Izindlela microbiological sokufunda amanzi, inhlabathi kanye nomoya

Micro-eziphilayo - amancane, izidalwa ikakhulukazi owumphumela, okuyizinto abantu abaningi sebekholelwa nemvelo. Atholakala zonke abezindaba (emoyeni, inhlabathi, amanzi) kubantu nasezilwaneni, ezitshalweni.

ukwehluka qualitative kanye nenani eziphilayo ngokuyinhloko ixhomeke ekutheni compounds yokudla okunempilo. Kodwa kubalulekile nokuba umswakama, izinga lokushisa, aeration nezenzo kwelanga nezinye izinto.

природных сред позволяют выявить наличие патогенных микроорганизмов, определить их количество и, в соответствии с полученными результатами, выработать меры по устранению или предупреждению инфекционных заболеваний. Izindlela ze-sanitary izifundo microbiological abezindaba zemvelo angathola khona kwamagciwane futhi ukunquma lemali yabo ngokuhambisana imiphumela eyatholakala, ukuthuthukisa izinyathelo ukususa noma ukuvimbela izifo ezithathelwanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-akhawunti ambalwa luyadingeka ecosystem yokwakheka nokulandelana ukuthuthukiswa zezinqubo ezingokwemvelo zokubusa. . Ake sicabangele eminye iziphi izindlela luhlolo microbiological.

inhlabathi

Kuthathwa ngokusobala izazi kangangokuthi omunye wemizila ebekwe okungenzeka ukudluliswa pathologies ezithathelwanayo. Nge uketshezi nesineke evela kumuntu noma esilwaneni enhlabathini eyenza umuntu acabange eseZwini Amagciwane. Ezinye zazo, ikakhulukazi, spore, ungakwazi iqhubeka enhlabathini isikhathi eside (ngezinye izikhathi kuze kuphele amashumi eminyaka). позволяют определить "микробное число" (кол-во микроорганизмов в грамме грунта), а также коли-индекс (количество кишечных палочек). Umhlabathi ukuwa Amagciwane ezinjalo izifo eziyingozi ezifana ngqi, umbendeni, botulism, kanjalonjalo. Izindlela cwaningo sanitary-microbiological enhlabathini zikuvumela ukuchaza "ukubala microbial" (inombolo nezilwanyana ezincane emhlabathini we igremu), kanye Inkomba coli (inani E. coli) .

Inhlabathi ukuhlaziywa Sibutsetelo

следует в первую очередь отнести прямое микроскопирование и посев на плотную питательную среду. Izindlela luhlolo microbiological enhlabathini kufanele ngokuyinhloko kuchasiselwe microscopy oqondile namasiko ebufakazini izakhi ophansi. Abantu microorganism namaqembu abo abahlala emhlabathini, kuhluke ngesimo taxonomic nemisebenzi semvelo. Ngo isayensi, bahlanganiswa ngaphansi yigama elididiyelayo "inhlabathi biota." Primer - olwenzeka endaweni lenqwaba nezilwanyana ezincane. Ngo igremu inhlabathi likhona kusuka 1 kuya 10 bhiliyoni amaseli wabo. Esimweni esinjalo, ngenkuthalo kuthatha noqhekeko of udaba eziphilayo, iqhaza nezilwanyana ezincane ezihlukahlukene saprophytic.

izifundo ezincane indlela microbiological: izinyathelo

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-medium iqala izibonelo zalokho. Ngenxa yale njongo, ngaphambili ehlutshiwe (kungasetshenziswa lokwela) ogayiwe utshwala ummese. Ngemva kwalokho, ukulungiswa isampula. Isinyathelo esilandelayo - ukubala amaseli smear namabala. Sicabangele isinyathelo ngasinye ngesikhathi.

Isampula

Esikhathini ukuhlaziya nenhlabathi wezolimo bavame isampula othathwa salo lonke ungqimba ukujula. Okokuqala isuswe 2-3 cm ngaphezu komhlabathi, njengoba kungase kube khona i microflora nezingahlobene nendaba. Ngemva kwalokho, i yindawo wafunda ukuthatha monoliths. Ubude ngamunye wabo kufanele athobele ukushuba we ungqimba ofuna lokuphuza.

On isiqinti 100-200 sq. 7-10 m amasampula ekhethiwe. Isisindo ngamunye - komyalelo wokungabi 0.5 kg. Amasampula exutshwa ngokuphelele esikhwameni. Khona-ke thatha isampula isilinganiso enesisindo cishe 1 kg. Kumele afakwe isikhumba (oyinyumba) iphakethe ebiyelwe esikhwameni ngendwangu. Ngaphambi ukuqondisa ukuhlaziya isampuli agcinwe kule esiqandisini.

