"Imfundiso yokuziphendukela ingilazi yamanzi," Alexandra Kollontai

Kukholakala ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa ubudlelwano abayitoho ngokobulili, isithembu, ukungabi nasimilo nezinye izinhlobo zenkohlakalo sondela us kusukela West ne nenguquko yokuziphatha kobulili, gremevshego engxenyeni sixties yesibili. Kungenzeka ukuthi "Imbali izingane", wadlala indima ethile ekubumbeni nombono wanamuhla omkhaya emhlabeni wonke, kodwa musa kunganciphisa Marxism kanye namanani e inqubo. Ukubonakaliswa esicace ukuyaluza ngenxa Ukuthandana okuvulekile phakathi kwamadoda nabesifazane sekuyinto "ingilazi yamanzi theory" Aleksandry Kollontay, bemthanda intsha eko, kodwa manje ngilukhohliwe.

Isizinda

Marx kuchazwe umndeni njengendlela alondoloze namalungelo okuthola ifa kuleso sakhiwo kuluthola. Nanguya, e wobunxiwankulu ukubonakaliswa kwayo, inhlamba, futhi ngokuthi ithuluzi ukugqilazwa kwabesifazane. Ababengamthandi ubuhlobo ubukhomanisi abasekeli Ukukhululwa sibheke umshado into efanayo. theorists Progressive bezinkolo ezahlukene, ababeshumayela ukulingana jikelele, yafinyelela ekhulwini XIX lokuthi maduze welithi "umyeni" futhi "umfazi" abune away nalusizo. Ngaphansi ubukhomanisi, impahla njengoba ubalekela ezinjalo, ngakho-ke, futhi azuze ngefa lutho, kanti obaba ngeke kungadingeki nokuba ukhathazeke ngokusho kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bafana nabantwana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umndeni ukukhulisa eziwubugovu umphakathi omusha kwakudingeka uhlobo olusha abantu abangekho khulula kusuka ukubukwa yisikhathi. umsebenzi Pedagogical kufanele ayeba, kungakuhle kakhulu, efana nakho konke okunye. Owesifazane usebenza ngendlela efanayo amadoda futhi akukho Kuzongisiza akhale. Umsebenzi wokudala umuntu omusha uthola isiqondiso concretized ngokuphelele. owesifazane okusha uzozala kuye, futhi umphakathi kuzoletha. umqondo Ikhanyisiwe kokulingana kwabasebenzi ngeke ukupheka ekhaya ukudla, ukudla (hhayi ukudla), baya emakhishini commercial, lapho ngokuqinisekile bazonondla esihlwabusayo ngokugcwele kathathu ngosuku.

Lezi izisekelo ezicatshangelwayo kwadingeka "ingilazi yamanzi theory". Kodwa into ekujabulisayo ilukuluku le esontweni, ezinye izinto. Izoba "ke" ngaphansi ubukhomanisi kanjani?

izinyosi zabasebenzi

abalobi Omkhulu satirists Ilf and Petrov, ukhuluma ngani "imihlaba letinkhulu naletincane", uma kuqhathaniswa impumelelo kazwelonke amaphrojekthi omkhulu wokwakha kanye nezimboni yezwe ne fokstrotikami bekhohlisa, ukuzishaya amaFilisti obugagu nemibono ngobala-wobunxiwankulu ngokuphila. Phakathi imfanelo ukucabanga emuva, bona, kanye nezindlovu komodnymi, ngokuthi angakhishiwe ngokusobala ke izintokazi podmyshechniki kukakhokho kuqhubeke, ngokuthi "Uthando Izinyosi zabasebenzi." Nokho, ukuqhathanisa abesifazane baseSoviet lezi zinambuzane abazikhandlayo sasisuke ke kwamaBolshevik Kollontai. "A ingilazi yamanzi theory" kuhlobene welithi "umshikashika lezinyosi," okuyinto wayeke wadida yokuthola Drone efanelekayo kokuzalela - bamatasa.

