Umqondo umthetho yokhetho uhlelo lokhetho we Russian Federation

Namuhla, ilungelo lokuvota ingenye amalungelo ebaluleke kakhulu izakhamuzi Russian Federation waqinisekisa nguMtsetfosisekelo. Lesi sisekelo lesingiso, yelinyenti umphakathi khulula, okungase bebodwa ukuthonya isimo.

Ingqikithi yalo mkhuba

Umqondo yesimanje yomthetho yokhetho uhlelo lokhetho Russia washayelwa ngo-1994 yonke eMthethweni? "Ngakolunye iziqinisekiso eyisisekelo amalungelo sokhetho izakhamuzi Russian." Lo mbhalo osungugqamezweni. Wanquma zonke isiqondiso okwalandela yentuthuko Russian uhlelo lokhetho kuze kube manje.

Umqondo umthetho yokhetho uhlelo lokhetho sabekwa maphakathi nawo-1990. Khona-ke ukhetho lwenziwe okokuqala uhlobo olusha (State Duma we nomhlangano wesibili kanye umongameli wezwe). Yaqala operation esitebeleni ephalamende. Ngo 1995-1996. ezifundeni eziningi zaseRussia, nokhetho lokuqala jikelele izimeya, izinhloko komasipala, nababusi, nokunye. d.

Ngenxa umthetho kahulumeni babe izisekelo yangempela yeningi usekela ngodaba lokhetho - obala, emphakathini, obala yonke imisebenzi ehlobene kanye nezinqubo. Umqondo umthetho yokhetho uhlelo lokhetho eRussia kuhlanganisa uhlelo ukusebenza kwekhomishana yokhetho. Ukuthi bakwazi ukubhekana ngempumelelo nge angajwayelekile kanye eziyinkimbinkimbi imisebenzi ehambisana ne ukulungiswa futhi ubambe kokhetho lwentando yeningi futhi kunomoya wokuncintisana. ithuluzi ezinamafutha akahle amalungelo sokhetho izakhamuzi Russian Federation - Commission.

umthetho ukhetho

Ngo-1995, umsebenzi omkhulu ku ukulungiswa komthetho omusha ku ukukhethwa kwamalunga wePhalamende owawuse. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, wenza izibuyekezo eziningana, kodwa empeleni yayo ayiguquki. Kanjani kule ndawo ibukeka kanjani ilungelo lokuvota? Umqondo, izimiso kanye uhlelo aye amukelwa le ngayo embusweni Western naphezu yangaphambili umbuso zamaKhomanisi. Nakuba isimiso samaSoviet ezibonakala kwadingeka yonke iminonjana yokukhulekela intando yeningi, kodwa empeleni kwaba isikrini, esangenza yinhlangano eyodwa ngaphandle kwezinkinga ukuba aphishekele izinqubomgomo abehlela kusukela Politburo.

Umqondo omusha yomthetho yokhetho uhlelo lokhetho livikela izakhamuzi ilungelo lokwenza siqu inkululeko yabo yokuzikhethela mayelana kummeleli ephalamende. It waqinisekisa maningi, okuyinto yavela ngemva kokuwa kombuso wobushiqela LamaKhomanisi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iphalamende federal yasungulwa amaphesenti-5 isithiyo. Amaphathi abafisa ukungena State Duma kwaba ziqasha nenombolo ledzingekako amavoti ukuthi.

Sekukonke, uvele entsha ephalamende 450 amasekela. Okhethweni oluzayo ngo-2016 isigamu zamaphini izonqunywa uhlu party. Enye ingxenye zamaphini akhethwe owodwa igunya abajameli. indawo Russian yakhiwa 225 balezi zikhungo indawo. Ngakho e-Duma State ukumela hhayi kuphela iqembu kodwa futhi izithakazelo lesifunda.

komthetho womphakathi

Umqondo wanamuhla uhlelo lokhetho kanye namalungelo sokhetho WaseRussia likhona Ubukhulu ezimbili: umthetho zezombusazwe-zomthetho nalokuhlelekile. Uyini umehluko zabo? Ngomqondo esisemthethweni, umthetho Russian yokhetho - a nokuqoshwa ka kugada ngokomthetho nemibandela kumiswa nenkululeko yezombusazwe. Inani lakhe okusezingeni eliphezulu: iletha bakhululeke ubudlelwano phakathi nabantu bakuleli zwe kanye nembuso. Umthetho yokhetho usungula imingcele kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni empilweni yomphakathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le mithetho yenzelwe ukuvikela umbuso nokungena lobugebengu abantu abavamile, abangafuni ukusebenzisa amathuluzi esisemthethweni wezepolitiki.

