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Kazak - ubani lo? History of the Cossacks

Ngo inqubo zomlando ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu ababelapho zikhathi lapho oluthile ahlukaniswe futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukudala ahlukene ungqimba kwamasiko. Kwezinye izimo, lezi zinto kwamasiko co-yayikhona ngokuthula phansi sive sabo kanye nezwe wonkana, kwabanye - wabalwela indawo alinganayo kuwo phansi kwelanga. Isibonelo iqembu elinjalo nenkani yobuhlanga kungenziwa kubhekwe njengendlela stratum emphakathini, njengoba Cossacks. Abamele emasikweni bezilokhu bezibona esikhethekile emhlabeni futhi yenkolo acute kakhulu. Kuze kube manje, ososayensi abakwazi ukuthola ukuthi lokhu ungqimba zabantu yobuhlanga Slavic isizwe ehlukile. History of the Cossacks emuva ezikude xv leminyaka, lapho amazwe aseYurophu zingene shí internecine ngezimpi izinxushunxushu dynastic.

I etymology kwegama elithi "Cossack"

Abantu abaningi yesimanje abe nomqondo jikelele ukuthi Cossack - iqhawe noma uhlobo olufanayo amasosha owayehlala isikhathi zomlando ezithile futhi wabalwela inkululeko yabo. Nokho, izincazelo zamagama ezifana esomile ngokwanele futhi neze iqiniso lelo, unikezwa namanje kanye etymology ukuthini igama elithi "Cossack". Kunemibono eminingana eziyisisekelo umsuka izwi, isib:

- Turkic ( "Cossack" - indoda khulula);

- izwi livela Kosogs;

- Turkish ( "Kaz", "Cossack" kusho "ihansi");

- izwi livela elithi "Kozara";

- theory-Mongolian;

- theory Turkestan - okungukuthi igama izizwe ayimizulane;

- ngolimi lwesiTatar "Cossack" - iqhawe ku vanguard yempi.

Kukhona neminye, ngamunye okuyinto ehluke ngokuphelele uchaza izwi, kodwa umongo okunengqondo kunazo zonke izincazelo kungathiwa. Imfundiso ezivamile ukuthi Cossack wayeyindoda mahhala, kodwa ehlome, lungile fudumeza futhi impi.

umsuka zomlando

History of the Cossacks iqala ekhulwini xv, okungukuthi 1489 - kukhulunywa okokuqala igama elithi "Cossack". Ezweni komlando Cossacks kuyinto eMpumalanga Yurophu, ikakhulukazi, endaweni okuthiwa Wild Field (Ukraine lanamuhla). Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ekhulwini xv, ngokuthi endaweni akathathi hlangothi futhi akazange afake isicelo sakhe Russian njengoba umbuso, futhi Poland. Ngokuyinhloko nsimu yayibona "Wild Field" yabekwa kuphangwa njalo YaseCrimea AmaTatar. Kancane kancane sokuxazulula phezu kwezwe abasuka Poland nangoMbuso yethonya Russian on ukuthuthukisa isigaba esisha - the Cossacks. Eqinisweni, umlando we Cossacks esikhathini lapho abantu abavamile, abalimi, futhi baqala ukuba bazohlala ezweni emkhakheni Wild, ngaleyo ndlela siqu amabutho azo ozibuse lempi, ukuze aphebeze ekuhlaseleni AmaTatar nezinye izizwe. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVI Cossack regiments yawo yaba ibutho elinamandla yezempi, futhi lokho wadala ubunzima obukhulu ukuze uthi angomakhelwane.

Ukudalwa Zaporozhye Sech

Ngokusho idatha zomlando, aziwa usuku, umzamo wokuqala yokuzibusa inhlangano Cossacks senziwe 1552 yoMntwana naseVolyn Vyshnevetsky, eyaziwa ngokuthi Bayda.

He is izimali zabo ukusungula enkanjini, le Sich, okuyinto yayisethafeni esiqhingini Khortytsya. Ayedlula zonke Cossacks ukuphila. Indawo ekahle elula njengoba Sich ligamanxa ukudlula AmaTatar eCrimea, kanye nokuba iseduze kuze kube semngceleni Poland. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo indawo yalesi siqhingi idale ubunzima obukhulu ngoba ukuhlasela Sich. Khortytsia Sich akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside, ngoba 1557 Silahle, kodwa kuze 1775 ukuqinisa la yayakhiwa uhlobo olufanayo - eziqhingini emfuleni.

Imizamo ukunqoba Cossacks

Ngo-1569 yakheke ke isimo esisha Lithuanian-Polish - Rzeczpospolita. Njengoba ungacabanga, lokhu inyunyana eside elindelwe njengoba Poland naseLithuania kwakubaluleke kakhulu, futhi Cossacks khulula ku imingcele isimo esisha isinyathelo ngokumelene izithakazelo-Commonwealth. Yiqiniso, oluqinisayo ezinjalo kuba yingxenye isihlangu kakhulu ngokumelene Tatar kuphangwa, kodwa baphindiselwa ngokuphelele akwazi ukuyilawula futhi akubhekwa ngegunya umqhele. Ngakho, ngo-1572 inkosi yakwa-Commonwealth uSigismund II Augustus ikhipha enqoleni, lokulawula basebenzele umqhele Cossacks 300. Zalotshwa ohlwini ebhukwini, okwaholela igama labo - Registered Cossacks. ukwehlukana enjalo ibilokhu Kuqashwe ngokushesha beat lwesiTatar ukuhlaselwa nokuseshwa imingcele Commonwealth, kanye ukucindezela yansukuzonke ongumlimi yokuvukela.

kokubhikisha kwango Cossack sokuzibusa zenkolo futhi kazwelonke

Kusukela 1583 kuya ku-1657, abanye abaholi sevukelombuso Cossack, ukuze bazikhulule ethonyeni Commonwealth nakwamanye amazwe eziye wazama ukunqoba umhlaba is ayakhekanga e-Ukraine.

