Izikhangibavakashi eMoscow Kremlin. Umlando ukwakhiwa, umdwebo, incazelo

Kulesi sihloko sibheka izinto esemqoka ye eMoscow Kremlin. Itholakala kwi Borovitsky egqumeni 25 amamitha ngaphezu indawo eduze ngesikhathi confluence eMfuleni Moskva ne emfuleni Neglinnaya. Borovitsky kulentsaba izinkuni elidala ezimboziwe, sibonga ngalo lethiwa. Moscow ezibiyele angabhekwa njengoba sikakhokho yenhloko-dolobha samanje yeRussia. Ngemva Izakhiwo zokuqala eMoscow atholiwe ncamashi on insimu yalo. Izinto ezibiyele futhi Red Square ezakhiwa ngezikhathi ezehlukene. Ngakho ake ngiqale indaba ngazo kusukela ekuqaleni, ngokulandelana kwezenzakalo.

Ukuze uthole prehistory ka okuvela kuyo indawo enjalo kubalulekile ukuba izwe lethu, njengoba ezibiyele (eMoscow). Ososayensi zaphetha iminonjana wokuqala womuntu Borovitsky Hill ekupheleni II ayizinkulungwane. BC. e. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XII, lapha Kwabuye kwaba khona isivumelwano, okuyinto waba ngukhokho eMoscow yesimanje. Vyatichi matasa indawo enkulu eduze Borovitsky Hill. Okungukuthi, kwabonakala nemizana ezimbili, izivikelo evikelwe indandatho.

Inkathi Rus Lasendulo

isimo sidilizwa ekuqaleni lalinabashumayeli imibuso ehlukene. Olude nezinethonya kwaba Rostov-Suzdal. Inhloko-dolobha yaso kwaba nengxenye XII leminyaka edolobheni laseVladimir yesibili. Moscow Umncele nge ubukhulu evela entshonalanga.

Ngo 1147, njengoba kushiwo Ipatiev Chronicle, Yuri Dolgoruky, iSikhulu Suzdal, wamema akhe sizana Svyatoslav, Novgorod-Seversky Prince eMoscow. Lesi senzakalo sasingeyona kukhulunywa okokuqala yenhloko-dolobha Russian e imithombo documentary, futhi lolu suku kubhekwa ekuqaleni kumiswa edolobheni.

Esikhathini XIII leminyaka, eMoscow, kanye nakwamanye amadolobha aseRussia wahlushwa ekuhlaseleni Batu. Nokho, ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, omuzi aqala ukuvuseleleka. E-Moscow, kwakukhona uhlanga lwamakhosi lokuqala izikhulu kule nkathi, eyasungulwa Daniyeli, uthunjana Aleksandra Nevskogo. Tatar-amaMongol ayikwazanga ukubhubhisa ngokuphelele isimo Russian. Umhlaba waqhubeka ebusa izikhulu isiRashiya, ethola leyo izitifiketi zidlamlilo (amalebula). ilebula okunjalo 1319 futhi eyizibulo Daniel, Yury eMoscow, ukubusa Novgorod. Futhi eMoscow ngokwawo unikelwé esandleni kuwo ukuphathwa kwakhe umfowabo.

Ivan Kalita, umfanekiso oboniswe ngezansi, ongahlabeki umxhwele, njengoba kwenza isiko amandulela, uVladimir. Wanquma ukuhlala eMoscow. Lokhu umcimbi waba nendima enkulu e isiphetho ezibiyele futhi wonke umuzi. E-Moscow ngemva kwesiphepho noPetru kuhanjiswe ku Metropolitan.

I ezibiyele waba yokuhlala wezikhulu Russian

Ezibiyele kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uye saphela nje isakhiwo zokuzivikela. Incazelo ezibiyele ayisekho angena kanjani kulo mbuso nohlaka. Waphenduka ku yokuhlala Metropolitan futhi Omkhulu Duke. Ezibiyele indawo ngaphambili uyakhile izakhiwo lokhuni kuphela. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, yaqala ukwakha isakhiwo zamatshe amhlophe. Ngakho, kwi Borovitsky egqumeni, iphuzu zayo eliphakeme, yasungulwa kweNyuka Cathedral, okuyinto liba isonto esemqoka ye ubukhulu eMoscow. Church of Ioanna Lestvichnika uvele 1329, Cathedral of Arhangela Mihaila - e 1333. Lezi zakhiwo lokuqala itshe iphinde ichaze okunye umqondo yezakhiwo eMoscow ezibiyele, ezisekhona kuze kube sesikhathini sethu. Capital ngaphansi Ivan Kalita ikhulile. Ezibiyele kuba bathinteka emaphakathi ingxenye yomuzi.