Survey Ukulungiselela

Umhlabathi enyakaza phezu ingilazi ezomile. Salo pre-Sula ngotshwala futhi eshisa ngaphezu sikaphalafini. Nge umhlabathi spatula kahle kuxutshwe futhi lanwetshwa ngokulinganayo. Kuphoqelekile ukususa izimpande kanye nezinye izakhi angaphandle. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa udlawana. Ngaphambi operation udlawana futhi spatula ngenhla sikaphalafini luvutha futhi bavunyelwe ukuba kuphole.

Kwenhlabathi iziza ahlukahlukene basakaza on the ingilazi, akhethiwe izingxenye ezincane. Zase zilinganisela esitsheni zobumba ngezinga elingelikhulu lobuchwepheshe. является специальная обработка образца. Okuphoqelekile isinyathelo indlela ezincane izifundo microbiological kuyinto ukucutshungulwa ekhethekile isampula. 2 kumele uzilungiselele kusenesikhathi, umfuma oyinyumba. ubungako bawo kumele singeqi 250 ml. Omunye flasks is batheleka 100 ml amanzi kampompi. Ngoba kuthatha 0.4-0.8 ml isampula ketshezi kwenhlabathi oswakanyiswe ukuba unama. Ingxube kufanele akhuhlwe nge ngomunwe noma irabha pestle amaminithi awu 5.

Amanzi aphuma umfuma lokuqala zadluliselwa emhlabathini mass igabha awunalutho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bezihlikihla emuva kwakhe. Ngemva kwalokhu mass udluliselwa igabha eduze ilangabi sikaphalafini. Isitsha inhlabathi ukumiswa kwakhe ezinyakaziswayo kwi shaker ngamaminithi angu-5. Ngemva kwalokho, savunyelwa ukuba sihlale amasekhondi angu-30. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze uvumele izinhlayiya omkhulu ukuba bazohlala. Ngemva kwesigamu mass ngomzuzu isetshenziselwa ekulungiseleleni ukulungiswa.

Cell ibala ku smear fixed

, разработанному Виноградским. cwaningo Direct ezincane kwenhlabathi Kwenziwa indlela izifundo microbiological, ithuthukiswe Vinogradskii. Ngo ivolumu ezithile ukumiswa kwabalelwa inani lamaseli microorganism. Ukutadisha smear fixed ingagcina izidakamizwa esikhathini eside futhi ukwenza izibalo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.

Ukulungiselela zomuthi kanje. Inani elithile slurry (ngokuvamisile 0.02-0.05 ml) sisetshenziswa nge micropipette ungene slide. Ukuze lokhu isixazululo ingezwe iconsi agar-agar (polysaccharide agaropectin ngxube agarose ezikhishwe ulwelwe ensundu obomvu Black Sea) ngaleso sikhathi, washukumisa ngokushesha futhi basakaza phezu indawo 4-6 sq. cm. i-Pap emoyeni-omisiwe futhi fixed imizuzu 20-30. utshwala (96%). Okulandelayo, izidakamizwa oswakanyiswe ngamanzi distilled bese zifakwa p-p carbolic erythrosine 20-30 imiz.

Ngemva staining, it is wageza emoyeni. Cell ukubalwa kwenziwa kusukela lens ngokucwiliswa.

Ukuhlwanyela kwimidiya okuqinile

позволяют выявить большое количество микроорганизмов. izindlela ezincane luhlolo microbiological kungathola inqwaba izilokazane ezincane. Kodwa naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, indlela inoculation yisona esikhulunywa abantu abaningi practice. essence yayo liqukethe seeding nenani izidakamizwa (inhlabathi ukumiswa) esitsheni Petri ku konemimoya okuqinile.

позволяет учитывать не только количество, но и групповой, а в ряде случаев и видовой состав микроскопической флоры. Le ndlela yocwaningo microbiological uyakucabangela hhayi kuphela ubukhulu, kodwa futhi iqembu, futhi kwezinye izimo, futhi ukwakheka zama-izitshalo ezincane. Ukubala inani amakoloni ekhiqizwa, ngokuvamile kusukela phansi Petri isidlo ekukhanyeni ngocansi. On endaweni ibalwa ibekwe umaka noma inki ichashaza.

Ukuhlaziya amanzi

I microflora yomzimba amanzi, njengoba umthetho, kubonisa ukwakheka microbial kwenhlabathi nxazonke. имеют особое практическое значение при изучении состояния конкретной экосистемы. Kulesisimo-ke, izindlela sokuhlaziya sanitary-microbiological yamanzi futhi kwenhlabathi kwemiphumela ethile eyisiSekelo ukubaluleka esisebenzayo ekuhloleni isimo isimo semvelo ethile. Amanzi ahlanzekile iqukethe, njengoba umthetho, cocci, ama-bacterium induku emise.

Anaerobes emanzini atholakala izinto eziningi ezincane. Njengomthetho, banda ezansi machibi, odakeni, ngekubamba lichaza inqubo yokuhlanzwa. Microflora izilwandle nezilwandle advantageously emelelwa halophytic (halophilic) amagciwane.

