UmthethoUkuhambisana Wokulawula

Ifomu kuthengiselana. Umqondo, izinhlobo kanye namafomu zokukhokhelwa

Concept, izinhlobo kanye namafomu zokukhokhelwa zinqunywa the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Imithetho enquma ukuthi kuthengiselana kungaba wetemlomo nobe lobhalwako. Ukubhala, zona selihlukene laba: ifomu elula phansi incwadi yalokho kuthengiselana kanye nefomu okudinga notarization.

Yini inkinga

Umqondo futhi uhlobo ukuthengiselana kuchaziwe the Civil Code of Russia. Ngu yileyo ndlela yonke imisebenzi sabantu zomthetho noma yemvelo, okwaphumela ekutholeni nesenzakalo noma ukuqedwa imisebenzi kanye amalungelo ezakhamizi, kanye ushintsho yabo. Kuleli fomu zokukhokhelwa emthethweni civil, umthetho lihlukile.

Ukuthengiselana kufanele zihlukaniswa ezenzweni zokuphatha. Uma imbangela yokuqala amalungelo athile kanye nezibopho phakathi abantu nabadubuli yabo, lona wamuva ukudala izibopho abantu ongaphansi, kungakhathaliseki kunkululeko yentando zabo.

Okwenziwayo kuyintando amalungu aso, okungase yangaphakathi, okungukuthi, umuntu oluhambisana izinhloso zangempela beqembu nangaphandle, okuyinto sivezwe kula mazwi, izenzo. Kunzima kakhulu ukuba wazi okungaphakathi kweqiniso engaphakathi ngentando yomuntu, + ngakho-ke wahlulelwa ngezenzo zalo zangaphandle. Nokho, of kude, kubaluleke kakhulu unamathele izinhloso zomuntu zangaphakathi womuntu. Uma kuboniswa ukungavumelani zabo ukubonakaliswa sangaphandle intando, isivumelwano kungenzeka ayivumelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu osekhulile ofuna ukuthengisa efulethini yakho, kodwa ngenxa yokunganaki zomthetho noma ukukhohlisa phezu ingxenye osonkontileka usayine inkontileka umnikelo. Uma inkantolo Uyoletha ubufakazi ngalokho akuhlosile kweqiniso, kuthengiselana izokhanselwa.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi igama elithi "kuthengiselana" ibonwa omubi emphakathini. Kodwa enikeza incazelo enjalo engemihle leli zwi ayihambisani ngokoqobo okuqukethwe zayo ezingokomthetho.

Ukuthengiselana phezu umbandela we ezahlukene semthethweni kusukela kahle. Phambili zokugcina ukulimaza kanye ukulimala besithathu. Nakuba izenzo ezinjalo emthethweni ahilela amalungelo nezibopho civil, kuyinto isidingo ukulungisa, awayona aphume idili. amalungelo kanye nezibopho ezinjalo uvuke Iqiniso umonakalo (tort).

Ukuze kuthenga kade esisemthethweni, akudingekile ukuthi kubhekwe ngqo ngumthetho. Into esemqoka ukuthi bebangaphikisani noma ihlukumeza enqabelo.

Ingqikithi oyinhloko ukuthengiselana - kuyintando amalungu aso, ngakho musa ukubekezelela ikhomishana ehlatshwa izakhamuzi zezwe labo.

izinhlobo ukuthengiselana

Izinhlobo kanye namafomu zokukhokhelwa zihlukile. Code Civil inikeza ukuthi amaqembu ukuthengiselana kungenzeka eziningana (engaphezu kwemibili), kungase kube ezimbili (kuthengiselana zamazwe amabili) noma, ngokuvamile, elilodwa (kuthengiselana sohlangothi olulodwa) kuphela.

Libhekene izici ezilandelayo zokukhokhelwa:

  1. Ukuthengiselana ngaso sonke isikhathi niphishekele yalokho ezithile kusukela iphuzu lomthetho umbono.
  2. Kuhambisane izenzo eqinile-willed we amaqembu.
  3. Obenziwa abantu ekwaziyo.
  4. Hlangana nazo zonke izimfuneko kwalo mthetho.

Ngokukhethekile, kuthengiselana umuntu, amalungelo nezibopho zazo akhiwa noma ukuphela. Umthetho unikeza ukuthi abantu abanjalo angakhipha amandla ommeli ephathini kuthengiselana lwesithathu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi maqondana umuntu angenza futhi ngesisekelo umthetho noma ezinye izindlela. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthengiselana maqondana abanezingane ezincane noma umnakekeli lesigceme sakhe.

