Izidakamizwa - Iyini? ngezigaba zabo nangenxa yokuthi amaqembu

Yezemithi - isayensi study imiphumela kwezidakamizwa emzimbeni womuntu, izindlela lokuveza imithi emisha. Ngisho eGrisi lasendulo futhi e-India, e-emathafeni, emaphethelweni eningizimu ye-Afrika, abantu baye bazama ukuthola indlela lokulwa nezifo. Kwakungenxa umuzwa kukhathazeka, iphupho lapho abiza mzamo.

amagama kwemithi

Ukuthaka imithi - kukhona izinto noma inhlanganisela yawo asetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo noma izinyathelo njengoba izifo.

Umuthi - umuthi okuyinto vele isilungele ukusetshenziswa.

Kukhona izinhlobo ezahlukene kwemithi. Lokhu kwenziwa lula ukusetshenziswa kanye nokwenzeka indlela siqu ekwelapheni iziguli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sibonga ezihlukahlukene amafomu wokukhishwa angabakhulula izidakamizwa emzimbeni ngezindlela eziningana. Kulula ukusebenza iziguli ayequlekile, kanye abantu abamukele ukulimala kanye ukusha.

Uhlu A no-B

Zonke nemithi zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu:

- Uhlu A (ubuthi);

- Uhlu B (izindlela ezinamandla, kuhlanganise analgesics);

- imithi ayatholakala ngaphandle kadokotela.

Izidakamizwa ekilasini A no B zidinga ukunakekelwa okukhulu, ngakho ukuthola nabo inethiwekhi ekhemisi kudinga iresiphi ekhethekile. Futhi, udinga ukwazi ukuthi ukugcina imithi kanye nendlela. Njengoba kungehlisa selangeni noma ukuthenga izakhiwo ezengeziwe anobuthi. Ezinye izindlela, ezifana morphine, angaphansi nokuziphendulela esiqinile. Ngakho-ke, isitsha ngasinye kufanele ungincelisele ekupheleni shift ngezibulo entry okuhambisanayo log. Beka irekhodi ezinye imithi: antipsychotics, nemithi yokubulala izinzwa, imijovo yokugoma.

zokupheka

Recipe - ukunxusa esibhaliwe udokotela noma wemithi wemithi ngesicelo ukuthengisa izidakamizwa isiguli, okubonisa ifomu, umthamo kanye indlela kanye nokuvama isicelo. umsebenzi elingenalutho engikhiphela ngokushesha yezokwelapha, zomthetho, futhi le dokhumenti, uma izidakamizwa zinikwa nesineke njalo oyithandayo, noma ngaphandle kokukhokha.

Kukhona imithetho elawula imithetho enquma odokotela amakhono ehlukene, futhi izikhundla zabo.

Izidakamizwa - akusiyo izidakamizwa kuphela ongaqeda isifo noma izimpawu zayo, kodwa isihlungu, ngakho udokotela kufanele kahle ukhombise umthamo kadokotela at khulula.

Ukweqiwa

Ngesimo esiwubhalelwe Arabhu Numerals inani izidakamizwa nenqwaba noma ivolumu amayunithi kohlelo ledesimali. amagremu Lonke ahlukaniswe ngekhoma, isibonelo, 1.0. Uma indlela yokwakheka izidakamizwa ahlanganisa amathonsi, inani labo abaqokelwe zesi-Roman. Abanye imithi ngokweqile zifana nokuthela ibalwa amayunithi ngamazwe (IU) noma ezingamagciwane (IU).

Ukuthaka imithi - izinto kungenzeka ifomu okuqinile, uketshezi noma gaseous. Uketshezi kanye amagesi e zokupheka akhonjiswa ngemamilimitha, esimweni lapho ephefumula, udokotela ungaphawula kuphela umthamo imithi eyomile.

uyakubizwa Ekupheleni kadokotela esisayinwe udokotela nowokunyathelisa siqu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ecacisiwe ipasipoti idatha isiguli, olufana negama, zokuqala, usuku lokuzalwa. Qiniseka ukuthi babeke phansi usuku incwadi kadokotela futhi ubude bayo. Kukhona amafomu esikhethekile ngokubhala nemiyalelo ngoba zixhaswe nemithi, nezidakamizwa, hypnotics, antipsychotics nobuhlungu. uphawu yabo akuyona nje udokotela kodwa udokotela induna esibhedlela, liyasiqinisekisa ngophawu lwakhe, futhi izindawo eziphezulu round uphawu esibhedlela.