Kumele ukuthi igama "ezibiyele" yavela okokuqala emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke Ovukweni, eyabhalwa ngonyaka 1331. Kusho beqinisa ngumgogodla ezikhungweni zomsebenzi edolobheni.

Ivan Kalita ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe wabhala ekukwati kufundza nekubhala ezingokomoya. Kuyo, washiyela amatshwayo kwamandla Russia (izingubo phezu kwesikhulu, tableware eziyigugu, zegolide ibhande chain), kanye yonke indawo eMoscow namadodana akhe.

itshe elimhlophe ezibiyele

Ngo 1365 kwakhiwa sokhuni ezibiyele waphinda wahlushwa umlilo. Khona-ke Dmitry Donskoy, isikhulu abasha eMoscow, futhi bakhetha ukukwaka isakhiwo itshe entabeni Borovitsky. Winter 1367 salokhu walethwa dolobha limestone itholakala angu-30 kusuka edolobheni emzaneni Myachkovo. Laqala ukwakhiwa ngo-entwasahlobo. Ngo phakathi edolobheni laseMoscow ngenxa ayenakho inqaba elimhlophe-zamatshe, waba ngowokuqala North-Eastern Russia. Territory we ezibiyele ngesikhathi esifanayo singezelelwe ngezithukuthuku egqumeni, kanye umphetho walo. bokwakhiwa kwezindlu zayo ekupheleni kwekhulu xv aluthola izici isici dolobha yesimanje Russian futhi eMoscow aqala ukubhekwa njengabantu owalandela uVladimir futhi Kiev.

WaseConstantinople, inhloko-dolobha yoMbuso WaseByzantium, elathunjwa ngo 1453 by abaseTurkey. Ngakho-ke, indima Orthodox waqala ukufeza dolobha eMoscow. Ukuze ngilethe emzini ukuhambisana nalo isimo, Ivan Iii wabizelwa inhlokodolobha amakhosi Russian futhi abaklami Italy i-Kremlin umsebenzi wokuvuselela izakhiwo.

Kumiswa ezibiyele Ensemble

Ngaphansi kokuqondisa Aristotle Fioravanti, umakhi isiNtaliyane, esikhathini kusuka eminyakeni 1475 kuya ku 1479, entsha Assumption Cathedral, isonto main eRussia yasungulwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kwesikwele, okuphambene lombhishobhi, omunye isiNtaliyane, Aleviz entsha, wakha ithempeli-ethuneni - Cathedral of Arhangela Mihaila. Moscow isikhulu esigodlweni yakhiwa kuleli ingxenye esentshonalanga ye-Kremlin. Lalihlanganisa Igolide esijwayelekile, Embankment futhi Big Faceted Chamber.

Cathedral of the Annunciation Yakhiwa kamuva, esikhathini kusuka 1485 eminyakeni 1489. Eceleni kwakhe yayisekelwe Church of sebethule Robe. Esikhaleni, okuyinto kunomkhawulo Annunciation futhi Ekulu ababhishobhi, esigodlweni isimo itholakala. Lokhu kwaba yengcebo eyinhloko kokwesikhulu.

The Ensemble of Cathedral Square laqedwa ukwakhiwa insimbi umbhoshongo Ivana Velikogo. Laqedwa eminyakeni 1505-1508. Ivan Bell Omkhulu ukushaya kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zaqala ukwamukelwa ukujabulisa izakhamizi yenhloko-dolobha.

Zonke nethempeli Elisha babeshiywe yakhiwa kulesi sizinda ngaphambili ababe lapha ngesikhathi Dmitry Donskoy no-Ivan Kalita. Esakhiwe endaweni yabo, eMoscow ezibiyele nokuzwa Kwakungobani amagama efanayo. Zonke amathuna nezinto ezingcwele namathempeli ubudala bathunyelwa ngokucophelela siwahlole. Vladimir Assumption Cathedral washukumiseleka shrine ohlonishwayo kakhulu Russian ngesikhathi - isithonjana Our Lady of Vladimir.

ezibiyele kwemibhoshongo

Ukwakhiwa imibhoshongo ezintsha kanye izindonga kwaba touch kokuphothula emklamweni we ezibiyele Ensemble. ukuhlelwa kabusha nokuvuselelwa wabo ethatha indawo ngezigaba eziningana. Taynitskaya umbhoshongo sidalwe kuqala. Wawunodonga ethile komhlaba kuze kube seMfuleni Moskva. UMklami, ukuqedela le phrojekthi, - Anton Fryazin, isiNtaliyane. Omunye compatriot yakhe Marco Fryazin wadala Beklemishevskaya umbhoshongo, manje ebizwa ngokuthi Moskvoretskaya. Khona-ke wadala Sviblova, okwathi kwaba ophumayo imfihlo UMfula iMoscow. Ngo Sviblovo umbhoshongo ngo-1633 we sungula umshini esikhethekile ephakamisa amanzi futhi yaqanjwa kabusha ke Vodovzvodnaya.

