Inkohlakalo-izici - umqondo, izibonelo. Enqabela inkohlakalo Ubuchwepheshe

Njalo nenkohlakalo-factor - ingenye izimo oluvela usabalala futhi inkohlakalo. Ngokuvamile, lezi zimo zinhlupheko zibangelwa ukungapheleli ohlelweni isimo nemithetho. Ngezansi uhlu izici ezivamile ukukhula nenkohlakalo, kanye umoya futhi isimiso ubuchwepheshe abo ekulwa nebugebengu.

nangobudlova esikhundleni kwezikhulu

Eyokuqala nenkohlakalo-izici - latitude kwamandla discretionary. Kuyini lokhu? Lokhu isici kusekelwe nemibandela ukungaqiniseki noma yokuntuleka isikhathi lezisekelo isinqumo. Ingase futhi lingachazwa ngokuthi co-khona amandla efanayo neenhlangano zomphakathi noma izikhulu ezihlukahlukene. Isiphawulo kakhulu "discretionary" kusho ngokoqobo 'wenza ngokuzikhethela kwayo. "

Ngamanye amazwi, yakheke lokhu isici isimo lapho olusemthethweni ithola inkululeko ezithile amandla esingavumelekile futhi ungenza izinqumo ngenxa izinzuzo zalo siqu (ngokuyinhloko zezimali). Ukuchaza lokhu iphethini kunezibonelo eziningi. Uma isikhathi ukuthatha isinqumo esiqondile hhayi ohlwini kwiMithethonqubo Administrative, esemthethweni ngenxa siqu imigomo sabo sobugovu uthole ngqo ithuba alibale ukwamukelwa kwalesi sinqumo. Ngakho-ke, kungaba ukunikela kwabanye "amasevisi" ukusheshisa umsebenzi walo.

Enye inkohlakalo-izici - ngamabomu becabangela okungale kwalokho enekhono lakho. Lesono can ohulumeni basekhaya noma iziphathimandla zikahulumeni.

izingxabano zomthetho

"Izimbobo" emthethweni kungaholela iqiniso lokuthi izikhulu nethuba ukugcwalisa igebe okuholela mithetho kamasipala, ngokuyisisekelo eyobasiza ukuzicebisa noma athole nanoma iyiphi enye inzuzo. ERussia, nesimo esifanayo iye yasungula ngo-90s. Khona-ke kwakhishwa umthetho onjalo ubudala Soviet kuvele ayivumelekile neziqondiso ezintsha seyemukeliwe iminyaka eminingi. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi kwakunoFakazi eziningi izingxabano zomthetho.

Lokhu nenkohlakalo-factor siqukethe yokuthi imithetho ngeke kuthathwe kunoma iyiphi inkinga kuyinto engasho lutho, kanjalo ukulungisa ngamunye endabeni ethile kokugcinwa komthetho. Kodwa-ke lokho uhlala ukwenza uma kwenzeka izingxabano? Kubo, kukhona iziqondiso, okungase axazulule kahle ezithile ngokukhethekile. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye zezici impikiswano umsebenzi zikahulumeni kungaxazululwa.

Ingabe isikhundla esemthethweni inkohlakalo-izici? Ukuze siphephe, uma umsebenzi olusemthethweni hhayi echazwe ngemininingwane egcwele kule nomthetho. Hulumende udzinga kwenta ukwakha nokugcina isimiso esinjalo lapho, kungakhathaliseki isikhundla sabo esemthethweni ukwazi kahle bazoba ngabanikazi indawo, imigqa igunya futhi umthwalo ubugebengu nenkohlakalo. Uma isikhungo izosebenza kahle futhi abantu ngothi lwabo, siyosuswa, futhi notorious isici womuntu, okuyinto ngokuvamile akhononde, echaza izizathu zaleso ukufumbathisa omkhulu.

Ubumbaxambili Izinqubo zokuphatha

Ngokuvamile ubugebengu nenkohlakalo zenzeka ngenxa lingaphelele noma ukungabi Izinqubo zokuphatha. Kulokhu singaphinda futhi ukhuluma ngani ukungapheleli umthetho. Ukuze uvimbele lokhu ingozi, uhulumeni okudingeka ukuthatha izenzo ezinjalo zomthetho, oluzohlinzekela zonke izinqubo kungenzeka zokuphatha edingekayo ukuhlangabezana umphakathi.

Amazwi kule nomthetho ngokwanele izinto zihambe kahle. Ngokusho isimiso incazelo ongaphelele Izinqubo zokuphatha, kungenzeka ukuba inselelo eziningi imithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, sikhuluma isihloko 80 soMthethosisekelo, ekhomba yokuthi umengameli ummeleli wombuso enkundleni ngamazwe. Nokho, umthetho akuyona incazelo eningiliziwe mayelana isinyathelo kuqala olusemthethweni.