umqondo ukhetho suffrage futhi izinhlelo sokhetho bengahambisani nohulumeni kanye wezomthetho buka, lokhu okulandelayo: lwemibhalo imisebenzi namalungelo adingekayo ukuze abahilelekile kule nqubo yokhetho ngesikhathi inhlangano yayo futhi ukuziphatha. Ngaphandle lezi zenzakalo kuyinto akunakwenzeka ukuba sicabange ekubuseni kwanamuhla kwentando yeningi. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa ngokulandelana esisemthethweni amandla kubalulekile ukuze ukuhlonza kule nomthetho inkolelo yokungafi ilungelo lokuvota futhi uhlelo lokhetho we Russian Federation. Ingabe ubheke izenzo kanye nenqubo yokhetho? Indlela kuba, ngoba ngabo namandla ngocansi lutholwa.

Ilungelo lokuvota - liphinde igatsha komthetho womphakathi. It is ngqo exhumene emisebenzini yezombangazwe. Nokho, ilungelo lokuvota kuphela kuthinta ingxenye encane yawo ehlobene nokhetho. Zikhona nezinye izici, ngokuyisisekelo elichazwa uMthethosisekelo.

Izinhlobo suffrage

Ngo isayensi zomthetho kwesokudla sehlukaniswe inhloso kanye subjective. Lesi sigaba sisebenza kuzo zonke izinhlobo zayo. Ubudlelwane phakathi subjective futhi umthetho ukhetho - lena lihlela isilinganiso phakathi kwama nohlobo nokuqukethwe zomphakathi kwesokudla zezombusazwe. Zihlobene kakhulu.

umthetho Ukhetho - lena umthombo suffrage subjective. Siqukethe eziningi imithetho yezomthetho ichaze yemfanelo nezibopho iqhaza okhethweni ngamunye izigaba zabo. kwesokudla subjective ukuvota - lokhu kukodwa kuyisizathu esifanele isakhamuzi ukuba ubambe iqhaza kule nqubo yokhetho. Ngaye, kukhona ukulinganiselwa - umbandela yobudala kanye imfuneko lobuzwe. Nakuba ilungelo lokuvota ngesiRashiya ubekade nenkathi yamaSoviet, izinqumo zazihluke kakhulu imodeli yesimanje futhi sengathi kuncane kakhulu abafana nge inqubo namuhla yokhetho.

ukuzethemba izakhamuzi '

Namuhla, umbono ohlelweni, imithombo suffrage kuchazwe kwezinkambiso zomthetho osungulwe umthetho. It ulawula zokhetho, okuyinto yena, yakha uhulumeni osemthethweni. Yingakho kule ndawo komthetho kubaluleke kakhulu Kuyaphawuleka ukuqiniseka izakhamuzi. Ngaphandle ukuqiniseka izakhamuzi zezwe ngokunemba uhlelo akukwazi ukusungulwa kanye lepolitiki yeningi. Isilinganiso imiqondo "ilungelo lokuvota", "uhlelo lokhetho" kanye neminye imibandela yomthetho lutho uma kungekho ukuqaphela zomphakathi emphakathini. amathuluzi Democratic ukusebenza kuphela emazweni lapho abantu bezwa lapho bewathola khona amandla.

Njengoba wokugoqa zase-USSR, Russia Kuvezwe futhi usiko elisha lezombusazwe, okuyinto ihlose ukunikeza izakhamuzi ithemba ezweni lonke ukubaluleka izinhloso zalo zezombusazwe. Lokhu kwenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene: ngemfundo izizukulwane abasebasha, kanye ukhetho, referenda, ezindaweni zokuvota party.

ezingokoqobo Russian

Ukuze umphakathi ukuze bakwazi ukuthatha bahlole isimo Russian, kwakufanele bonyana enze zidlule lonke enkathini yentuthuko crisis. Ukuze-ke singasho sithi ukwenqaba ifa lamakhomanisi, kanye udweshu phakathi kweNhloko Yombuso nePhalamende ngo-1993. Ngo ezingqubuzana sasisalindelwe izithakazelo esiGungu esiPhezulu amagatsha nemtsetfo yahulumende. Ekugcineni, it yaphela igazi eMoscow ozimele abadumile telehroniki amabhomu ka-White House. Kodwa kwaba ngemva kwezenzakalo Okthoba lizwe laphasisa uMthethosisekelo omusha lapho izinkambiso ezimisiwe umthetho ukhetho. Izakhamizi Unelungelo lokuveza isimo sabo sengqondo kudokhumenti wezwe oyinhloko inhlolovo jikelele, zona ngokwazo khona uphawu ebalulekile kuyaqhubeka lezombusazwe Russian Federation.