Okunqatshelwe bhala ester e sinenkonzo yokunakekela iziguli emakhaya izinzwa, fentanyl, chloroethane, ketamine nezinye ejenti soporific. Emazweni amaningi e-Latin linqume zokupheka kanye nezaluleko mayelana kokuthola kuphela Ubhalwe ngolimi Lokho kuyaqondakala esigulini. Ukuze izidakamizwa ubuthi yiqiniso kwalesi ukugunyazwa ukudayiswa kukhawulwe izinsuku ezinhlanu, utshwala yezokwelapha - eziyishumi, lonke angathengwa phakathi kwezinyanga ezimbili kusukela ngosuku kadokotela.

ngezigaba Jikelele

Isimo samanje, lapho kukhona izidakamizwa kuyingxenye engavamile, esigabeni kuyadingeka ukuze uholwe ngokwehlukana kwabo. Ngenxa yale njongo, umhlahlandlela eziningana ezivamile:

1. ukusetshenziswa zokwelapha - akha iqembu izidakamizwa asetshenziselwa ukwelapha lesi sifo.
2. isinyathelo kwemithi - umphumela ukuthi izidakamizwa ukhiqiza emzimbeni.
3. isakhiwo Chemical.
4. Isimiso Nosological. Kuyinto elifana zokwelapha, kodwa umehluko lincane nakakhulu.

Ukwahlukanisa emaqenjini

Njengoba sekuzoqala imithi, odokotela baye bazama ukuze azihlele izidakamizwa. Ukwahlukanisa njengoba ezinjena kwakuhambisana ngemizamo osokhemisi druggists, ihlanganiswe ngesisekelo iphuzu isicelo. Lalihlanganisa lezo zigaba:

1. izidakamizwa psychotropic bese uthatha isinyathelo sezinzwa uhlelo ejenti (anxiolytics, antipsychotics, sedatives, imithi yokucindezeleka nezidambisa antiepileptics, eqeda ukuvuvukala).

2. Izidakamizwa ayisukumele neuropathy isimiso sezinzwa (ganglioplegic, anticholinergics)

3. izinzwa wendawo.

4. ukwakhiwa esishintsha ithoni semithambo.

5. isisu futhi cholagogue.

6. Izidakamizwa ezithinta izinhlaka uketshezi yangaphakathi futhi umzimba.

7. Imithi Ngokweqile futhi antiseptics.

8. Anticancer izidakamizwa.

9. Kusho ekuxilongweni (udayi, nika umehluko ejenti, radionuclides).

Lokhu nokuhlukaniswa esifanayo kuyasiza odokotela abasha ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana izidakamizwa ekhona. Ukwahlukanisa emaqenjini kuyasiza intuitively ukuqonda mshini wezenzo ka izilinganiso izidakamizwa futhi khumbula.

Ukwahlukanisa isakhiwo chemical

Lesi sici ofanele kakhulu Ukwahlukaniswa ejenti isinqandakuvunda futhi imithi elwa nawo. Hlukanisa amagciwane nezidakamizwa bacteriostatic. Ukwahlukanisa isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali ihlanganisa kokubili kula maqembu. Isakhiwo amakhemikhali ketshezi ibonisa indlela kwezidakamizwa isinyathelo futhi igama layo.

1. Halides. Enkabeni yalo, abe-elementi amakhemikhali iqembu Halogen: chloro, fluoro, bromo, iodo. Ngokwesibonelo, antiformin, chloramine, pantotsid, iodoform nabanye.
2. Oxidants. Akunzima ukuqagela ukuthi indlela izenzo zaso kuhloswe kumiswa semali-mpilo khulula. Lezi zihlanganisa i-hydrogen peroxide, zinhlayiya gidroperit potassium permanganate.
3. Acid. Zisetshenziswa imithi inqwaba. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke kubo - salicylic acid kanye boric.
4. Alkali: sodium borate, bikarmint, ammonia.
5. Aldehydes. Ngesisekelo lo mshini wezenzo - ikhono ukususa amanzi ezicutshini, abenze baqinisa. Abamele - formalin Formidron, Lizoform, methenamine, urosal ETHYL utshwala.
6. Zikasawoti of izinsimbi ezisindayo: chloride mercuric mercury wamafutha, calomel, Lapis, esiliva Colloid, ithusi sulfate, patch phambili, zinc oxide unamathisele Lassara et al.
7. Phenols. Ingabe abakucasulayo futhi cauterizing umphumela. Okuvame kakhulu wabo - carbolic acid, Lysol.
8. Amadayi. Asetshenziswa izindlela zokuxilonga njengoba ecasulayo zendawo ejenti elwa namagciwane. Lezi zihlanganisa methylene blue, oluhlaza abakhaliphile fukortsin.
9. Tars futhi inhlaka, isib, Wisniewski namafutha, wamafutha Wilkinson, ichthyol, upharafini, naphthalene, Soultz. Thuthukisa wendawo kwegazi.

ukuthaka imithi okuqinile

Lezi ukwakhiwa abamele okulandelayo: amaphilisi, amaphilisi, izimpushana, amaphilisi kanye granules nezinye izidakamizwa. Ukunqunywa ifomu ukukhululwa akunzima, njengoba kungenzeka ngeso lenyama ukuthi liyini phambi kwakho.