Lesi sibonelo sikhombisa ukuthi ukuhumusha ngokwezwi nezwi ngenhla echazwe esiyingozi isici inkohlakalo nokungalungile. Kodwa isimo sengqondo eyiphutha futhi engenangqondo maqondana lesi simanga. Ngokuvamile ubugebengu nenkohlakalo zenzeka ngenxa yokuthi nabasezikhundleni vagueness imithetho elawula imisebenzi yabo futhi awasebenzisi izikhundla zawo ukuze azizuzise wona. Ngakho-ke, iningi imisebenzi neziphathimandla idinga ukuba incazelo enemininingwane futhi egcwele.

Auction (yokuncintisana) izinqubo

Zonke izinhlobo amathenda zomphakathi - niche omkhulu kwandzisa lwati obungemthetho. inkohlakalo Modern eRussia kusekelwe mncintiswano izindleko. Singakhuluma nganoma yini - ukwakhiwa amaphrojekthi ezinkulu ingqalasizinda, ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla ezithile izidingo isimo. Amathenda abo njalo ukuncintisana - lokhu akulona izinhlobo zenkohlakalo-izici. Asetshenziswa njengezitolo izindlela yokucebisa, uma uhlelo isimo bengaphelele futhi mpi yayo yokulwa kwezomnotho ubugebengu Lamaphoyisa esibi.

Ngokusho kohlelo zasendulo indali nemincintiswano asetshenziswa ngale ndlela. Izikhulu obhekene ithenda, kuthinte isinqumo sokugcina winner. anika iphrojekthi inkampani ezokwenza alinikele libe engcono intengo. Kulokhu, imali, yebo, ukuya ephaketheni olusemthethweni. Ngamafuphi - kuba owaqalwa a buyisela emuva.

Futhi, izikhulu ungadlala amathenda esivuna izinkampani angawelinye "yabo" abantu - izihlobo noma abangani izincwajana. Ngokuvamile nenkohlakalo eRussia kanje. Inkampani buhlobene eduze neziphathimandla, uthola iphrojekthi (isib ukwakhiwa komgwaqo) ulidayisela ngobudedengu. Ngamanye amazwi, enye idatha imali ukuqaliswa izibopho, engena ekhukhwini izikhulu, yingakho okokuqala ukuzwela umphumela. Uma kuziwa ukwakhiwa, kungenzeka ukuthi inkontileka uyosindisa izimpahla zokwakha, okuyoholela ukwehla izinga lomsebenzi. Umgwaqo omusha ngeke kube okwesikhashana, isakhiwo esisha ezizodinga ukulungiswa, nokunye. D. Lokhu, isizathu sokuba lezi imincintiswano, lapho befuna ukwenza izikhulu budedengu.

Amathenda kanye naphesheya kwezilwandle

Ngokwezibalo, ukukhomba inkohlakalo-izici kubonisa ukuthi lezi zinhlelo usebenzisa imincintiswano, sekuyisikhathi eside kwaphoqa kusukela isikhundla lokuqala okuthiwa inkohlakalo ngobala - ukudluliswa lemali ngqo bakahulumeni "ezimvilophini" ngoba ukuhlinzekwa kwemisebenzi ethile. inethiwekhi okunjalo kungase kuhilele amazinga amaningi kanye nabantu. Ngokuvamile kwandzisa lwati usebenzisa imincintiswano ukudala inkampani-by-night. bheka, wanyamalala ngemuva kokuthola oda isifunda (nabo, nemali).

Imodeli yokuncintisana cishe kwesokunxele in the scene zokugcina nokudluliswa imali amapotimende ezazigxishwe imali. izindlela ezinjalo bakudala babé eziningi amabhayisikobho. Ukusebenzisa inkampani wosuku olulodwa, inkampani-isebenza, kanye nezinye namaqhinga bakahulumeni kaningi ukhipha imali phesheya ukuze athi 'okuhlanzekile' futhi abasebenzise ngokuphepha njengoba ngobuqotho wathola. yokonakaliswa okunjalo kusekelwe indawo engasogwini lolwandle. Lawa ma-akhawunti angaphandle noma izinkampani zisiza izigebengu zivunyelwe yebiwa bese Kwebiwe isimo futhi bentela.

izithiyo zokuphatha

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucindezela nenkohlakalo-izici nabaqashi abafuna okungaphezu kwizakhamuzi ezidingekile kwamalungelo abo esisemthethweni. Izikhulu kungenzeka ukuthi abeke izithiyo asabekayo umthwalo, ukuthola wombuso aid ukuvimbela abantu noma izinhlangano, njll Isimo - .. A vires ejwayelekile ultra. Kuzo zonke izindlela we nokunonophala unjust izikhulu kuchazwe umthetho, kule akunakungatshazwa kakhulu futhi ecacile Yileso nenkohlakalo-izici. Umqondo "izithiyo zokuphatha" kucacile futhi esobala. Njengoba benze emigqeni emide, inombolo ngokweqile sezitifiketi edingekayo nokunye. D.

