Izikweletu lwezezimali: ukuhlaziya, isakhiwo. Izikweletu - ke ...

Izikweletu - kukhona imisebenzi akha izinsiza ebhange. babalulekile kakhulu zonke ukusungulwa kwezohwebo. Okokuqala, isici nokwethenjelwa iyona ukuzinza kwezinsiza yasebhange, isakhiwo zabo kanye nosayizi. Okwesibili, lemali engenayo ithinta intengo imithombo. Okwesithathu, yemali base izindlela inquma inani ukuthengiselana esebenzayo, okuyinto alethe imali ebhange.

Umqondo yimaphi isikhungo sezezimali

Kuyini lokhu? imisebenzi Passive zidlala indima ebalulekile kazwelonke yomnotho kanye neyenhlalo yomphakathi: ukuqoqa izimali okwesikhashana khulula sabantu namabhizinisi, okuzokwenza ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomnotho zokusebenza kanye fixed capital, imali utshalomali (ukonga) e ukutshalwa kwezimali, ukuhlinzekela ayeyiboleke ngabanye. Izimali imali kanye izikweletu izibambiso kungenzeka kancane amboze ukulahleka kusuka kwamandla emali, labantu.
Bank nezikweletu zimi kanje: share premium, inzuzo, amafa, inhlokodolobha kubhaliswe. Futhi zihlanganisa amanye amaqembu. Lena - yaba inhloko-dolobha eyengeziwe bese bebeka, amafa zimali ', agcinwayo nomholo, ezifakwa yasendlini.

isakhiwo izikweletu

Manje vula ukuhlolelwa eningiliziwe Ukwahlukaniswa amafa weemali. Bank nezikweletu zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili.

Eyokuqala - isikhungo nezikweletu zezimali amabhange ayemkweleta kanye zimali (okuthiwa yokwenziwa credit zokukhokhelwa). Lapha yonke into icacile. Ngokwe nokusebenza kweBhangengodla oyibamba umboleki, futhi amaklayenti - abakweletwayo ngalesi simo.

Isigaba sesibili sihlanganisa ukuthengiselana ukwakha imithombo yabo angadingi ukukhokha imbuyiselo. Lapha elula kakhulu. Ngamanye amazwi, kuyafaneleka futhi izimali ezibolekwe.

Ukuhlaziya izikweletu weemali credit

Iyini injongo yayo? Hlaziya nezikweletu amabhange 'ukucacisa indawo yabo isakhiwo nezikhungo zomphakathi kanye nezizimele. izikweletu lwezezimali zibandakanya uqhathanisa ukusebenza wabikezela nomklamo yabo izici. Lapho ehlaziya ukuhlukanisa izimali zabo ebhange kanye waboleka "non-banking" imali. Isilinganiso kufanele ibe nkulu kweyodwa. Uma lokhu isilinganiso ingaphansi, ingozi-non-buyiselo capital iyitshalwa yilabo abatshala izimali ebhange.

Ukuphathwa isikhungo sezezimali, audit nezibalo yangaphakathi, kanye neziphathimandla zikahulumeni egunyaziwe njalo enifeza zokuqapha kanye nokuhlaziywa amabhange ubhale izinkinga ezihilelekile. Borrowed izimali kanye nenombolo yabo ukuthi yini iphesenti elilodwa noma kwenye inhlangano yezimali kuzothatha ohlelweni yasebhange wezwe. Ukuze ukuze usebenze kahle, lokhu Ingxenye kumele singeqi 10-11%.

Ukuhlaziya Ukulingana

Kuyini futhi kungani Kwenziwa? Ukuhlaziya izimali siqu kungafeza ziphazamise isici emakethe yasebhange ingahlalisekanga. Esebenzisa ukuhlaziywa njalo kwazo zonke izikweletu yebhange obungalindela ezinye izingozi. Futhi ukuthuthukisa uhlelo eminye ukunciphisa kubo.
Esikhathini ukuhlaziya esikhwameni salo ukuhlola izinkomba ezilandelayo: Dynamics, isakhiwo kanye nendlela okwakheke ngayo izikweletu, ukuqhathanisa yezimali zayo siqu amazinga sina net, futhi ushintshe isandiso yenhloko-dolobha ogunyaziwe. Ukuhlaziya okunjalo kusenza siqonde izinhlobo yokwenziwa, imininingwane yalolu isakhiwo futhi kusho imithombo obumba. Futhi kudingeka sihlaziye dolobha yalo waboleka. Lolu cwaningo izici qualitative ambalwa. Ngesisekelo lezi idatha sifinyelela iziphetho mayelana nezinguquko kule nokwakheka nezikweletu, zama ukuthola ukuthi yiziphi ukusebenza yabo ngenyanga edlule, ngonyaka, eminyakeni eminingana. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba enze isibikezelo mayelana nokutshalwa kungenzeka esikhathini esizayo futhi kube nesiqiniseko sokuthi kunokuthula ibhizinisi.