Ngo 1488, umbhoshongo Annunciation lakhiwa. Khona-ke esakhiwe nezinye izinto eMoscow Kremlin. Kwakumelwe umbhoshongo ezimbili ongenagama futhi Borovitskaya, uPetru, Nabatnaya kanye Constantine noHelen. Spassky umbhoshongo Yakhiwa ukuze aqinise le ingxenye esempumalanga yalesi Kremlin. Manje akeve lokuhweba wakhe. Spassky umbhoshongo lethiwa yokudumisa imifanekiso emibili: uMsindisi futhi uMsindisi Smolensk.

St Nicholas yakhiwa ngesikhathi esifanayo. Phakathi kwaso uMsindisi selikhule ngisho eyodwa ukuthi kamuva eyaziwa ngokuthi iSigele. Ephakathi futhi Corner Arsenal Tower wabonakala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu xv. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona zintathu, inani eliphakeme kunawo wonke Kremlin. Ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha izindlela kuso yayakhiwe Kutafya umbhoshongo. Ngenjongo efanayo esezifakiwe eduze Armoury futhi Usigaxamabhande esisempumalanga yoMfula Neglinnaya. Ngo 1680 lalibukeka umbhoshongo lokugcina ezibiyele - turret Tsar sika.

wokubusa Ivana Groznogo isikhathi emlandweni we ezibiyele

Ngo-1547 ngesikhathi Assumption Cathedral Ivan Grozny, Grand Prince of eMoscow, ezamenyezelwa ngowokuqala eRussia autocrat. Inhloko Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia, Metropolitan Macarius uzwakalise bambeke inkosi, ngokubeka cap ekhanda Monomakh Ivana Groznogo. Ukuze anikeze ukuthembeka ngaphezulu embusweni eMoscow, kwanqunywa ukuba canonize zizincishe injabulo eziningi emlandweni, kanye umbono ukuhlobisa izindonga ezibiyele ababhishobhi imidwebo omkhulukazi.

imikhankaso yezempi, okwaphumela Astrakhan nganqoba, Kazan Khanate, waqinisa igunya isimo Russian. Ukuze kuhlonishwe kwalezi zenzakalo, kwanqunywa ukuba ukwakha Cathedral of the lokulabhela Virgin Mary, futhi namuhla eyaziwa ngokuthi i-St Vasiliya Blazhennogo. Yena Yakhiwa esikhathini kusuka 1555 by 1562 ngaphandle ezibiyele, okuyinto wagcizelela ukubaluleka ekhethekile lesi sakhiwo. Kukulo muzi lapho, eduze kweSango Spassky, kancane kancane bakha isikhungo esisha nokuphila social eMoscow - Red Square.

Phakathi neMpi Livonian, ke waphindiselwa Polotsk, idolobha Russian lasendulo. Ukuze kuhlonishwe lo mcimbi, Ivan Grozny ngaphambilini kutsi lakhiwe kabusha lithempeli we Annunciation, eyasebenza njengodonga ikhaya lakhe esontweni. 4 namasonto amancane (Izindlwana) sezakhiwe phezu zemibukiso lombhishobhi e 1563-1566, ngokulandelana.

I wokubusa kwenkosi, ngaphezu, yaphawula ukuvela oda we Kremlin. Okubizwa ngokuthi izilawuli. izakhiwo zabo yayisezintabeni endaweni Ivanovo we ezibiyele ukuze ujike ngenkathi esikhungweni sokuqondisa futhi ibhizinisi yenhloko-dolobha. UMnyango amanxusa ukuthi ibhekwa njengomlando wesonto obaluleke kakhulu kubo. Ehhovisi lakhe ibingamashumi izimpikiswano inqubomgomo angaphandle, kanye ukulawula ngokugcinwa emcimbini lenxusa.

Ezibiyele ukuguqulwa, wenza ekhulwini XVIII

Ibalazwe lokuqala eningiliziwe ezibiyele, okuyinto walondoloza namuhla, sihlehlela emuva ngonyaka 1663. On ke ungakwazi mayelana ngeso lengqondo indlela le ndawo wabheka ke.

