of amandla enuzi, ukuvumela ukuthatha njalo ohanjelwa UN Security Council, yena, inikeza izinzuzo owawubalulekile ukuzifunela ukuxhaswa kombono izithakazelo e impahla inkampani German.

yokudala ukuthula

Nakuba iJalimane inomunye wamabutho anamandla kunawo wonke emhlabeni, ithatha isikhundla sayo ngenxa yemisebenzi yokuthula emhlabeni jikelele mayelana nokusiza abantu emazweni okuthiwa yiThathu. IJalimane, i-geography yayo eyenza ibe yimizila emikhulu yamasiko, ithola inani elikhulu lababaleki ezifundeni eziphikisanayo futhi linikeza khona inani elikhulu losizo lwabantu kulabo abaye banquma ukungashiyi izwe labo. Amaqembu ahlose imvelo anethonya elikhulu ekuphileni kwezepolitiki yasekhaya laseJalimane, futhi lokhu kuthonya kakhulu, phakathi kwezinye izinto, i-ajenda yamazwe ngamazwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-Germany iyisekela elisebenzayo lezinhlelo zemvelo ezihlose ukulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nemiphumela yokungcola kwemboni.

Inqubomgomo evumelanako yezemvelo yezwe yenza kube lula ukukhokhela umphumela omubi wezinombolo ezinkulu zamabhizinisi ezimboni, okulawulwa ukulawulwa okuqinile yizinhlangano zombuso nezinhlangano ezingekho inzuzo zemvelo. IJalimane ingomunye wabaholi emkhakheni wamandla avuselelekayo aphezulu, okwenza imali ebalulekile yangasese neyezimali. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi amaqembu esayensi angcono kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ngokubambisana nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe, athuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obuningi nobuchwepheshe besimanje bokukhiqizwa kwamandla.

Ngomfushane mayelana nokuyinhloko

Ukufingqa, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi umnotho onamandla, isayensi eqhubekayo, imfundo yekhwalithi kanye nokunakekelwa kwezempilo okungabizi kahle ngeke kube khona ngaphandle kokusebenza kahle izikhungo zombuso ezakhiwe izakhamuzi zaseJalimane amashumi eminyaka.

Umbuso kanye nezakhamuzi ngokubambisana ngokubambisana kusebenza ukudala izimo ezikhululeke kakhulu ensimini yabo, futhi imali yabantu ibaluleke kakhulu ezweni lonke.

Uhulumeni waseJalimane uyaqonda ukuthi ngaphandle kokucabanga ngokucophelela ngezidingo zabantu, ukuthuthukiswa komnotho okuzinzile akunakwenzeka, futhi isiko yingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila komuntu. Lesi simo sengqondo esibhekene nezakhamuzi ezivumela iJalimane ukuba ithathe izikhundla eziphezulu ngezilinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe nezokuthuthukiswa komnotho.

Ukuthuthukiswa okuhambisanayo komphakathi futhi umbuso waba khona ngenxa yokuthi iJalimane yisimiso senkululeko yentando yeningi nekhomende elizimele kanye nohulumeni, hhayi ukunganaki izifiso zabakhamuzi bayo.