Okwenziwe ngenye inhlangano

kuthengiselana unilateral uzobe obonwa ngezenzo okuyiwona ukusebenza kuyintando eyanele ngomuntu oyedwa. Ngokwesibonelo, intando enjalo noma uthathwa waiver of amalungelo ukuqedwa amandla ommeli ngaphambilini eyakhishwa. Isici zokukhokhelwa enjalo ukuthi ithambekele ezithinta amalungelo umuntu ukwenza ke. On abanye abakwazi ukuthi abeke yisiphi isibopho.

Nokho, ilungelo besithathu ukuphoqelela ukuthengiselana sohlangothi olulodwa use-, futhi ngabo la abantu bangase bangafuni ngisho bazi. Lapho kwakhiwa okufanayo tando indlalifa esizayo kungase kube ngisho engaqaphile. Isikhathi esining impela, lezi ukuthengiselana kubangele izibopho labo bophezela them, babe umkweleta ngaphansi kwazo. kuphakama lezi zibopho lapho elikhiphe inothi promissory.

Can ukuthengiselana okunjalo futhi anqamule kwezibopho besithathu. Ngokwesibonelo, uma izikweletu intethelelo.

amadili Bilateral kanye nemave

Ezinye izinhlobo yezenzo okuhloswe ngaso ekushintsheni amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo lapho ezihilela lamaqembu amabili noma ngaphezulu, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi izivumelwano. Ngo umkhuba, kungase izivumelwano ezinjalo okukhulunywa ngayo ngezindlela ezahlukene: izivumelwano, izivumelwano, nokunye. Lezi zinhlobo ukuthengiselana kukhona supply izivumelwano, umnikelo, isivumelwano kwencazelo amasheya impahla langempela, futhi nabanye abaningi.

Ezinye izinhlobo ukuthengiselana zamazwe amabili kumele ahlukaniswe kusuka sohlangothi olulodwa. Ukubhekana ingabe abavumelana ngakho ubizwa akudingekile kuphela ukuthola umphumela oyifunayo, kubalulekile ukuthi izenzo zonke izinhlangothi abangu bavumelana bodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi sesiphelo sesimiso inkontileka ka isipho, elinye iqembu ufuna ukunikela okuthile iqembu lesibili, futhi kumelwe amukele lesi sipho. Lapha, ecaleni lokuqala isinyathelo esithathiwe futhi kuvunywe enye inhlangano, ngakho-ke, umsebenzi uyoba zamazwe amabili. Uma, ukwenza isibonelo, isakhamuzi ukwenza intando, futhi ngemva kokufa kwakhe, nezinye, wabonisa kule dokhumenti, ithola ifa, esethole isitifiketi ohambelana wokulungisa izivumelwano, akusiyo isivumelwano, kodwa ukuthengiselana eziningana ezalandela ziqhubeka sohlangothi olulodwa, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umphumela (inguqulelo isakhiwo indlalifa) oluhambisana intando zombili izinhlangothi.

Nokho, i-inkontileka libhekene isenzo amabili emaceleni amalungu ayo - isiphakamiso sayo kusukela kweyokuqala, ukwamukelwa kwenkolelo-ze lokhu isiphakamiso sakamuva. Umthetho we Russian Federation izenzo ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi, ngokulandelana, sipho futhi owamukelanayo.

Izinkontileka kungenzeka selihlukene laba esiyimbangela futhi abstract. Umahluko phakathi izinhlobo ezilandelayo. ukuthengiselana esiyimbangela bathembele ngokuphelele base, lapho kwaba. Isibonelo kunjalo uma umthengi eyenza kusengaphambili esitolo ngoba ethengwayo. Uma lo mkhiqizo ngeke zilethwe acquirer ke esitolo is ayisekho inelungelo ukusetshenziswa eyenziwe izimali.

Ngo ukuthengiselana abstract, kunalokho, ubuqiniso yabo akuxhomekile isizathu. Ngokuvamile, ukuthengiselana okunjalo zihlanganisa izenzo ukudluliswa izibambiso, Ukukhishwa yabo iziqinisekiso yasebhange, izikweletu zokwenana, nokunye okunjalo.

