Yini izitshalo abizwa ngokuthi ephakeme? Izibonelo, izici kanye nezici izitshalo ephakeme

Ingabe wonke umuntu ukuthi yini izitshalo abizwa ngokuthi ephakeme? Lolu hlobo has izici zayo siqu. Kuze kube manje, ezihlobene izitshalo ephakeme:

• Club wona.
• Mosses.
• Izinhlobo.
• Horsetails.
• Gymnosperms.
• Angiosperms.

Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-285 zama-lezi zitshalo. Bathi ume inhlangano kakhulu kunalokhu. Izidumbu zabo aqukethe ukuphunyuka kanye impande (ngaphandle wona).

izici

izitshalo Ephakeme eziphila endaweni. Lokhu yokuhlala lihlukile naphakathi aqueous.

Izimpawu izitshalo ephakeme:

• Umzimba yakhiwa izicubu kanye izitho.
• Nge izitho vegetative eyenziwa umsoco nemisebenzi umzimba.
• Gymnosperms futhi angiosperms nokuzala esebenzisa imbewu.

Iningi izitshalo ephakeme izimpande, sifanamsindvo namaqabunga. Izidumbu zabo zakhelwe kunzima. Lolu hlobo inamaseli (tracheids), nezitsha, ngesihlungo amashubhu, futhi yakhe izicubu zabo coverslips yakha kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi.

Isici esiyinhloko izitshalo ephakeme - kuyinto alternation izizukulwane. Aya esigabeni haploid kuya diploid, futhi okuphambene nalokho.

Umsuka izitshalo ephakeme

Zonke izimpawu izitshalo ephakeme ubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi savela ulwelwe. ukufana okukhulu kakhulu nge ulwelwe abamele yokuqothulwa abangabakhe iqembu phezulu. Bathanda alternation izizukulwane, nezinye izici eziningi.

Kukhona inkolelo yokuthi izitshalo ephakeme iphuma ulwelwe oluhlaza nasemanzini agelezayo. Eyokuqala kwaphakama Rhyniophyta. Lapho izitshalo sishukumiseleka ukuba izwe, baqala zikhula ngokushesha. Mosses babengenalo iphila njengoba kudinga amanzi ngefomu droplet ukuthi ngabe zikhona. Ngenxa yalokhu, zivela ezindaweni lapho nomswakama.

Kuze kube manje, lesi sitshalo sandile emhlabeni wonke. Bona kungabonwa ehlane, ezishisayo futhi ezindaweni ezibandayo ucingo. Bakha emahlathini, emaxhaphozini, izimfunda.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukucabanga izitshalo ngokuthi ephakeme, ungabiza izinkulungwane ongakhetha, kodwa noma kunjalo zingahlanganiswa ezinye guppies.

wona

Lapho wokuqonda izitshalo ngokuthi ephakeme, asikwazi bayakhohlwa wona. Emvelweni, ihlaba umkhosi mayelana 10 000 yohlobo lwazo. Ngaphandle, lesi sitshalo esincane, ubude bayo ingeqi 5 cm.

Mosses musa eziqhakaza, abanampande, uhlelo semithambo. Lokuzaliswa kwenzeka ezinhlamvu. gametophyte Haploid ka wona ubuswa emjikelezweni wokuphila. Ingabe isitshalo uhlala iminyaka eminingi, kungase kudingeke neziqu afana izimpande. Kodwa sporophyte esifushane ka wona, bome out, has a umlenze kuphela, ibhokisi lapho kukhona ezinhlamvu ukukhula. Isakhiwo lezi abameleli imvelo ilula, abakwazi ukuthatha impande.

Mosses ukudlala indima ebaluleke kangaka ngokwemvelo:

• Dala biocoenosis ekhethekile.
• Cover moss ubamba izinto radioactive, ibagcine.
• Ukulungisa amanzi ibhalansi ngenxa landscape ukuthi zimunce amanzi.
• Vikela umhlabathi ukuthi ungaguguleki, okuvumela nombala ukuhumusha ukwehla nokugeleza kwawo.
• Ezinye izinhlobo wona esetshenziselwa nemithi.
• Kumiswa Ukusetshenziswa sphagnum Peat moss.

lycopsids izitshalo

Ngaphandle moss, kunezinye izitshalo ephakeme. Izibonelo zingase zihluke, kodwa kuthi akufane nokwenzeka nomunye. Ngokwesibonelo, bafana izitshalo wona lycopsids, kodwa ukuziphendukela kwaso ithuthuke kakhulu, njengoba lolu hlobo besicabucabu. Zakhiwa neziqu, amahlamvu ezincane zabo zisitshekelwe. Sinenkosi izimpande nezicubu semithambo lapho kuziwa ukudla. Ukuba khona kwalawa izakhi zifana kakhulu club wona Izinhlobo.

Ezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu, ihlaba umkhosi epiphytic wona club. Bona alenga emithini, ukudala uhlobo umphetho. Lezi zitshalo abe mpikiswano efanayo.

Ezinye izitshalo Lycopodiaceae ohlwini ezisengcupheni.

izitshalo Psilotovidnye

Lolu hlobo lwe-isitshalo akaphili unyaka owodwa. Lezi zihlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili abameleli ezindaweni ezishisayo. Sinenkosi uqonde neziqu, efana namahlumela kuyo le mpande. Kodwa imisuka yangempela banayo. Isimiso semithambo yegazi ise stem yakhiwa phloem, xylem. Kodwa amanzi asingeni simila amaqabunga efana ezihlobene.

Photosynthesis kwenzeka sifanamsindvo, amagatsha ukwakha ezinhlamvu, ukuguqulela ku amagatsha cylindrical.

Fern

Yini izitshalo abizwa ngokuthi ephakeme namanje? Lezi zihlanganisa Fern okuqondene umnyango semithambo. Ziyakwazi herbaceous futhi bok.

Isakhiwo sehlangano Fern kuhlanganisa:

• Petiole.
• Ishidi ipuleti.
• Roots futhi amahlumela.

amahlamvu Fern abizwa vayyami. Isiqu ngokuvamile esifushane, bakhula indwangu conductive. Sezinso izimpande zikhule ngamaqabunga. Athatha osayizi enkulu, sporulation enze i-photosynthesis.

Emjikelezweni wokuphila kushintshana sporophyte futhi gametophyte. Kukhona ezinye eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma bathi Izinhlobo ziye zashintsha moss. Nakuba zikhona nososayensi abakholelwayo ukuthi ukhona yini ukuthi izitshalo eziningi ephakeme iphuma psilophytes.

Izinhlobo eziningi Fern yizilwane ukudla, futhi abanye ezinobuthi. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, lezi zitshalo kusetshenziswa imithi.

horsetails

Ukuze izitshalo ephakeme kanye horsetails ukuphi. Zakhiwa izingxenye futhi ISIZINDA esihlukanisa kubo kusukela lonke ezithathwe ezinhlotsheni ezingu-ephakeme. Horsetails abameleli zifane ezinye AmaConifers, eziqhakazayo kanye ulwelwe.

Lena omele eziyingqayizivele izilwane zasendle. Sinenkosi izimpawu autonomic ezifana nalezo okusanhlamvu. stem obuphelele kungaba ngamasentimitha ambalwa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ekhula ngamamitha ambalwa.

gymnosperms

izitshalo Of ephakeme futhi ihlaba umkhosi gymnosperms. Namuhla, kunamabandla ambalwa yohlobo lwazo. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, izazi ezihlukahlukene bathi angiosperms savela gymnosperms. Ubufakazi isitshalo ahlukahlukene ihlala ezitholakele. izifundo DNA zazenziwa, ngemva kwalokho abanye ososayensi baye esephetha inkolelo yokuthi lolu hlobo uyilungu leqembu monophyletic. Babuye yizigaba eziningi nezigaba.

angiosperms

Lezi zitshalo ngokuthi izimbali. Basonta ingqondo aphakeme. ihluke kwamanye amalungu khona imbali, esetshenziselwa zokukhiqiza. Sinenkosi isici - kokukhulelwa double.

Imbali ikhanga impova ejenti. Izindonga esibelethweni zikhule, shintsha, ziphenduka zibe nezithelo. Lokhu kwenzeka uma kokukhulelwa livelile.

Ngakho, kukhona izitshalo ezahlukene ephakeme. Tibonelo taletinhlobo angafakwa ohlwini isikhathi eside, kodwa bonke ahlakazwa amaqembu athile.