Demand esisemanzini zamanje nezikweletu yasebhange

izikweletu yamanje amelela imali ezilinganisweni ekupheleni kosuku yokuhweba akhawunti amakhasimende '. Lezi izinsalela zingase zihluke futhi ziyahlukahluka kusuka zero kuya seqiwe, njengoba isimo sezimali labantu ezahlukene kanye kushintsha njalo. Uzitshela ukuthi konke kusenjalo ngeke kabusha wonke ama-akhawunti, ke ngizoya lokususa futhi izimpahla zamanje ebhange. Eqinisweni, ingozi lesi simo incane, kusukela ukuvulwa kanye lokuvala imali kwamakhasimende oda kunezinxushunxushu. Ngakho, izikweletu zamanje - inhlanganisela lokwehlukile okungahleliwe nezizimele ekulandiseni Imininingwane.

Ukuguqulwa izimali "dlala" "eside"

Lokhu kwenziwa ngesisindo sezinti ukwesekwa Imininingwane izimali "amafushane" ngenxa esikhundleni izinsiza elingasekho empini. Kuphumele ivolumu zinsalela noma incompressible kwazo zonke izikweletu zamanje ukuthi amabhange kufanele kugcinwe kuyo imisebenzi yabo. Kuphela kuleli cala, it zingafakwa amafa unomphela ngezisetshenziswa njalo (amafa net). Yingakho-ke kubalulekile ukuba umthamo wemvula okuqhubekayo yama-akhawunti wamanje kanye nokwenyuka lwabo ngasosonke isikhathi.

Ukuheha nezikweletu zamanje

Uma kukhona umthamo ukwanda kwezimali kuma-akhawunti amakhasimende ', ngakho kwandisa izinga yokuqiniseka amabhange, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kukhona isizathu ukwandisa izinhlobo amasevisi anikezwa izakhamuzi. A indima ebalulekile udlalwa by "off-ibhalansi" ukwehlukana izikhungo zezimali kanye credit. Ukwethulwa nenqwaba amakhadi epulasitiki kanye nezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene yokukhokha kudala izimo ezinhle zokukhulisa ezingeni nezikweletu zamanje.

IBhange unaka ngokukhethekile ekukhuphuleni imali iyafuneka ngokuphelele yonke imikhakha amaklayenti (ngabanye nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho). Ngaphezu iphrojekthi "ikhadi", lwenteke ezihlukahlukene "iholo", "impesheni" nabanye. Basuke, esewonke, yakha ingxenye enkulu izikweletu zamanje. Omunye izici inhlokodolobha simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: kuba yingxenye ebalulekile izinsiza kanye ezishibhile, okuvumela ibhange ukukhiqiza abalulekile amele izimfuno wekhasi. The main "ezishibhile" ejensi isisetshenziswa kukhona nje ubhale izinkinga ezihilelekile wamanje, njengoba zisiza ukunciphisa zenzalo yokuzigcina uboleka amasevisi.

izinhlobonhlobo izikweletu

Kusukela izikweletu - liphinde isibopho wamabhizinisi (zezimali), bona akhiwa ngezithukuthuku sokubolekwayo. Kule ndaba, ukuhlukanisa phakathi izikweletu esifushane futhi eside, kuye ngokuthi inkathi loan. Uyini umehluko ukuphelela komunye nomunye?
izikweletu yamanje zihlanganisa senkokhelo imali esikhathini enyakeni owodwa (isibonelo, ibhange overdraft, credits ahlukahlukene ukuhweba).

Yesikhathi eside futhi kwenziwa ngemva kweminyaka embalwa (izikweletu eqashisa ngamafulethi, futhi izinhlobo ezahlukene loans).

Izikweletu kule-balance sheet

Izikweletu - iyingxenye ye-balance sheet. Zibonisa wonke amarisidi kwezimali ebhange. Yamanje noma yesikhathi esifushane izikweletu kule-balance sheet ichaziwe ngenhla. Abakwazi khona emjikeletweni olulodwa ukukhiqizwa. bonke nje lapha. Ngakho, yesikhathi eside nezikweletu abazenzi ngezindlela ezingaphezu kweyodwa umjikelezo ukukhiqiza. Ngokuqondene nezimpahla kanye nezikweletu kule-balance sheet Ngaso sonke isikhathi kufanele ibhalansi, futhi umehluko phakathi sum yabo - ke yilona dolobha (ukulingana) yomnikazi inkampani. Lena kuyinkomba ebaluleke kakhulu. Inani wathi Ungabonisa lonke inhlokodolobha umnikazi, uma kukhona ukuthengiswa yonke amafa, imali izoya ukusikhokha sonke isikweletu sale. Ngamanye amazwi, uma izimpahla - kuba uhlobo impahla, ubhale izinkinga ezihilelekile zezimali - capital ngezithukuthuku zazo ezakhiwe lokhu impahla.
Zonke izimpahla nezikweletu kule-balance sheet lenkampani. It is esenzelwe esibekiwe (enqunywe) kwenkathi ngayinye.