Ukuthengiselana ngaphansi isimo

Lesi sifo, ngokuya ukuthengiselana, ungaba ezingaphezu kwesisodwa incazelo. Okokuqala, isimo kungenziwa kunqunywa amalungelo kanye nezibopho ze-amaqembu. Okwesibili, isimo - kuyiqiniso okuyinto ukuqala noma imaphi amalungelo nezibopho.

Uma okwenziwayo lwaphetha ngezithombe inkomba zezimo okufanele kwenzeke, khona-ke kuyothiwa ezivamile. Ngokwesibonelo, abahlanganyeli abavumile ukudayisa imoto uma umnikazi izoya bahlala kwelinye idolobha. Isimo kule inkontileka zizosuka noma cha ezihambayo umnikazi imoto.

Kulezi ukuthengiselana isimo kumelwe ligcwaliseke ngesikhathi esizayo, njengoba uma kwenzeka ngaphambi kuthengiselana, ngeke kuthinte isivumelwano amaqembu '.

Amaqembu ngokwabo unqume ukuthi yini izimo ifakwa. Kungaba engokwemvelo, futhi ukuziphatha besithathu, futhi izenzo abahlanganyeli. Nokho, isimo sokuthunjwa ayikwazi ukubeka yisiphi isinyathelo ezingafanelekile noma ezingekho emthethweni. Esinye isimo zingahlukaniswa noma kube kubi. Lokho kuyinto omuhle akunakubangelwa isimo elandelayo - inkontileka kulungise izakhiwo, uma ungathola izincwadi ezidingekayo ezinhlanganweni ukuhweba. Negative - inkontileka kulungise kophahla lwendlu ngesikhathi edingekayo, uma ngeke line.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthengiselana okunemibandela zihlukaniswe kakhudlwana futhi ngcono ngaphansi kombandela resolutive noma esimisiwe. Eyokuqala sisungula amandla nezibopho izinhlangothi ngesikhathi yeziboshwa zabo, futhi ngesikhathi okuvela imibandela eshiwo. Eyesibili, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubeka nemalungelo kanye netibopho abahlanganyeli ngesikhathi inkontileka, kodwa benza nje ngaphambi ukuqala izimo.

Ukuthengiselana kanye ifomu yabo

Ukuze izenzo amaqembu atholwe ukubaluleka labo elisemthethweni kanye nemiphumela wakubangela, bona kumele sola ngesimo ukuthengiselana, eyasungulwa umthetho. Uma okwenziwayo waphetha ngokusebenzisa izingxoxo, it kuzoxoxwa ngomlomo. Ukuze temlomo na zihlanganisa ukuthengiselana okunjalo, okuyinto ngokwanele ukuze ukwazi ukuthwala izenzo ezithile noma nje ukuthula. Nokho, lokhu kufanele kube ilungelo ezinikezwe ngumthetho noma isivumelwano phakathi kwezinhlangano.

umthetho Russian kuchazwe amacala lapho ifomu okulula kuthengiselana ukuze zisetshenziswe noma ummeli olungisa izivumelwano. Kodwa ukuthengiselana ngomlomo kungekho ubufakazi obunjalo oqondile. Ngakho kubhekwe ukuthi kungenzeka kuthengiselana sezizophela ngomlomo, ngaphandle yisimiso noma isivumelwano wabahlanganyeli ayinikeze lokubhalwa ngoba.

ifomu Oral kuthengiselana kuhilela ukubulawa kwabo kuthengiselana nge. Okungukuthi, uma amaqembu bavumile ukwenza ukudayiswa ezinye izinto, futhi ukudluliswa yayo futhi inkokhelo kumelwe kwenziwe kanyekanye. Uma inkokhelo yenziwa by izitolimende noma ngesikweletu, idinga bangena esivumelwaneni esibhaliwe.

Noma yiziphi izinguquko kanye nokumiswa amadili ngokuvamile kufanele kwenziwe ngendlela efanayo kahle ukwedlula ayeyikho. Nokho, kunokuningi okungakhulunywanga ngakho. Ngokwesibonelo, uma nesivumelwano sokubolekwa kuyakuba ngokubhala ngokudweba up namarisidi, ukukhishwa kwalo kungase kube ngokubhalwe phansi noma ngomlomo by irisidi ukubuya okweletayo. Kulokhu, ukubhaliswa eyengeziwe ehushule nemalungelo kanye netibopho liyadingeka.

amafomu Ibhalwe zokukhokhelwa

Kuyadingeka ukuba sihlole kabanzi amacala uma kusetshenziselwa amafomu ebhaliwe ukuthengiselana. Kumthetho wamademeshe, uhlobo kokwenziwe esabekwa sivumele isishaya-mthetho ukuba amacala ezidingekayo impikiswano kakhudlwana thembeke uqinisekise okuqukethwe okwenzayo uphinde yonke le ndawo yayikhona. Lokhu, izonikeza ukuvikeleka okungcono futhi eziqinile amaqembu.

