Izindlela eziyinhloko ongaziwa umsuka walo. Izinto zesimanje kwemagama

Nesilulumagama yiluphi ulimi njalo uyanda ngamayunithi entsha lucebe. Indlela eyinhloko replenishment kuyinto bheke. Le nqubo has izici zayo siqu kanye nezinhlobo. Basic izindlela kwemagama acace komunye ngolimi oluthile. It kuncike isakhiwo, izici futhi ukuhambisana titfo tenkhulumo.

Umcabango

Ngaphansi kwemagama baqonde ukubukeka izinto ezintsha lucebe usebenzisa tijobelelo, ticalo, namanye amacebo. Umuntu uyazi ukuthi kwakhiwa kwemagama ngezilimi, ukwazi ngokushesha ubuyise ulwazimagama lwabo, kanye ukufunda futhi baqonde imishwana ngaphandle kokuba ukusebenzisa isichazamazwi.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana izindlela ka kwemagama. Ezinye izazi zezilimi zisebenzisa ukuze typology nasemiqondweni kolimi synchrony, kodwa lowo obujwayelekile ukusatshalaliswa inqubo ye zenyathi morphemic futhi nemorfemny. Ukwahlukanisa futhi lincike olimini, lapho kwakhiwa kwemagama. Ithebula elingezansi sibonisa izimfanelo inqubo isiRashiya.

subtype ngamunye inezici ayo kanye nezici.

Bheke usebenzisa morpheme

indlela Morphemic libhekene iqiniso lokuthi amagama amasha ngolimi avele ngokusebenzisa amayunithi lucebe zangaleso affixes ethize. Lolu hlobo has izindlela zayo eyinhloko kwemagama:

• Isijobelelo.
• I prefixed.
• inhlanganisela ezahlukene prefixal, isijobelelo futhi Postaffixal izinhlobo.
• Ukwengezwa.
• Isifinyezo.

inketho ngamunye has abahlukene izici, izici kanye kumiswa imithetho ethile.

uhlobo Isijobelelo

Indlela enkulu bheke of isiRashiya kuyinto inqubo tijobelelo. Kulokhu, izinto ezintsha lucebe avele ngokungeza kuya phansi izwi Isijobelelo uhlobo derivational. Ngokwesibonelo, uchi ezinhlanu, Tel uchi. Suffixation ihlanganisa cishe zonke izingxenye inkulumo, kodwa esivame kakhulu kwakhiwa kwemagama amabizo, tandziso nesikhatsi tichasiso.

Le nqubo kuhambisana ukulungiswa ahlukahlukene morphemic, okuyinto zihlukaniswe sub-izinhlobo eziningana:

• Kushintshana morphemes: ngalinye - abangane (r-g).
• Akhronimi Generating morpheme: okusezingeni eliphezulu - eziphakeme.
• Nqwabelanisa morpheme amaningi: pink - pink.
• Guqula nokugqamisa: oluhlaza - oluhlaza.

Lena akuyona uhlu oluphelele izinguquko, okungaholela bheke. Tijobelelo kuthinte amanye izici morphemic. izinguquko Level kuncike izici ngolimi oluthile.

Uhlobo prefixed

Uma kwakhiwa igama elisha ngokungeza kumila aduduze abafanele, sikhuluma inqubo ticalo. Ngokungafani isijobelelo, isiqalo ngokuvamile yakha Emayunithi lamasha lucebe engxenye efanayo yokukhuluma. Ukuze isiRashiya usebenzisa indlela evamile iyona bheke sesenzo. Ngokwesibonelo: ukupheka - ukupheka - ukulungiselela; ukubhala - uphawu - uzikhiphe ohlwini njll

Naphezu sasivumela okwandile lolu hlobo, ngokuvamile prefixing isetshenziswa ngesikhathi esifanayo ne nezinye izinhlobo kwemagama. Kaningi, ke tijobelelo, postfiksatsiya nabanye.