Obapha lo mqondo futhi samuntu yayo

Aleksandra Mihaylovna Domontovich wazalwa Petersburg ngo-1872. Waze Nokho ekhaya, kodwa enemisebenzi athola imfundo enhle kakhulu,. Ngo 1893 yena, ngenketho yayo, abavukela intando abazali babo, washada B. Kollontay, isikhulu abampofu, kodwa eminyakeni emihlanu eyalandela lapho bemshiya kokushiya indodana. Ngaphezu kwalokho kuhlobene Biography of the ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso. Ngokwe-Umlando Kollontai owayazi Ivan Bunin, evezwe "Izinsuku Uqalekisiwe", lona wesifazane kwakudingeke bemvelo duplicitous, okuyinto sabonakala ukuthambekela ungazwakali. Lapha kuba emhlanganweni abasebenza isikhafu, futhi wagcina ngokushesha - okugeza, ibhokisi ushokoledi ukuba nezingxoxo ezijulile naye umngane.

Inoveli Alexandra ne kwamaBolshevik Dibenko lidlule ngokushesha, ngamunye abalingani akuyona uqobo exhumene isithembiso nokwethembeka.

KwamaBolshevik ababonisa ngayo amakhono emangalisayo zamanxusa, nakuba ayengafiki ngaphandle ezinye izigameko ukwazi. Yena baphepha ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu uStalin futhi wafa kahle esikhathini esingaphezu konyaka ngaphambi kokufa "uyise wesixuku sezizwe." "Imfundiso yokuziphendukela izingilazi zamanzi uphuza" kwaba edume kakhulu okufezwayo yayo, nakuba kwakunabamemezeli nabanye abaningi.

imfundiso yokuziphendukela incazelo

Manje, ngokuyisisekelo ukuhlobanisa imibono ka-Alexandra Mikhailovna ku izindaba yasemshadweni. Ngakho, "uthando izinyosi labour" akuyona kuhlobane ngokuqondile umqondo okusezingeni eliphezulu lokubizwa ngalelo gama. Umqondo "ingilazi yamanzi theory" kuyavumelana magama amabili: "wafuna - kwadingeka isiphuzo." Futhi akukho ukoma, futhi akudingekile. Ukusondelana idinga abantu ngekusasa kumele uhlangane ngaphandle zokuchitha isikhathi nemizwelo, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ngoba kungenzeka zezimboni senzo. Yiqiniso, ezifana a bakudala, lokhu kubukwa abalona, isitayela ukuthi elicwengisiswe futhi isisekelo theory nje ephelele, kodwa iphuzu mayelana. Umuntu akazange ngisho sifaniswa izilwane, futhi izinambuzane ezinamaphiko, okuyiwona main ashukumisa isici isazela yokuzalana. Lokuzaliswa inhlobo yabo ngabanye futhi kuyindaba yokukhathalelwa emphakathini ewusizo, kudingekile futhi ngisho nezisemqoka. owesifazane omusha ongenabo ubandlululo neyesigodi, kufanele ezala izingane ngale ndlela. Bonke abantu bayalingana, ngenxa yalokho, i-choice uyise inzalo esizayo akunandaba. eko Youth empeleni kancane ezahlukene kusukela namhlanje. Kuyamangaza-ke yini ukuthi "ingilazi yamanzi theory" ibe yimpumelelo enkulu?

izimbangi

Isimanga siwukuthi le ukubukwa Kollontai ku udaba ubulili akuzange kwabiwe ngabaholi eziningi KwamaBolshevik party, kuhlanganise Lenin. Umholi yesigaba sabasebenzi yena akazange aphike khona ukoma, kodwa bengakwazanga ukwanelisa zonke yamandla ayo ezitholakalayo okwamanje, isibonelo, kusukela amaxhaphozi ezingcolile, futhi ingilazi ukuyihlanza ziwumthwalo nezimfuneko ezithile. "A ingilazi yamanzi theory" kubangelwa ukuphikiswa futhi Lunacharsky, ngisho wabhala isihloko ezibucayi "Endleleni yokuphila ..." anikezelwe izindaba kwentsha. ukubukwa Kollontai sika ababhekwa kaMarx ngokugcwele, nakuba ngokuphelele ezinenzondo eziyingozi nabo awushayelana. KwamaBolshevik Okugqamile nje kukhomba ezinye umehluko phakathi inkululeko futhi abantu ekuzitikeni ngokweqile.