Tablets etholakala ngokubumba isimilo powder ehlanganisa isithako nasizayo. Ngokuvamile lokhu kwenziwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi.

Dragees - itholakala izingqimba izinto asebenzayo futhi excipients, ot lukhuni emhlabeni granules.

Izimpushana babe ukusetshenziswa eziningana. Abakwazi baphuze, ufafaza nabo izilonda, hlambulula kanye nosawoti sigwaze intramuscularly noma ngemithambo yegazi. Hlukanisa izimpushana undosed umthamo okuyinto yena, kukhona elula eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Amaphilisi kukhona gelatin igobolondo eliqukethe ketshezi, luyimbudumbudu, impuphu noma imithi pasty.

Granules avame ezitholakala amalungiselelo homeopathic isimo izinhlayiya ezincane (ngaphansi kwengxenye milimitha).

amafomu ketshezi

Ngalokhu indlela elungiselela ukulungiselela tibe netisombululo, futhi novogalenovyh ukwakhiwa galenic, salves, collodion, nezinye embodiments liquid semi okuqinile.

I izixazululo kwamiswa emva ukuxuba umuthi namaphesenti kuphela, njengamanzi noma utshwala.

amalungiselelo Galenic aqukethe kuphela isitshalo ezikhishwe etholwe bafudumale.

Infusions kanye Iziphungo uzilungiselele kusukela izitshalo ezomile. Ngayinye yalezi zimpawu ezingenhla kumele iresiphi, kuhlanganise nenani kuphela okumele zisetshenziswe wemithi.

Ukumnika futhi akhiphe - okunalokho ketshezi utshwala equkethe. Zingaba kokubili ehlanzekile spirtovodnymi noma spirtoefirnymi. ukwakhiwa Novogalenovyh zihluke galenic ezivamile, ngezinga eliphezulu of ukuhlanzwa we impahla eluhlaza kanye umkhiqizo osuphelile.

kwetinhlobo letikhetsekile izidakamizwa

Isimo kukhona uketshezi oily kokuba deodorising futhi izakhiwo isinqandakuvunda. Collodion - isixazululo of cellulose nitrate kanye utshwala ether kuhlanganiswe eyodwa kuya kweziyisithupha. Kuphela ngaphandle. Cream ifa ukungaguquguquki semifluid futhi aqukethe isitshalo ezikhishwe, ixutshwe isizinda, ezifana glycerol, emakhilayoni, upharafini, njll Lemonades futhi kumasayiraphu zenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izingane kulula ukuthatha imithi. Kuyasiza akukho mzamo owengeziwe ukuze nentshisekelo nesineke abasha ngesikhatsi ukwelashwa.

izixazululo oyinyumba aqueous nanamafutha Site umjovo. Abakwazi lula njengekuve uma nje inkimbinkimbi. Lapho enquma njalo ibonisa umthamo we ketshezi kanye nomthamo owodwa isitsha, kanye nezincomo, lapho kufanele banikezwe izidakamizwa.

Umumo ezithambile

Uma isetshenziswa njengesisekelo okunamafutha noma izidakamizwa amafutha-like okungukuthi izidakamizwa esithambile. Incazelo, ngezigaba, senqubo yokukhiqiza engeza - zonke lezi imibuzo kahle ijwayelekile osokhemisi kunodokotela, udokotela futhi idinga ukwazi kuphela umthamo kanye izinkomba.

Ngakho, namafutha kufanele kube amaphesenti okungenani amabili nanhlanu sendaba ezomile. Ukuvumelana ezifanele bungatholakala ngokuxuba izimpushana nge amafutha ezilwane, emakhilayoni, zemifino amafutha, petrolatum noma polyethylene glycol. Lezi zindlela ezifanayo ziyasebenza le pastas, kodwa kudingeka babe viscous ngaphezulu. Liniments, kunalokho, kufanele kube ketshezi xaxa, futhi ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kufanele ayonyakaziswa luthuli okunethezekile is ngokulinganayo basakaza e uketshezi. Amakhandlela noma suppositories abaqinile, kodwa uma udle masinyane ancibilike futhi babe ketshezi. I nezimagqabhagqabha nazo okuqinile ekamelweni lokushisa, kodwa ancibilike bese unamathela kulo isikhumba, ukwakha sisondelene.

Ukuthaka imithi - izinto kuyinto advantageously Lokudabuka sithombo esingatshalwanga eziye zabhekana ukwelashwa kwamakhemikhali noma ngokomzimba emzimbeni wesiguli akenti inhlabamkhosi.