I-apharathasi kangcono ukuphefumula ngaphansi kwamanzi. Aqualung ukuphefumula ngaphansi kwamanzi

Lolu cwaningo olujulileyo kolwandle, ujwayele Amazing izidalwa eziphilayo ezihlala ekujuleni kolwandle - konke lokhu kuze kube muva nje kwaba ezingafinyeleleki ngesintu. Kodwa kusukela ngo-apharathasi kokusungulwa ukuze scuba diving kanye bathyscaphes ukujula ezingafinyeleleki baba etholakalayo.

indaba

Abantu abanesifiso izwe ngaphansi kwamanzi kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. EMesophothamiya, Greece nakwamanye amazwe elisogwini zabo ezitholwe abatshuzi yasetshenziswa okuzingela futhi impi. Akukho lapho ifanele inkulumo wayengekho, abantu kungenzeka kanjani babambe umoya ukuze uhlale ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi eside. Lokhu yaqhubeka amakhulu eminyaka amaningi, kuze ku 1747 kwakungekho muntu abenyukela suit lokuqala ukuhamba kwamanzi. Ukubhukuda kwakungenakwenzeka, wawumkhulu kakhulu futhi ezisindayo. waphansi okunjalo ngoba ukuphefumula ngaphansi kwamanzi yasungulwa Klingertom A., umsuka German. Lalinama i cap nensimbi yokwensimbi ikhanda, eyayihlanganisa ngemibhobho emibili, senzelwe ephefumula futhi okhishwa ngamakhala. Ngu hood isananyathiselwe Indwangu manzi, okuyinto ubeke emahlombe akhe. Ngemva kovivinyo, idivayisi ukuphefumula ngaphansi kwamanzi uye kungafaneleki. Le ndoda, eyayigqoke isudi, wafikelwa eziningi ingcindezi phezu kwesifuba.

Ngemva Klingerton Ushintshe phelelisa isudi yakhe, lixutshwe, unyaka nonyaka. Okokuqala kwakunengozi efulemini yensimbi, okuyinto igqoke ekhanda nasemzimbeni futhi enamathiselwe ibhulukwe zenjoloba. Kamuva wanezela nalokhu kanye ibhaluni ezinkulu ezigcwele umoya-mpilo okuyinto egxilile kanye diver. Kulo ngendiza amashubhu kwenziwe umuntu isigqoko isudi.

diving isudi

Awugustu Siebe wathatha phezu baton ngokudalwa imishini diving. Ukuthi ayifake ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "Isudi". Metal nangesigqoko kwakuhlangene suit manzi, futhi emoyeni sidla ngokusebenzisa tube ngumuntu futha, esisogwini umkhumbi, okuyindawo behla diver. Kwaba izicathulo leaden ngoba idiphu okusheshayo nesisindo eyengeziwe, okuyinto wanikeza umuntu ukuzinza ogwini.

Eminyakeni eyalandela, suit isitatimende ilungisiwe, kodwa le ndaba yokungaziphathi air supply ukuthi ungaboshwa ezweni, wahlala efanele.

Ngo-1878, uHenry Flüsse yasungulwa apharathasi ngoba ukuphefumula ngaphansi kwamanzi nge evaliwe uhlelo umoya-mpilo. Lisebenzisa isilawuli ukuthi wadalwa futhi enelungelo lobunikazi ngomunye engu-12 ngaphambi Benoit Rukeyrolem. Flüsse lokhu okusungulile lishintsha futhi unezela ukuze ivumelane amathangi amasha ezingase ukumelana nengcindezi high.

Ukusungulwa kwe-scuba

Ngo-1943, u-Emil Ganyan noJacques Iv Kusto ukwakha kudivayisi elibukeka ajwayelekile zonke diver kanye diver. Ukusungulwa isetshenziswa kuze kube yilolu suku. Lokhu ukuntweza - apharathasi ngoba ukuphefumula ngaphansi kwamanzi.

Isisekelo indlela air valve kuthathwe Cousteau futhi apharathasi ukuqala fuel igesi kwinjini imoto. Ngemva sesimanje nokuthuthukiswa okudingekayo ukuze uqale ukuhlola inqubo kakade esigabeni sokuqala akazange ukwanelisa umsunguli. Ngezinye izikhundla ezahlukene zomzimba womuntu ngaphansi emoyeni amanzi fed Ukuboshelwa futhi, kwezinye izimo ngempela wayengekho.

Ngemva ucwaningo Cousteau Ushintshe emoyeni Umlawuli we amasilinda ukuze kwakufana nokuphefumula kungenzeka nganoma ukujula ezindaweni ezahlukene emanzini umzimba. Lokhu kwavumela ukuba kufike ekujuleni okungaphezu kwalokho elikhulu futhi ibe ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi eside.

umlawuli

Nabalawuli abahlukene ngokuvumelana uhlobo esalisekela futhi ezimbili isigaba. Bavumela ukunciphisa kokucindezelwa lomoya, elivela amasilinda ngokusebenzisa tube zokuphefumula. I ezimbili isigaba somthetho reducer kwehlisa ingcindezi ukuze 6 atm., Ingabe isinyathelo sokuqala. Okulandelayo wamaphaphu umshini ithwala emoyeni ukuze imvelo, kwenza kube lula ukuba umoya hhayi ezilimazayo empilweni.