Abasekeli futhi nideda

Njengoba sekushiwo, ilitshe base yezenhlalakahle ukubukwa Alexandra Mikhailovna ugcwele intsha engavuthiwe. I-Komsomolskaya Pravda kwaba kancane sezimiso ukunqabela besilisa nabo e ukusondelana kunalawo uzimisele ukuyisebenzisa. Kodwa, hhayi nje phakathi amalungu asemasha iCommunist International, intsha wajabulela inkazimulo "ingilazi yamanzi theory". Mayakovsky, abakhulu yesigaba sabasebenzi imbongi Futuristic, isibonelo, wahlala kanzima. Nakuba Waqamba amafasitela UKUKHULA "silingise Bourget" weshashalazi ethatha umfazi, "kuye kunokuba yomunye," kodwa abanye kwenkululeko okwamanje kuvumelekile. Abasukanga imbongi kanye nezinye abaculi Soviet, ngokuvamile abadala.

Ukusebenzisa ithiyori yezitha amandla Soviet

Iningi labantu ayengaphansi Empire Russian yayingazimisele ukuqonda imibono ezazibonakala Klare Tsetkin no-Alexandra Kollontai njengoba okuqhubekayo futhi ekhangayo. "A ingilazi yamanzi theory" ithole, yebo, abalandeli babo, kodwa uthando lwabo kwaba ka uhlamvu zikhethe. Abasekeli "ukoma quencher" Ukuhamba "engakwesokunxele", ngokuvamile akanikwa ilungelo ukuyisebenzisa omkawo nabayeni, umFilisti kanye nokulondoloza ubumsulwa isidleke sakhe siqu umndeni. Lesi sici ngokwengqondo abantu Russian ngokuphindaphindiwe nabaphikisi bamakhosi Bolshevism, kokubalula amaKhomanisi ngisho imikhuba emibi, okuyinto abazange ifa. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye Uvarov, njengoba ilungu yobuzwe "Union of Abantu Russian", eshicilelwe isimemezelo elabhalwa kuye, kusolakala ukuthi ekhishwe Saratov Provincial Council of Yabantu Commissars, okuyinto kwathiwa komphakathi jikelele abesifazane ilungelo lokusebenzisa kubo waphakamisela. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we efanayo elasetshenziselwa inkulumo-ze emelene-lamaKhomanisi namaJalimane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II.

"A ingilazi yamanzi theory" Aleksandry Kollontay namuhla

Enkathini yangaphambi kwezincwadi Gorbachev iye yabangela okuningi uhleko isifaniselo yowesifazane Soviet, wathi akukho ocansini eSoviet Union. Yiqiniso, yena wayengasho ukuthi ukukhiqizwa ukwahlukana oqondile (kuqhathaniswa izinyosi, amoeba labantu ukwanda ngisho lula), kodwa kule nkulumo kubonakala yonke okuhlobene nezinkinga zobulili ezweni lakithi ngaleso sikhathi. Iqiniso lokuthi emfundweni yezingane (kanye nabantu abadala kakhulu) bekungelegolide ngesimo samaPuritan, akungabazeki. Nokho, abantu abaningi kulesi simo ikakhulukazi kuhambisana. "Glass yamanzi umbono" USSR aba engathandwa, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi Luhambo enganakile kubantu Orthodox kanye nezindinganiso zomkhaya livikeleke labadala ekhazimulayo.