Hockey: umlando ukuthuthukiswa. History of the World Hockey Championship

Hockey, umlando nokuthuthukiswa kuchazwa kabanzi ngezansi, idlala umdlalo weqembu, lapho izimbangi usebenzisa amakilabhu babe lokushaya puck ku umgomo abaphikisi sika. Isici esiyinhloko umcimbi ubhekwa ukuthi abadlali kumele uzule rink eqhweni ku skates. Izinkumbulo lokuqala ukudlala ngenduku futhi ibhola, bahlehlela emuva eNkathini Ephakathi. Ndawonye nalokhu, njengoba zinhlobo ehlukile Kumiswa mncintiswano kamuva kakhulu.

nguqulo ye ukuvela

Ukuze lolu hlobo ezemidlalo efana hockey, umlando kwaba omunye baphikisana kakhulu. Ngokusho version olusemthethweni yendawo azalelwa kuyo iyona idolobha saseCanada Montreal. Nge lesi sivumelwano, akuzona zonke izazi zanamuhla. Iqiniso lokuthi izithombe zabantu ebandakanyeke negeyimu yevidiyo ehambisanayo ku umzimba eqandisiwe lamanzi, kukhona ezinye zabalingiswa amakhosi Dutch ukuthi esukela emuva le ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, amasosha aseBrithani ngemva Canada iwine eFrance ngo 1763, kwalethwa zifakwe kuleli zwe ngobukhulu ibhola hockey utshani. Ngenxa yokuthi i-Nyakatfo Melika libhekene Ubusika eside futhi kanzima, umdlalo kwadingeka ukuba ezovumelana nezimo zendawo. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu baqala ukuncintisana ongasichitha ku amachibi amakhulu eqhwa nemifula. Lokho umlenze akuyona ilele phezu, ukuze izicathulo aboshelwa kashizi bezihlahla.

aseqala umdlalo

A indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni umdlalo kudlalwa Montreal. Kuyinto kuleli dolobha, esikhungweni salo mdlalo "Victoria", Mashi 3, 1875 wayidlala sokuqala esilotshwe ngokusemthethweni we-hockey. Umlando we mpi ngisho uboniswa isihloko ephephandabeni lendawo osesikhundleni Montreal Gazette. Ukwakheka ngamunye amaqembu ancintisanayo lalinabashumayeli abadlali abayisishiyagalolunye. Shell game waba disc lokhuni futhi amasango kuwo amatshe abavamile. imishini Avikelayo abahlanganyeli wabolekwa baseball.

Imithetho kuqala

Ingakapheli iminyaka emibili emva DEBUT hockey umdlalo, iqembu labafundi kusuka waseMcGill University of Montreal yasungulwa imithetho lokuqala umdlalo. Bona lalinabashumayeli amaphuzu ayisikhombisa. Ngo-1879, yafakazela Washer zenjoloba. Umdlalo ngokushesha kwakuqala ukwanda, ngakho ngo-1883, nganikezwa emkhosini waminyaka yonke we-Winter Carnival Montreal. Enye eminyakeni emibili kamuva, abaseCanada zaziwa kahle ubudlelwane amateur kulo mdlalo.

Ngo-1886 liye kulayini, ngcono futhi ishicilelwe imithetho yalo mdlalo we-hockey. Indaba uya ukuthi kuqala baloba kubo, baba R. Smith. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi musa ihluke kakhulu kusukela nothayi banamuhla. Kusukela manje, kokubili amaqembu kwakufanele bancintisane abadlali abayisikhombisa. Kwakumelwe unozinti, nibulale ezingasemuva, abavikeli phambi, abahlaseli kwamathathu kanye nowesifazane oyedwa rover (eziqine hockey umdlali ngubani engcono amagoli imigomo). Izithako ngoba umdlalo ayikashintshi. Icala kuphela lapho esikhundleni kwalungiswa, ukulimala umdlali. Imfuneko ukuqaliswa salo kwemvume iqembu.