Umqondo umthetho yokhetho uhlelo lokhetho we Russian Federation lwabuthana nezinye izici ezibalulekile isimo esisha. Lesi sigaba sokuqala amandla umthwalo umiselwe amakhambi abo bakuleli zwe. Namuhla, ilungelo lokuvota futhi inqubo yokhetho i umsebenzi obalulekile. Bona ngokucace uthwebule ubunjalo amandla okuhambisa ayo nomphakathi. Kunjengoba yomthetho yokhetho kuleli zwe lungacacisa bangempela, hhayi ezamenyezelwa ubunjalo amandla. Le nkomba isimo izikhungo, izinkambiso, amagugu kanye nomuzwa wobulungisa umphakathi.

I-dual nemvelo

Kukhona izimfanelo ezimbili ezibaluleke esifingqa ilungelo lokuvota. Umqondo, izimiso kanye uhlelo zalesi simo abonisa ukuthi kukhona esisemthethweni ithuluzi ushintsho kwamandla. Ukujikeleza njalo amalungiselelo isimo bekulokhu futhi kuyoba isici elibalulekile ngentando yeningi. Nangempumelelo kuphela suffrage ezisebenza anganikeza ke njalo.

Esinye isici esibalulekile - eziningi imithombo ethandwa. Ukhetho ubuchwepheshe kanye ukuhlela kabusha yabo ayadingeka ukuze ukuqoqa izingcezu iyona kobukhosi zomphakathi kanye ukuphathisa abanye abameleli bayo akhethwe. amandla yenkampani yenethiwekhi njalo isakhamuzi. Ndawonye, izakhamuzi zingase ukwaba ubukhosi athweswe kwabo, phakathi ababamele. Ngakho okuzelwe (ke sithathelwe indawo) yezombangazwe amandla ngokomthetho womphakathi.

Suffrage (umqondo, izimiso, uhlelo, imithombo kukhona sizoxoxa ngakho esihlokweni sethu) olawula ukusetshenziswa izisetshenziswa ezibalulekile. Sekuyisikhathi ngamandla, izindlela ukusetshenziswa futhi Vesting e rainbow enkulu isikhala yomphakathi. Ubunjalo ilungelo lokuvota ngendlela ekabili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubalulekile ukuze kwenziwe evamile yesigungu akhethwe futhi izikhungo zomthetho. Ngakolunye, kumele uqobo ukuvikela isimo, isibonelo, othi salo esifanele ayitholwa ukusebenzisa izikhungo kwamandla e kwamaqembu ezinhlanga nezenkolo, ezombusazwe kanye bureaucratic ezahlukene.

ubuchwepheshe ukhetho

Ukhetho ubuchwepheshe ukudlala indima ebalulekile ekushintsheni irherho elihle letjhebiswano ngaphakathi kuhulumeni futhi ushintsho wentandoyeningi izindlela zanamuhla zokukhulekela uhulumeni. Kuyini lokhu? Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinqubo kanye nemithetho ngalo ozokwakhela kulo okuyinkambiso kahulumeni obhekene kwizakhamuzi, ngakho ngokuzenzakalela isimiso shift gqwa ngokushintshana.

I izici ezibalulekile yeningi nentuthuko indlela izikhungo ukuthi ukuqinisekisa kanye nenqubo yokhetho futhi referendums. ukubaluleka labo kungaba neze overestimated. intando yeningi Electoral - isixhumanisi main enqubeni izinguquko kuhulumeni iqembu elilodwa. Ibeka izimo zenhlalo, zomthetho nepolitiki ukuze kusizakale aphuma imodeli zokuphatha zikahulumeni ukuvula self-ebusayo, ukuncintisana kanye esekelwe yokuzikhethela izakhamuzi okunye.

Ilungelo lokuvota kanye noMthethosisekelo

Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we ebaluleke kakhulu zonke izinto eziphathelene nokhetho, uhlala WaseRussia uMthethosisekelo. Kuyinto ngenxa yezwe lakhe, kunokukhetha kweningi futhi referenda. Futhi, lokhu ephepheni usanda kwethula lento imibandela emisha kuya isichazamazwi. nombono wokuthi "nhlangano eyengamela ukhetho" ngenxa uMthethosisekelo isiRashiya.