Inhlanganisela tijobelelo, ticalo postfiksatsii

Modern kwemagama libhekene ukusetshenziswa ngesikhathi esisodwa amagama tijobelelo, ticalo, nezinye izinketho efanayo kanye inhlanganisela ezahlukene zawo. Ngo isiRashiya uhlukanisa phakathi izindlela ezilandelayo:

• Prefixal-Isijobelelo. Kumiswa izwi entsha kanyekanye ngosizo ticalo netijobelelo. Ngokwesibonelo, umgwaqo - ukhova; umngcele - kwezilwandle.
• Postaffixal. Ukuvela igama elisha ngokungeza postfix: Xia, -noma, ngoluny'usuku, nonomusa Spoken njll Ngokwesibonelo, othile - umuntu - ubani ..
• Prefixal-Postaffixal. Kulokhu, kwakheka igama elisha by sicalo postfix kanyekanye. Ngokuvamile, inketho ezinjalo kuyisici esihlupha ingxenye efanayo yokukhuluma. Ngakho, ngendlela yokuthi kungenzeka bheke tiphawulo, emabito, tento, njll Ngokwesibonelo, ucingo - shayela .; ubuthongo - ubuthongo nabanye.
• Suffixal Postaffixal. Igama livela kanye kanye nesijobelelo futhi postfix. Ngokwesibonelo, kuyize - isikhathi; isixuku - isixuku. Bheke tento - kuphela endaweni isiRashiya, esebenzisa le ndlela.
• Prefixal-Isijobelelo-Postaffixal. Lokhu okuhlukile libhekene kumiswa amagama amasha ngokusebenzisa kokubili tijobelelo, ticalo postfiksatsii. Isibonelo, ukuhlebela - nokungihleba; ukukhuluma - inkulumo.

Lezi zinhlobo kwemagama iyasebenza kakhulu hhayi kuphela ngesiRashiya, kodwa nakwezinye izilimi eziningi.

Ngaphezu

Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu ezivamile yolimi isiRashiya ukuba khona kwalokho njengendlela kwemagama. Kulokhu iyunithi entsha lucebe livela ngenxa ngokuhlanganisa amagama amabili noma ngaphezulu akhethiwe yinye. Kuye ngalokho amazwi ehlangana neya, ukuhlukanisa ngezindlela ezilandelayo eyinhloko kwemagama esebenzisa kwalokho:

• Stem-. Izinto ezintsha lucebe avele ngemva kwalokho amagama amabili noma ngaphezulu nokusetshenziswa interfiksa. Kulesi simo zokugcina esiyinhloko inhlanganisela. Ngokwesibonelo, avundiswa, njll nsuku zonke.
• Ukwengezwa amagama amabili noma ngaphezulu, libhekene khona ukulingana eningi. Ngokwesibonelo, embhedeni usofa, kukaNdunankulu nabanye.

Ukwengezwa ngenkuthalo lisetshenziswe ezilimini Russian nezinye, futhi avame obangela bheke amabizo netento.

isifinyezo

Indlela yokwakha, okuyinto umklamo amathokheni ezintsha usebenzisa splicing izingxenye Ngamanye amazwi, ngokuthi isifinyezo. Kuye indlela futhi inhlanganisela yezici esetshenziswa titfo tenkhulumo, Ulandela khona isifinyezo:

• Ekuqaleni. Kulokhu, amagama amasha ziyaphuma ngokusebenzisa imisindo ngabanye noma izincwadi. Ngakho, isifinyezo kokuqala kungase kube ezwakalayo (isib MAT, esikoleni) noma kwama-alfabhethi (isib Nlo, LPG et al.).
• Syllabary. Lolu hlobo kuhilela ukusetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ezihlukene amazwi ezahlukahlukene (isib, mnyango esitolo, kusho inyunyana yabasebenzi et al.).
• Mixed. Lolu hlobo luyinhlanganisela ingxenye yokuqala ngokwabo eyodwa amayunithi lucebe nezinye amayunithi ngokugcwele (isb, umholo, union, njll).

Isifinyezo lubalulekile ikakhulukazi Leksikhografu yesimanje, ngoba manje kukhona okwenzeka emhlabeni wonke ngokuphathelene ukuqinisekisa ukunemba esiphezulu futhi banganhlanhlatsi kolimi.

Nemorfemnye izinhlobo kwemagama

Njengoba ukwakhiwa kwamaHholo Emayunithi lamasha lucebe ngaphandle kokusebenzisa morpheme ke kukhona ngezindlela ezilandelayo eyinhloko kwemagama yilezi:

• Lucebe futhi syntactic.
• Morphological kanye syntactic.
• Lucebe-semantic.