Stanley Cup

Ukuthandwa mdlalo liye laqhubeka landa. Ngo 1893, i-Canadian Governor-Jikelele Lord Frederick Artur Stenli wathenga inkomishi ukuthi libukeka i mbhoshongo nabokhulumile ukuthi siqukethe ring silver. Yena yanikezelwa iqhawe lizwe kulo mdlalo like hockey. Umlando lo mdlalo yazi okuningi indondo ophezulu. Ekuqaleni, ngoba kwakungase balwe ngisho abathandi. Kusukela ngo-1927, unelungelo lobunikazi Stanley Cup baphikisana yilabo abamele National Hockey League.

ezintsha wamavukelambuso

Umlando ice hockey ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili besihambisana nesiminyaminya ezintsha njalo. Ikakhulukazi, 1900 emasangweni wasungula grid, ukuze isibalo izingxabano mayelana gol avimbekile cishe encishisiwe zero. Njengoba impempe metal wanamathela ukuthonya ezindebeni zakhe ukwahlulela kuqala ukuguqulelwa insimbi, ngisho kamuva - ku uzakwabo plastic. Kwakukhona ubuso off the puck. Ukuze andise ijubane nokuzijabulisa, kwanqunywa ngo-1910 ukuvumela esikhundleni ngokuhamba umdlalo. Ngesikhathi isinyathelo lezi zelamani ezintathu, Patrick, abadlali hockey waqala inamba, unozinti wavunyelwa ukuthatha ice skates yakho nabadlali - ukunikeza ibhola phambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bababukela okuphakanyiswe nomkhawulo isikhathi umdlalo ezintathu nezikhathi imizuzu amabili.

International Ice Hockey Federation ligunyazwa ngokusemthethweni imithetho yomdlalo ngo-1911. Isisekelo isampula Canadian sathathwa. Ngo-1929, unozinti zethimba, "Montreal Merunz" uClint Benedict yaqale esetshenziswa buso. Ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu ke wethule umthetho noma ukufa okuzumayo. izibani Multi-anemibala ne siren ukuba kulandiswe olunembile imigomo waqala ozofakwa ngo-1945. Ngesikhathi esifanayo nemitsetfo lebekiwe lechitjiyelwe ekwahluleleni kathathu.

Le nkundla lokuqala

Umlando we-hockey kuyinto engacabangeki ngaphandle ekwakhiweni kwengqalasizinda efanele. Ekuqaleni enkundleni mncintiswano amele ice rinks zemvelo. Ngakho-ke akusho zabaseGibithe ziphela amandla ezindongeni zezakhiwo kwenziwa igebe lapho emoyeni abandayo engenayo ngaphakathi. Ngo-1899 e-Montreal, ke esakhile ukushushuluza rink kuqala nge Turf yokufakelwa. Esikhathini namathathu banesifo esibi kwekhulu lamashumi amabili e-Canada ne-United States saqala esizokwakhiwa enkundleni kahle esikhulu. Omunye enhle kakhulu babo ngesikhathi kwaba "Sports Palace" elalakhiwe Chicago ngo-1938. Arena has izihlalo ayizinkulungwane 15.

Ithimba lokuqala professional kanye league

Ngo-1904, Canada wadala professional hockey team kwezwe yokuqala. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo kwanqunywa ukuthuthela uhlelo olusha umdlalo, owawuthi ingxenye ngayinye kubahlanganyeli umdlalo lalinabashumayeli abadlali abayisithupha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, fixed kanye endaweni okungosayizi abajwayelekile 56h26 amamitha. ngemva kweminyaka emine ukuthi ochwepheshe Ekugcineni bahlukaniswa abalandeli.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili e-Europe kube sport ethandwa kakhulu ezifana hockey. Umlando sokuthuthuka Elidala Umhlaba ngokomthetho sihlehlela emuva 1908. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke ngaleso Congress e-Paris yasungulwa yi-International Federation for ukuthi ezemidlalo. Wawunamabhodi ekuqaleni kuhlanganisa ezine uthi - Great Britain, Belgium, eSwitzerland nase France. Canadian Hockey Association owavela emva kweminyaka engamakhulu amane kamuva.