Isifiso esinamandla kunazo zonke sokuhlanganyela ukuzimela baqala ukuvela phakathi ekilasini Cossack emva 1620, lapho hetman Sagaidachnyi kanye nazo zonke Zaporozhye ibutho bajoyine Kyïv ubuzalwane. Lezo imakwe ubunye amasiko Cossack kokholo Orthodox.

Kusukela kuleso sikhathi Cossacks impi ayethwele hhayi kuphela kokukhulula, kodwa futhi zenkolo. Ukungezwani ezikhulayo phakathi kazatstvom nasePoland kwaholela owaziwa kazwelonke-wenkululeko impi ka 1648 - 1654, ezaziholwa Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukwaba okungenani kuvukela abalulekile okungukuthi Nalivaiko kuvukela Kosinski, Sulima, Pavluk et al.

Decossackization ngesikhathi uMbuso Russian

Emva kwempi kuhlulekile wenkululeko kazwelonke ekhulwini XVII, kanye kokugqashuka Nezinkinga amandla ezempi iye kakhulu kucedze Cossacks. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Cossacks wayeshonelwe ukusekela uMbuso Russian ngemva kwathatha ohlangothini Sweden empini Poltava, lapho Cossack ibutho eliholwa Ivan Mazepa. Ngenxa yalokhu uchungechunge lwezenzakalo zomlando ekhulwini XVIII iqala onamandla inqubo Decossackization, okuyinto yayina kakhulu ngesikhathi kubusa Umbusikazi uCatherine II. Ngo 1775, i-Zaporizhzhya Sich ukuthi iqedwe. Nokho, Cossacks banikwa ngikhethe ukuya ngendlela yalo (baphila ongumlimi impilo ejwayelekile), noma ujoyine hussar, dragoon regiments kunabaningi zakala. Noma kunjalo waqhubeka uyingxenye ebalulekile kwezinhloko zamaviyo Cossack (abantu mayelana 12.000), okuyinto abalwamukelanga Isiphakamiso Empire Russian. Ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha imingcele yayo yangaphambili, kanye nganoma iyiphi indlela bagunyaze le "izinsalela Cossack", ekuthatheni isinyathelo Aleksandra Suvorova sidalwe Black Sea Cossack Army 1790.

Kuban Cossacks

Kuban Cossacks, noma Cossacks Russian, uvele 1860. Yasungulwa kusukela lempi Cossack amayunithi eziningana ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi. Ngemva nezikhathi eziningana Decossackization zalamaqembu.I lempi ziye zaba ingxenye professional amabutho Empire Russian. Kuban Cossacks zazisekelwe eNorth Caucasus (insimu ka yesimanje Krasnodar Krai). Ngesisekelo Kuban Cossacks kwakuyiBlack Sea Cossack Usokhaya futhi Caucasian Cossack ibutho, okuyinto uyekwa ngenxa ekupheleni kweMpi Caucasian. Lokhu Abezempi sidalwe njengoba ibutho umngcele ukulawula isimo eCaucasus. Impi endaweni seliphelile, kodwa kuba nokuzinza njalo kusongelwa. Cossacks Russian babé yinto sesikhashana kakhulu phakathi eCaucasus and Russian Empire. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abameleli kwezinhloko zamaviyo beye bahileleka ezinhlekeleleni ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. Kuze kube manje, ukuphila kwama Kuban Cossacks, amasiko abo kanye namasiko aye alondolozwa sibonga kwakhiwa Kuban Cossack Army Society.

Don Cossacks

Don Cossacks iyona isiko Cossack eminingi yasendulo ukuthi sekukhona ne Zaporozhye Cossacks phakathi nekhulu xv. Don Cossacks atholiwe ensimini ka Rostov, Volgograd, Lugansk futhi IDonetsk ezifundeni. Qamba amabutho emlandweni ehlangene River Don. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi Don Cossacks kusuka kwamanye amayunithi Cossack eqinisweni lokuthi bakhula hhayi njengesixuku nje Abezempi, kanye iqembu yobuhlanga, okuyinto has siqu izici zayo kwamasiko. Don Cossacks Zaporozhye ngenkuthalo babebambisene izimpi eziningi. Phakathi Okthoba Revolution Don Cossacks eyasungulwa isimo sabo siqu, kodwa yinye of insimu yalo "ukunyakaza White" okwaholela ukunqotshwa yokucindezelwa okwalandela. It kulandela ukuthi Don Cossack - ungumuntu oyilungu kumiswa ethile yomphakathi, esekelwe isici yobuhlanga. Don Cossack isiko iyagcinwa esikhathini sethu. Endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-Russian Federation iyikhaya labantu abangaba ngu-140,000 ababhala ubuzwe babo ngokuthi "Cossack".

Indima Cossacks isiko emhlabeni

Kuze kube manje, umlando, ukuphila kwama Cossacks, amasiko abo ezempi kanye namasiko akhe ufundwa ososayensi emhlabeni wonke. Ngokungangabazeki, Cossacks akuzona nje amabutho empi, futhi ehlukile uhlanga, okwaphela amakhulu eminyaka amaningana uyakhile isiko yaso eyingqayizivele. izazi-mlando zanamuhla sisebenza kabusha ukudalwa izingcezwana ezincane kunazo zonke emlandweni we Cossacks, ukuze ekhuthaza inkumbulo lokhu umthombo omkhulu ngokukhethekile isiko Eastern Europe.

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