Ezibiyele (eMoscow) ekuqa- XVII-XVIII eminyaka sabhekana nalo kulezi usadlondlobele yakhe. inhloko-dolobha yezwe washukumiseleka ngomthetho Petra Velikogo kusuka eMoscow kuya Petersburg ngo-1712. Nokho, kulokhu kweNyuka Cathedral waqhubeka isonto main eRussia. It is lapha lingcweliswe uhulumeni. Kodwa izimo ezintsha wabizela ngendlela ehlukile yokuphila, ngakho insimu Borovitsky Hill waqala kabusha. Kukhona ezikhangayo entsha ye eMoscow ezibiyele, ngokukhethekile, izigodlo, izigodlo zezindela, esikhundleni Knights lasendulo Chamber.

Ngakho, adiliza esakhiwa ekhulwini xv, iNdlu wenkantolo Tsar sika. Bona kwathathelwa indawo Baroque wezakhiwo Rastrelli wenza itshe Sasebusika ngesitayela. Kwakunesidingo futhi Tsar Bell yabalingisi ngomyalo Anny Ioannovny. Kwathatha iminyaka emibili - kusukela 1733 kuya 1735. Nokho, akazange ezimiselwe ukukhonza inhloso yazo. Ngo-1737, ngesikhathi ezibiyele zintathu umlilo likhungethwe, wokukucima ezakhiwe ngokhuni wadalula amanzi insimbi. Ngenxa eside lokushisa umehluko isinqamu alishiye kuye. Bell wasala emgodini asakazwe eminyakeni engaba yikhulu, kodwa 1836 wabekwa esisekelweni, lapho isekhona kuze kube yilolu suku.

Ukudala incazelo eMoscow ezibiyele, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi ukwakhiwa awo kungafaneleki njalo futhi okunengqondo. Ngakho, endaweni lapho iNkantolo Treasury, Igalari we Armoury yakhiwa kuleli iminyaka 1756-1764, lapho babekwa umcebo yengcebo. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva kwanqunywa ukuba kutsha ezibiyele kanye Armoury ladilizwa kanye nabanye nezakhiwo zasendulo. Ngenxa yalokhu okuyingxenye eningizimu-asempumalanga sentaba Borovitsky baba oluze, futhi ayisekho lakheke.

MF Kazakov esadlala indima ebalulekile ekushintsheni ukubonakala Kremlin. indlu Bishop kwakwakhiwe ayewengamele. Eminyakeni 1776-1787 lamiswao ngu iSigele. Isakhiwo zangena isikhala phakathi emgwaqweni kanye St Nicholas uMenzi Wezimangaliso Monastery. It kuqede Ensemble iSigele Square.

U-Alexander I ngo-1806 yakhipha isimemezelo owawuthi esikhundleni zintathu sezindela kanye Tsareborisova enkantolo kwanqunywa ukuba kwakhiwe isakhiwo Museum isitoreji zezimpahla zenani elikhulu. Egotov iphrojekthi ye sakhiwo saklanywa saba. Ukwakhiwa Museum kwenziwa kusuka 1806 kuya 1810. Esikhathini ezibiyele, ngenxa yalokhu, isakhiwo esisha, kanye endaweni encane phakathi Arsenal futhi zintathu umbhoshongo, babiza zintathu.

Ezibiyele ngemva kwempi ye-1812

Amacebo kabusha ngokwengeziwe ezibiyele waphula neMpi Patriotic. Lapho ibutho sikaNapoleon yahlasela eMoscow, idolobha bamukela imililo. eziyigugu amaningi amathambo antshontshwa. Petrovsky yashaya, Nameless 1st, Vodovzvodnaya umbhoshongo, cishe lutho kwesokunxele futhi kusukela St Nicholas.

Ukudalwa eMoscow ezibiyele, kanye nokubuyiselwa Ensemble yakhe kwaqhubeka emva kokunqoba. Kwaqhubeka abaklami wakhe Russian. Bethani izindonga ezibiyele nemibhoshongo kabusha. Eminyakeni 1838-1851 ngomyalo Nicholas mina endaweni Winter Palace lakhiwa eziyinkimbinkimbi esigodlweni. Kwaba ingxenye eMoscow Armoury, Grand ezibiyele Palace kanye efulethini. Ukwakhiwa wahola KA Ton. The Ensemble of the Palace Square ehlotshisiwe eziyinkimbinkimbi izakhiwo ezintsha.

Cathedral Square kusukela oda ukubhidliza izakhiwo kanye lisavuliwe. Kube kwenziwa ekhulwini XIX, yamathanga amabutho. Wabe usubizwa ngokuthi Dragoon umbukiso phansi. Kuleli qophelo, ngo-1989, lamiswao isikhumbuzo u-Alexander II.