Ukuze umsebenzi ezijulile futhi eside kunconywa ukusebenzisa nabalawuli ezimbili isigaba.

izinhlobo amadivayisi

ama-apharathasi ngoba ukuphefumula ngaphansi kwamanzi olwesimanje, futhi yasungulwa futhi bahlakulele imisebenzi ekhethekile minyaka yonke. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi indoda selingene shí ekujuleni kolwandle futhi zonke eside efuna khona.

AVM-15

Lokhu apharathasi ngoba ukuphefumula ngaphansi kwamanzi abatshuzi zinengxenye emsebenzini wokutakula ngubani. Linikeza Ochwepheshe emoyeni eziphuthumayo kanye nezinye imisebenzi. Ngokukhethekile yakhelwe apharathasi ngoba i-medium ehambisana lokushisa ongaphakeme nokungcoliswa okusezingeni eliphezulu. Isetshenziselwa ngesikhathi imisebenzi ochithekile uwoyela. Ukuze wenze lokhu, eziklanyelwe izingxenye ohambelana imishini diving. Ukucabangisisa Ngethuba Lokungenela idivayisi ezingaphezu kuka-22 kg.

AVM-5

Lokhu apharathasi ephathwayo ukuphefumula ngaphansi kwamanzi ababhukudi abehlela amamitha angu-60 ukujula. Isisindo AVM 5 lapho namakani gcwalisiwe kuze kufinyelele 22 kg. Isetshenziswa njengesici abatshuzi ezivamile ukuhlola olwandle, kanye ezihlukahlukene imisebenzi ezijulile.

AVM-12

Lokhu apharathasi, efana odlule ezimbili, inikeza diver ukuphefumula ngaphansi kwamanzi ezahlukene khulula and eziphuthumayo imisebenzi. umgudu wokuphefumula ivuliwe, ie umoya uya emanzini. Ngo AVM-12 ukwakhiwa elula kanye nokugcinwa, ungasebenza nalo endaweni enobuthi, futhi ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi. imishini engeziwe nalo enikeziwe.

diver esiyingqayizivele

Stig Severinsen has a ikhono eliyingqayizivele: ayesenesikhathi eside athuthukiswe futhi ayalolongwa kuyikhono, efana ubambe umoya wakho. Breathing ngaphansi kwamanzi kungase kudingeke imizuzu 22. Lona umlando usethe le nsizwa, njengoba sengike ngaphandle emoyeni kule nkathi yesikhathi.

Long ukuqeqeshwa nolwazi emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo baye bavumela ukuba izame umzimba wakho futhi ukufeza imiphumela enjalo. impumelelo yakhe eyenziwe Guinness Book of Records.

Ngaphambi nje kokuba ama Stig Severinsen irekhodi kakade ngaphansi kwamanzi ngaphandle komoya imizuzu engu-20 futhi angu-10. Kodwa lokhu kwakunganele, ngakho wanquma ku entsha ukuphumelela. Kule nqubo Ngihlale wabukela umfowabo-udokotela. Futhi ukuhlola esenzeka lokushisa pool, amanzi okwakukhona degrees 30.

bathyscaphe

Ngo-1930, abaqambi American udale bathysphere - a steel ibhola okungukuthi ku izindophi aqathaka umkhumbi ngesikhathi ukujula. Ilokhu uphishekela ukuthuthuka, ososayensi baye benza ukuthi ibhola ungase uhambe phansi ngamamitha angaphezu kuka-1,000. Kodwa akazange abe lobubhalo ezidingekayo futhi ukuzimela. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kwe-submersibles okusungulile baqhubeka.

Bathyscaphe - kudivayisi ukuphefumula ngaphansi kwamanzi, lapho yokuhlala 1-2 abantu. Okunjalo mini-umkhumbi kwadalwa Auguste Piccard, usosayensi Swiss, ukuhambisa ngaphansi kwamanzi futhi hlola ekujuleni kolwandle. Bathyscaphe kwakuba gumbi ngesimo ibhola kanye umthamo ethangini elikhulu. Ukusebenzisa wahlomisa ngokukhethekile izinjini imoto Yayintininiza ngaphansi kwamanzi, khona air kuyivumela ukuba bazibuse emikhunjini ebusweni.

Ukusebenzisa submersibles kungaba zehlela nezinzulu awekho ngaphansi abatshuzi abavamile, ngisho imishini yesimanje kunazo. Umbhapathizo emkhunjini omncane ngwenya ukujula ingaphezu 10, 000 amamitha. Kuyinto phezu ngwenya ibilokhu wafunda iyona ukucindezeleka ejulile Zomhlaba - Mariana.

Diving

Ezweni lanamuhla elisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe of akwazi nokuya ekujuleni okungamamitha futhi diving isibe umdlalo ethandwa. abatshuzi abanolwazi ujabulele ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuze kokubili ngesikhathi olwandle eside ngangokunokwenzeka: ubambe umoya wakho, ukuphefumula ngaphansi kwamanzi ngosizo kumadivayisi ekhethekile, isifundo zomhlaba ocean endaweni bathyscaphe.

Ukuze-scuba diving kumelwe ibhekane esikoleni esikhethekile, lapho afundisa ukuthi iphathe umshini, ufake kuwo wonke nemingcele ezidingekayo kahle ukubala imithwalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekujuleni kolwandle ukuba kancane, njengoba ummango. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-ephansi umbhapathizo emanzini, ayanda ingcindezi futhi umzimba kumele isikhathi ukujwayela. Emqansweni abukhali kwamanzi nakho kungaholela nemiphumela engathandeki.