Ezimweni ezinjalo, amagama amasha avele ngenxa ukwedlulela eyodwa tenkhulumo kwenye, noma Fusion ukukhishwa kwengalo okushiwo lucebe ukuthini amagama izingxenye ngabanye.

indlela lucebe futhi syntactic

Lolu khetho okubhekiselwa kuzo nangokuthi coalescence, ngoba amagama amasha kuleli cala akhiwa Fusion umusho ethile. Lokhu kuholela kulokho siyashintsha hhayi kuphela incazelo lucebe bezwi, kodwa futhi indima yayo syntactic. Ngokwesibonelo, siluhlaza - siluhlaza: uyahlanya owehla - uyahlanya et al.

Ngokuvamile engaphansi iyunithi lucebe uba isandiso, futhi ngokuvamile kakhulu kuyinto Fusion izwi kumiswa iziphawulo participles. Synonyms zalamaqembu.I lucebe zihlukile banesibopho nokugqamisa nokulandelanisa okuqinile zonke izingxenye zawo.

indlela morphological kanye syntactic

Lokhu okuhlukile libhekene kumiswa amagama amasha ngokushintsha eyodwa tenkhulumo kwenye. I subtypes elandelayo le ndlela:

• Substantivation. Inguquko ngezinyawo besuka kwenye ingxenye inkulumo ibe ibizo. Ngokwesibonelo, oyisazi esihamba phambili futhi zaziziningi umbukiso, othanda ukulwa alimele futhi buthule nabanye kwabonayo.
• Adjectivization. Ukuhambisa titfo tenkhulumo isiphawulo. Ngokwesibonelo, umculi imfundamakhwela, njll ithebula obudaywe.
• Adverbializatsiya. Ukuhambisa libito e isandiso. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-ekuseni ebusika - ekuseni ukuza.

Kukhona futhi ezinye izinketho ze-indlela morphological kanye syntactic. ulimi ngalunye sinezici siqu, ongakhetha kwedivayisi kanye netimphawu ehlukile.

indlela lucebe-semantic

Kulokhu, izinto ezintsha lucebe ukuvela ngemuva izwi letsite ezidabula base inani layo, futhi uthola extra. Ngokwesibonelo, i-satellite - kokubili ukuba abe ngumsizi wakhe kanye nendikimba ethile esemkhathini; titanium - umdondoshiya wasenganekwaneni nensimbi nabanye abaningi. Ngakho, ukwakheka silulumagama ulimi kuyehluka ngenxa ukushintshashintsha engasho lutho izwi.

Ukuze bheke ngokufanayo kudingeka izimo ezithile futhi ukufana izenzakalo ezimbili noma izinto. Lokhu ngokuvamile kudingeka ngempela isikhathi esiningi.

Kwakhiwa kwemagama ngesiNgisi

Ukwakhiwa entsha amazwi ngolimi lwesiNgisi wenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngokwesiko, izazi zezilimi ukuhlukanisa Compounding futhi bheke njengoba kumiswa izwi ngesiNgisi. Ithebula elingezansi esibonisa lokhu:

Ngokuqondene Compounding ke le ndlela kuyisici sobuntu isiRashiya. Ngokufanayo, ngolimi lwesiNgisi akhiwa cishe kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yokukhuluma. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusabisa, intombi, amnyama-blue, umuntu et al. Bheke libhekene kumiswa ezinye amayunithi lucebe. Lokhu ungakwenza ngokuxoxa ukuguqulela omunye tenkhulumo kwenye (impendulo - ukuphendula), izinguquko esikhaleni ukucindezeleka (ingxabano - ezingxabanweni), alternation imisindo (izeluleko - ukweluleka) noma affixation usebenzisa ticalo netijobelelo. Inhlanganisela ushintsho - ke kuyisisekelo, okuyinto has ukwakheka izwi ngesiNgisi. Ithebula ekubonisa.

Indlela eyinhloko ukuba andise amagama - a bheke, esesikhundleni zokungcebeleka zayo kanye izici kuncike titfo tenkhulumo. Inqubo kumiswa Emayunithi lamasha lucebe Akupheli futhi inezici ayo ehlukile ngezilimi ezahlukene.