Ezibiyele phakathi nenkathi yamaSoviet

Siphakamisa ukuthi uzijwayeze uhlelo YaseMoscow ezibiyele sika, eyabhalwa ngonyaka 1917.

Ngo-March 1918, e-Kremlin, uhulumeni uye kuxazululwe RSFSR. Ngo iSigele ehhovisi-efulethini isakhiwo sokuqala kukaLenin ke elalikuyo, bese uStalin. AmaHholo we ezibiyele phathelana ivaliwe emphakathini.

Ngalesi sikhathi, uye wahlupheka umonakalo ongalungiseki amasonto zezindela ezweni lonke. Ezibiyele Ensemble akaphunyuki lo ukudalelwa. Moscow ezibiyele uhlelo ishintshile kancane. Ngo-1929 Voznesensky futhi Chudov zezindela babhujiswa. Ukwakhiwa School Military selikhule endaweni yawo.

Phakathi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, eyinkimbinkimbi yezakhiwo neze abathintekayo. Lalivulwe kuhlolwa 1955. Ngo-1961 eduze amasango zintathu Bakha Isigodlo congresses.

Ezibiyele Ensemble namuhla

Namuhla, izivakashi eziningi ezivela emhlabeni wonke ziza ukuhlola izinto ezibiyele futhi Red Square. Lezi zindawo, futhi kuze kube namuhla awalulahlanga bemibuso yabo.

Ngo-1990, i-Kremlin usejoyine UNESCO. Indawo egcina amagugu esizwe etholakala lapha, wenza inqolobane "eMoscow ezibiyele", kuhlanganise Armoury, le Annunciation, kweNyuka futhi Ekulu Cathedral, Museum of Applied Art Life of Russia XVII ngekhulu, iChurch of sebethule Robe kanye Ensemble of Ivan Bell Omkhulu. Kusukela ngo-1991, i-Kremlin baba yokuhlala umongameli Russian.

By 850 iminyaka engu-th yenhloko-dolobha, okuyinto eMoscow wathi ngo-1997, ezibiyele wabuyiselwa futhi. Ngenxa yalokho lezi imisebenzi yabuyiselwa Red UMpheme Faceted Chamber, Umkhandlu Wezigele usebhekene ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo, futhi Kwakuseshwa nezinye umsebenzi. Namuhla, i-Kremlin amasonto ngesikhathi emadilini esikhulu Orthodox amasevisi saphezulu. Okwenziwe kanye izinkambo yonke eqenjini lomculo.

uhlelo eMoscow ezibiyele ihlanganisa eziningi izakhiwo ezahlukene. It has an endaweni 27.5 amahektha namuhla, futhi ubude izindonga -. 2235 M has 20 imibhoshongo, okuyinto safinyelela kwabangu-80 amamitha. Ezibiyele izindonga abe ukushuba kusuka 3.5 kuya 6.5 m. Ukuphakama wabo 5 kuya ku-15 m.

Namuhla kule ndawo Kunenkolelo umcimbi ezithakazelisayo - ekushintsheni yabalindi ngesikhathi Kremlin. Kunenkolelo at Cathedral Square njalo ngoMgqibelo at 12 emini. Isikhathi lapho ungabona kokushintsha kwabalindi ku ezibiyele --Ephreli kuya ku-October. Kuyinto elula kakhulu izivakashi.

Ezibiyele ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX uya esizicabangelayo njengezaba isikhumbuzo yezakhiwo kanye zomlando namasiko. Ngezinye nemibukiso ahlukahlukene omhlaba kanye kazwelonke ngokuvamile obala ingcebo vestry Umbhishobhi futhi yezikhali. Lesi sakamuva kakade ekhulwini XIX kwaba Museum esigodlweni. Nokho, umlando wayo waqala kudala kakhulu kunalokho. Buyela emuva 1547 yiwona ukuphathwa lokuqala wadala ngesikhathi oda Armoury. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona waqhubeka elwa arsenal. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, lo Armoury wabiza yengcebo esikhulu, futhi ajwayelekile kithi egameni ludabuka ezindaweni 1560s. Museum manje iqukethe ziphephile esiyingqayizivele zomlando, kuhlanganise Cap ka Monomakh, kanye izindwangu ubudala eziyigugu, izihlalo zobukhosi Emperors isiRashiya, izikhali nokuningi.

Ezibiyele Ukulandisa kuqhubeka njengoba umlando wombuso wethu, uphawu elithize abengumsunguli. A ngekhulu xxi namanje oyongena ikhasi wakhe siqu.