Zonke lezi zenzakalo izakhamuzi ezingajabulisi esibhekana nazo evundile ukuvela imikhiqizo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-ikani olusemthethweni for imali ukuhlinzeka okuzuzisayo noma isevisi, kodwa ngakolunye - ukulondoloza kokuhlupheka nzima. Yilokho ngokusho isimiso esisha futhi usebenza inkohlakalo-izici. Emthethweni akukho izibonelo ezinemininingwane, kodwa ingakhishwa emelelwa, ngokuqonda okungenani ezinye izinkonzo zomphakathi.

Ngezinye izikhathi isimo esinjalo nezempi, ngubani banelungelo lokuthola yokuhlala ku inkontileka social umsebenzi. Ukuze asukume bonke umuntu udinga ukuqoqa ngaphezu izinkomba kweshumi. Bonke benziwe kahulumeni ezahlukene nezikhulu niggle kancane kungabangela Izehlakalo okuphindaphindiwe studding imibundu ejensi ezehlukene, zezinkonzo kanye nezokuphatha beyofuna sicashunwa lesitsetfwe Irejistara amakhophi. Lapho wudaba olubucayi futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ngumsabalalisi olusemthethweni incike ukudalelwa futhi ikusasa isakhamuzi inhlalakahle, kukhona isilingo isisebenzise isikhundla sayo ukuzicebisa bona. Ngamanye amazwi, kuphela ubuqotho ethile esemthethweni ongavikela umuntu isidingo tricks.

Uzokwenza kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi isimo wenze izinyathelo eziningana eminyakeni yamuva ukuxazulula le nkinga. Ngo-2012 i-mthetho ukuthi ushintshe phakathi iziphathimandla amasevisi ahlukahlukene omphakathi. Ikakhulukazi, lokhu kwakwenqatshelwe uye wawugxilisa iziphathimandla zikahulumeni komsebenzi ukucela amanye amadokhumenti, okwenza kube lula ngawo izakhamuzi ukuthola amaphepha ayedingeka. Futhi okwamanje inkinga namanje efanele. Vumela ke - omunye imigomo ebaluleke kakhulu isimo e lanamuhla izinqubomgomo abo ekulwa nebugebengu.

Amazwi kule imibhalo

Ezinye izimpawu zenkohlakalo-izici ngezinga indeterminacy kwezilimi ulimi zomthetho asemthethweni. Ngokuvamile, le nkinga kuthinta ukubaluleka izahlulelo. Ukuze abone ezimpini ezinjalo zikhona ubuchule obukhethekile kwezilimi ngokomthetho.

Kukhona imithetho ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo mayelana nokubhalwa iziqondiso. Imibhalo kumele kubhalwe ngolimi ecacile neqondakalayo ukuba izakhamuzi ezivamile. Paper, udinga bahlanze ezivela olimini eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ovikelekile, ijagoni, emagama angaphandle, futhi elithi edidayo ukuze - .. Kuyinto izaba enkulu ngokuhlukumeza bureaucratic.

Kukhona okuthiwa inqubo engokomthetho - iqoqo imithetho, iziphi iziqondiso ezibhaliwe. Ukuziba lezi zimiso kwenza olusemthethweni umthombo iphepha zenkohlakalo. iziqondiso ngokungalungile ihlanganiswe sina kuthiye komthetho, umsebenzi kancane zikahulumeni, asuse isikhathi esiningi kwizakhamizi. Ukungqubuzana kwemisebenzi njengoba nenkohlakalo-factor - impikiswano esingase siphakame, kuhlanganise ngenxa izinga abampofu imiculu lenjalo.

Enqabela inkohlakalo Ubuchwepheshe

ERussia yesimanje, umthetho, owawuthi iziphathimandla wemfanelo labetibambile elwisana nenkohlakalo ngobuchule. Isilinganiso weza ngenxa kuciniswa WaseRussia United Nations mihlangano ekhethekile. Lokhu iqoqo imithetho okuhloswe ukuba axazulule isimo enqabela ukufumbathisa nokusebenzisa kabi izimali. Enqabela inkohlakalo Ubuchwepheshe kwadingeka kwezinhlelo gqwa kabusha nokuhlola izinyathelo zokuphatha futhi amathuluzi zomthetho. Hlola nokwanela yabo kanye nempumelelo ekulweni semfene bureaucratic.