National Hockey League (NHL) yasungulwa ngo-1917. Ngokushesha okukhulu kwaba umholi emhlabeni. Lokhu akusona isimanga, ngoba kukhona abadlali best. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imigomo engcono emlandweni hockey, bathambekele clog ke ngaphakathi NHL.

imincintiswano

Imeshi yokuqala ngamazwe phakathi eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu kohlaka kulo mqhudelwano ezisemthethweni senzeka ngo-1920. iqembu Canadian Khona iwine ithimba le-United Kingdom. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi emlandweni wezwe ice hockey ubuqhawe sihlehlela emuva imidlalo yama-Olympic, abawinile zazo futhi aphethwe isihloko esiqine emhlabeni. Tournaments ziye ahlukanisiwe elinye kwelinye futhi uzibuse kuphela ngo-1992. Ngesikhathi esifanayo International Federation wanquma ukuyeka Championship European.

kakhulu Umlando Championships izwe e-hockey uyazi ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene kule midlalo. Ekuqaleni mncintiswano senzeka uhlelo inkomishi, futhi kamuva - kumbuthano (ngezigaba owodwa noma ngaphezulu). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwase kukhona imidlalo ngendiza - ". Playoffs" Inani lamalungu iqembu zazisuka ayisishiyagalombili nesithupha.

hockey Russian

Manje ikwamukele ngokusemthethweni ukuthi umlando hockey e laseRussia laqala 22 Disemba, 1946. Ngalo lelo langa, eziningana emadolobheni iSoviet, ukufana lokuqala ubuqhawe kazwelonke. Ngo-1954, iqembu base-USSR DEBUT wanqoba ngesikhathi seNdebe yoMhlaba, ngishaya baseCanada umdlalo wokugcina. Ngo nineties kwekhulu elidlule ngenxa yokuntuleka ukuzinza abasubathi abaningi baphuma ukuze siyokhonza kwelinye izwe kuleli zwe.

Umlando Russian hockey team uyazi okuningi ukwehluleka nokufeza. Isihloko iqembu elinamandla emhlabeni unqobile ngaphezulu 1993. Nokho, isihloko esilandelayo abalandeli kwadingeka alinde iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu. Manje iqembu Russian is kufanele kubhekwe kwezinkulumo ezinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni futhi njalo ubonisa imiphumela emihle.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Ngakho ngenkathi udlala lo puck ayiveli, ibe ngaphambi komdlalo.

Abaningi kakhulu abadlali balahlekelwe okungenani oyedwa izinyo ngesikhathi ukusebenza.

Umgomo wokuqala Saba nezinhlangothi ezine ezilinganayo.

Airspeed hockey projectile ongafinyelela ezingeni 193 km / h.

Manje washers zakhiwe ephekiwe.

Bandy

Bandy Umlando sihlehlela emuva phakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule. Esikhathini incazelo enjalo yanamuhla uhlobo sport kuyinto umdlalo iqembu phezu eqhweni, lapho kudingeka unamathele lokushaya ibhola enetheni abaphikisi sika. Ngoba isebenzisa indawo elingunxande, okuyinto usayizi esiphezulu 110h65 amamitha. Fanisa siqukethe ezimbili nezikhathi nemizuzu engu-45. Ukwakheka ithimba ngalinye kufaka abadlali nanye (kuhlanganise 4 ezisele futhi 1 unozinti). Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isibalo akumiselelwa akugcini. Omunye okuthakazelisa kakhulu imithetho kule mdlalo ukuthi umdlali ngubani uhhafu abaphikisi sika yasendle ngokwayo (angafaki unozinti), thatha ibhola asifaneleki. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, lolu hlobo hockey akuyona njengoba othandwayo kuba uhlobo hockey.