Lokhu yinto ayisisekelo. Isakhiwo labavoti kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokuvota (iqoqo amalungelo yokhetho kanye nemisebenzi izakhamuzi), umthetho (imithombo zomthetho komthetho). La mathuluzi ziyadingeka ukuze izinguquko ezinkulu kuleli zwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umzabalazo ethile uhlelo lokhetho kanye ilungelo lokuvota ingenye nezisusa ehola womsebenzi isimo.

Siyabonga uMtsetfosisekelo sewucalile usaqhubeka unganakile inqubo-non-sobala. The Inkampani uyashiywa isimo futhi babe isihloko agcwele ubudlelwane kwezepolitiki, umhlanganyeli wangempela emikhankasweni yezombusazwe, ukuguqulwa injini futhi ukuvela izikhungo kwamandla.

Ngemva Ukwamukelwa koMthethosisekelo yezinguquko ezibalulekile eziye zenzeka. Manje zonke wezombusazwe elafika amandla, kuye ukuze kubhekwe izimo yeningi zokhetho, ikakhulukazi uma efuna ukuze uzohlala emandleni akhe siqu. Ehlukile ukuze ngokomthethosisekelo kuyoholela ukunwetshwa tikhungo tentsandvo yelinyenti. ngokomthetho eziyisisekelo yezwe kuphela kukhona isimo ukukhiqizwa kabusha esisemthethweni, ukujikeleza, ukudlulisa nokubhekhapha rearrangement yesigungu nemisebenzi zomthetho ngaphakathi amaqembu ahlukahlukene isithakazelo namabutho. Ngakho, ngaphandle uMthethosisekelo namuhla, bekuyoba umqondo kwamagama suffrage futhi uhlelo lokhetho. Isilinganiso kungashintshwa kuphela ngezindlela uvunyelwe umthetho eyinhloko yezwe.

emakhethweni wentando yeningi ziwukuphela indlela ukuqeda ekusithekeni nezinye izimpawu umphakathi wobushiqela esivela nenkathi yamaSoviet. Ngokokuqala ngqá ngemva cwaka isikhathi eside in the 90s bantu ningase nikwazi ngokukhululekile amemezele izithakazelo zabo. Prakthiza selukhombisile ukuthi sihluke kakhulu kusukela ngokoqobo enikeza umbuso wamaSoviet.

suffrage Ikusasa

Nakuba kakhulu umqondo yomthetho yokhetho uhlelo lokhetho ezweni lethu ayikashintshi iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili, ezinye izici zokukhula inqubo yokhetho uyaqhubeka ukushintsha manje. intando yeningi isiRashiya ngokulinganiswa ayemncane. Namanje ngifuna i umqondo omuhle uhlelo lokhetho kanye umthetho ukhetho. Njengoba kulindeleke enchubeni shintsho, ukuletha izinguquko zezombangazwe labameli Russian Federation senzeka esimweni of search kuqondane and kanyekanye isakhiwo esisha uhulumeni.

Ukwakhiwa zezomthetho kuhlanganiswe izici ezimbili - okunengqondo-bureaucratic futhi setepolitiki. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ekuthuthukiseni uhlelo kwamandla yomphakathi kanye imodi asekelwe kwato, lenqubekela phambili kanye nokusebenza phambili. ERussia, etholakala esigabeni zesikhashana ukuthuthukiswa, eziningi abantu namanje uthemba intando yeningi ummeleli. Ingxenye umphakathi uzama bukhoma bathinteka isimo, bengekho kokhetho.

Ukuze unqobe lo logic bokuhlukaniswa mutual nokungathembani isidingo intando yeningi Russian sekusebenza kangcono nakakhulu. Umqondo uhlelo lokhetho kanye nomthetho yokhetho Akucaci ukuthi izakhamuzi eziningi, hhayi nokuzibandakanya nokhetho, benza kubo kancane esisemthethweni, njengoba yamuva ayizona ngakho ezihlukahlukene imicabango yabantu emphakathini. Lokhu kuyinkinga iyiphi intando yeningi abasha. Ukubamba iqhaza okhethweni kuyadingeka ukuba izakhamizi isiqinisekiso labo elisha lezombangazwe ukuqashelwa ukubaluleka izixazululo zabo ngenxa yokuphila yezwe. Coming endaweni, isakhamuzi kuba isihloko uhulumeni.