I izimfanelo ubuchwepheshe elwisana nenkohlakalo eRussia yesimanje kusukela izifundo theory kanye nama-Centre for Strategic and Research Foundation "Indem", owawuse-2003. Ochwepheshe baye bakhipha isikhumbuzi ekhethekile. Nayo ungakwazi ukunquma ukuthi uhulumeni okhona nenkohlakalo-izici. Izibonelo imibhalo efana ncwadi, abalobi abakufundile angaphandle isipiliyoni Western.

ERussia, lawa izifundo ngqa. Babonisa ukuthi nemibandela Muva nje sibuya emakethe umnotho abasha zikahulumeni babe kakhulu wonakaliswe. Futhi awuzange kuphela ukuthi izikhulu kwawo yayiphawuleka ngokuthambekela yobugovu isifiso ukuzicebisa ngokungemthetho. Kungaba ongaziwa ukuba singaphethi ngokuthi lezi zikhulu wasebenza eRussia. Yiqiniso, bona zikhona yonke indawo, kodwa esimweni kahle, kuneendlela ukuthi nginqume yimuphi amathuba ukufumbathisa. amandla beya ku Russian Federation ukwakha isimiso esinjalo has okwamanje. Kodwa kwaba maphakathi nawo-kowezi-2000 baqala ukuvela sikhungo elwisana nenkohlakalo ubuchwepheshe, okuyinto usizo esikhathini esizayo ukwenza impi yokulwa nenkohlakalo ephumelela kakhudlwana. Imiphumela yalezo ezintsha kakade obonakalayo namuhla.

Izici elwisana nenkohlakalo Ubuchwepheshe

Enqabela inkohlakalo Ubuchwepheshe ngokuyinhloko eyenziwa at the stage of ukwamukelwa of isenzo esisha zokulawula zomthetho. Ngakho zisiza zamukele ngokumisa umthetho omusha, isimemezelo noma idokhumenti isivele ebugqilini igebe zomthetho yingozi. Examination - enye yezindlela kuvimbela inkhohlakalo belingana ukudalwa uhulumeni evulekile, zokuxhumana zomphakathi, ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi ezinhlelweni ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe zezwe, nokususwa kwezithiyo zokuphatha kubhizinisi. Kuyinto ngempumelelo kuphela ngokuhlangana ne zonke izinyathelo ezingenhla kanye nemicimbi.

Eminingi elwa luhlolo eyenziwa emizimbeni ehhovisi Russian lomshushisi, kanye Ministry of Justice. indima yabo kule nqubo ihlukile. Ngakho ihhovisi lomshushisi up ngesisekelo isiphelo sesimiso luhlolo, esakhiwa izidingo, iziphi ke edingekayo ukuze abulawe. Izinyathelo ezinjalo - isidingo zokuvimbela ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi isenzo zomthetho normative. Kulesi format idokhumenti amasheke kungathatha Luhlolo eziningana. UJesu uyobuya ehhovisi lakhe nje, ngokubona mabhuku, ngeke ukuhlangabezana zonke izidingo isimiso abo ekulwa nebugebengu.

Ukonakala ekwakhiweni kwemithetho

Eyokuqala elwisana nenkohlakalo luhlolo eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa izindlela zokuphepha ezidingekayo zokusivikela zobudlelwano nomphakathi emthonjeni okungenzeka ukonakala. Kungenzeka ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukene kanye nemisebenzi.

Ngokwesibonelo, ebhekisela iziqondiso, ingasaphathwa zamaphini - izikhonzi inqubo umthetho wokwenza. Ziyakwazi kuncike ithonya ngaphandle. isimo Indlela kuleli ephalamende Russian ngo-2002, lapho-80 amalungu 179 Federation Council kuyinto usomabhizinisi noma lobbyists bezinhlangano ezehlukene. Ngamanye amazwi, bonke imithetho ephathelene ibhizinisi, nabantu abanentshisekelo zithathwa.

Ezimweni ezithile, abamele izinkampani ezinkulu kunganikeza yakhe inzuzo enkulu emakethe, bese lokho kulimaza izimbangi. imisebenzi ezinjalo zivame kwaholela ukuvela monopolies ezimbonini. Yiqiniso, lokhu isibonelo ekwakhiweni kwemithetho inkohlakalo ezinonya neluhlolo ezihlongozwayo imithetho emelene nenkohlakalo nje enqanda lezi zenzakalo.