Le ndlela yokuhweba iyadingeka ukuze izivumelwano waphetha ngokuhamba ibhizinisi, ngisho noma omunye wamalungu ayo engakathenjiswa umshado e enjalo. Kuyadingeka ukucacisa ukuhambisana lokubhalwa zokukhokhelwa isethelwe isamba. Ngaphezu kwenani elithize isivumelwano kuthengiselana kumele kubhalwe phansi anezinhlaka. Civil Code sisungula intengo inani ruble 10 000 for the izakhamuzi. Nokho, sivumele isishaya-mthetho esungulwe Ezimeni lapho leli fomu kumele sihlonishwe kungakhathaliseki.

Inkontileka kubhekwa waphetha futhi ngokufanele ababulawa, uma izingxenye ezifanele benana izincwadi, imilayezo ngocingo, nezinye izindawo zokuxhumana ngocingo. Ukuze afakazele ukuthi isivumelwano esinjalo waphetha, abahlanganyeli kudingeka ukuba wonke amadokhumenti yokuqala.

Kukhona izivumelwano, lapho uhlangothi ithumela idokhumenti ethize ngakolunye uhlangothi ne iziyalezo zendlela uqhubeke. Uhlangothi ngesikhathi esifanayo Awukwazi ukuphendula iqondiswe idokhumenti yakhe, ukuze bathathe isinyathelo ngokushesha (sigcwaliseka). Ngokwesibonelo, le mpahla kwezimpahla, noma ezinye izenzo. Ifomu ebhaliwe inkontileka Kulezo zimo zizohlonishwa. Lapha nendima eyadlalwa umyalelo oqondile olunikezwa umthetho civil.

It nanela ukuthi izivumelwano ezithile sivumele isishaya-mthetho kudinga ukuthi hhayi kuphela elula ifomu phansi incwadi yalokho kuthengiselana uye sikhishwe, kodwa futhi ukuklanywa yakhe kwetinhlobo letikhetsekile, izisayindo uphawu nokunye okunjalo.

Waba yini umphumela wesibindi non-ukuhambisana nezidingo wokwenziwe

Njengomthetho, esimweni non-ukuhambisana ngefomu ebekiwe ebhalwe yonke ngoba uchithé inkontileka akuhileli semthethweni yayo. Nokho, kukhona ukuqonda ezimbili. Ngenxa jikelele umthetho ukwephulwa yefomu ebhaliwe amaqembu kungaholela ekutheni lesi sivumelwano uzobe nilenze. Kodwa lena kuphela icala uma amaqembu cha phikisa ukuthi empeleni wayeboshiwe, kanye nemvelo yalo. Ngokwesibonelo, isakhamuzi wathatha 2 000 000 esinye, ngaphandle kokufinyelela isivumelwano iphepha, kanti eyesibili ingabuyeli imali, nakuba asideli lelo qiniso loan zenzeka, futhi isibalo sawo alikho ingxabano. Kulokhu, inkontileka kuyoba elivumelekile, futhi efanele, ukwephulwa yayo imayelana nani imiphumela onecala.

Elinye icala uma okweletayo enqaba ukuthi inkontileka lalibuye ngemvume. Umphumela ifomu non ezalotshwa ngaleso sikhathi uya yomuntu obolekisayo. Enkantolo, ngeke bakwazi ancike wobufakazi, okufakazela iqiniso imalimboleko. Kodwa anganikeza nezinye izincwadi ezilotshiwe ezingaba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kuthengiselana senziwa. Kungaba ukuxhumana, amadokhumenti ibhange lokukhokha, nokuningi.

Kodwa ngaphandle nje kokuthi umthetho ngokucacile lisho kuyinsakavukela othi ukwehluleka ukuhambisana lokubhalwa Kwakuyohlanganisani le semthethweni yesivumelwano, khona-ke kuyothathwa siyize, ngisho noma wonke amaqembu ukuqinisekisa isiphelo sako.

Ifomu namanye amazwe ukuthengiselana, izivumelwano ou hlangana kwama-abantu yemvelo kanye zomthetho Russia nozakwabo bakwamanye amazwe ube elula ebhalwe.

Ukuqinisekisa wokulungisa izivumelwano

ifomu notarial kuthengiselana isethwe ukunquma zinhlobo zayo. Ngakho, kumelwe eqinisekisiwe ngumuntu memorandamu ummeli olungisa izivumelwano yabangane. Iphinde kusebenza isimiso wokungabi semthethweni ephula fomu.

Mthetho asivumeli ukwephulwa ngokuzenza zibe lula ifomu fixed. Okusho ukuthi, uma kuyimfuneko notarization yesivumelwano, awukwazi lula ke, yokuwufinyelela ngokubhala noma ngamazwi. Nakuba yinkimbinkimbi ifomu kwamukelekile ngempela. Lokho, uma umthetho ekuphetheni ukuthenga okuthile kuvunyelwe yetemlomo yesivumelwano, amaqembu angathatha isinqumo ukukukhipha ngokubhala, ngisho notarize. Izenzo ezinjalo wabahlanganyeli ngeke abangele noma ikuphi ukonakaliswa kubo.

Kukhona nanokuthi ngenye inhlangano enzile izenzo ezithile, noma ingxenye noma ngokugcwele luqoqwe nezibopho zayo ngaphansi inkontileka, zidinga isitifiketi ngumuntu ummeli olungisa izivumelwano. Uma lo omunye party ngesikhathi esifanayo ugwema isiqiniseko ezinjalo, iziphathimandla zokwahlulela ngesicelo i izmhiaka ingaze nkontileka waphetha. Ngemva kwalokhu isinqumo senkantolo ayidingekile qinisa sokusongwa ummeli olungisa izivumelwano. Nokho, qaphela ukuthi kwesikhathi okufanele isicelo esinjalo, ungaphikisana enkantolo, ukuthi aseqeli unyaka owodwa.

ukubhaliswa State

izenzo normative zezomthetho Russian Federation, nezimfuneko ezithile ukuze ukuthenga okuthile ukuba ngaphansi kwesibopho ukubhaliswa kwabo isimo. Imiphumela wezomthetho ukuthengiselana okunjalo kuvele kuphela emva ukubhalisa emzimbeni ogunyaziwe.

Ukubhalisa kusiza ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ezibalulekile eziningana. Lokhu, njengoba kuphawuliwe, ukuthola wonke sikhala. Futhi, incwadi eyakhishwa ngokugunyazwa kubhaliswa kuzokwenza thembeke uqinisekise amalungelo ababambiqhaza, lidlule kuye ngaphansi inkontileka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubhaliswa isimo evumela abantu abanentshisekelo ukuba bajwayelane ukuthengiselana okunjalo. Yiqiniso, kufanele labo bantu amalungelo anjalo anikezwe ezingeni zomthetho. Lokhu kusebenza emagunyeni kwezimali, abomthetho, nezinye izinhlangano kanye nabantu abangaphandle.

Ungathola ezinye izici ezifanayo esikhathini notarization izinkontileka kanye nokubhaliswa zabo isimo. Nokho, bayehluka kakhulu. Ngakho, uma ummeli olungisa izivumelwano aqinisekise kuthengiselana ngqo, ukubhaliswa isimo uyakuba necala amalungelo okungenxa yi yabo. Nakuba ngomqondo ezivamile zonke sikhuluma is kokubhalisa ukuthengiselana. Futhi, uma inkontileka kudinga notarization, akusho ukuthi kuyadingeka ukuze ubhalise. Futhi okuphambene nalokho.

Omunye izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu sokubhalisa emzimbeni ogunyaziwe Uyi kuthengiselana ingcebo. Kodwa kukhona namanye amalungelo, ukuvela, ushintsho, ekunqanyulweni okumele eqoshiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuvela ilungelo kobunikazi izimoto.

Ulwazi ezicashile eziyisisekelo umthetho civil belinganisa umqondo, izinhlobo kanye namafomu zokukhokhelwa ngeke kuphela ukudweba ohlangothini lwesokunene inhloso yabo ngekukhula, kodwa futhi ukuthathelwa umshuwalense ngokumelene zikhathi ezingemnandi esingalindelekile.

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