Ngo amanzi, imithombo Artesian cishe akukho izilokazane ezincane. Lokhu kungenxa amandla zokuhlunga ungqimba inhlabathi.

считаются определение микробного числа и коли-титра либо коли-индекса. izindlela ezivamile ucwaningo amanzi microbiological kubhekwe kwencazelo microbial uphinde coli-titer noma uma-index. Inkomba yokuqala ichaza isibalo amagciwane 1 ml ketshezi. Coli Inkomba kumele inani coliforms ekhona ilitha lamanzi, futhi uma titer - inombolo ubuncane noma dilution esiphezulu uketshezi lapho okuhlala basengaba ukutholwa.

Ukunqunywa inombolo microbial

Le ndlela sanitary microbiological luhlolo yamanzi kanje. Ngo 1 ml amanzi kunqunywa inani anaerobes mesophilic futhi facultative (Intermediate) aerobes uyakwazi inyama-peptone agar (esimaphakathi okuyinhloko) at 37 deg. emini beyokwakha amakoloni ebonakalayo ngesikhathi kokukhulisa ka 2-5 k. noma nqunu iso.

является посев. Isinyathelo ayisihluthulelo indlela sokuhlaziya microbiological yamanzi lihlwanyelwe. Ngenxa isampula ngalinye lihlwanyelwe amavolumu ezahlukene okungenani 2. Lapho ukuhlaziywa kwamanzi kampompi inkomishi ngamunye wenziwe 1-0.1 ml ketshezi okumsulwa kanye okunobuthi 0.01-0.001 ml. Ukuze inoculation of 0.1 ml noma umthamo ezincane uketshezi buhlanjululwe distilled (oyinyumba) amanzi. Ngokungaguquguquki ukulungiselela dilutions ledesimali. 1 ml ngamunye wabo senziwa izitsha ezimbili petri.

Zizalela egcwele izakhi agar. Kumelwe okokuqala kuyanyamalala, kuqine cool 45 deg. Ngemva sibhebhezela, medium asebenzayo kusale endaweni evundlile ngoba solidification. Ngezinye 37 degrees. izitshalo etshalwa usuku lonke. позволяет учитывать результаты на тех чашках, где количество колоний находится в пределах от 30 до 300. Indlela kubhekwe ucwaningo amanzi microbiological uyakucabangela imiphumela zona lezo zitsha lapho isibalo amakoloni uhla 30 300.

emoyeni

It kubhekwa phansi ukuba sendleleni kwezilwanyana ezincane. являются седиментация (оседание) и аспирация. Izindlela eyinhloko izifundo microbiological kukhona umoya sedimentation (sokuxazulula) futhi nokufuna kugunyazwe ugqozi.

Microflora emoyeni imvelo umane ihlukaniswe variable futhi njalo. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa imvubelo, cocci chromogenic, spore esindayo imbewu eletha coli namanye amagciwane amelana omiswe, ukuchayeka ukukhanya. Abamele microflora variable, engena phakathi emoyeni kusukela endaweni yazo evamile, eside ubungqabavu babo.

Emoyeni amadolobha amakhulu nezilwanyana ezincane kakhulu ukwedlula imvelo emoyeni kwezindawo zasemakhaya. Phezu kwezilwandle, amahlathi amabhaktheriya esifo ezimbalwa kakhulu. Air uhlanzekile lula kwezulu: iqhwa nemvula. amagciwane endlini okuningi kuka ku ezivulekile. Isibalo sawo luyanda ebusika ngokungabi bikho umoya omncane njalo.

sedimentation

считается простейшим. Le ndlela yocwaningo microbiological e-microbiology ubhekwa elula. Kusekelwe sokuxazulula we amaconsi nezinhlayiyana phezu agar e evulekile Petri isidlo ngaphansi adonsela phansi. sedimentation indlela angeke ukunquma ngokunembile inani amagciwane emoyeni. Iqiniso liwukuthi i inkomishi evulekile ukubamba ingxenyenamba esihle zothuli kanye amaconsi webhaktheriya nzima impela. Uma uyikha phezulu le agcinwayo izinhlayiya ikakhulu ezinkulu.

Le ndlela lisusiwe ukuhlaziywa emoyeni. Lokhu imvelo libhekene iyehla iyenyuka esikhulu ijubane komoya. Sedimentation Nokho, lisetshenziswe ukungabi amadivayisi ezingcono noma kagesi umthombo wamandla.

Icacisa inombolo microbial eyenziwa Omelyansky indlela. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, imizuzu 5 endaweni ebusweni 100 agar sikwele. cm luhlala eziningi amagciwane elikhona 10 amalitha emoyeni.

Oda 535 "Ngo ubunye izindlela microbiological yophenyo"

ukuhlaziywa bacteriological zisendaweni ebalulekile ku eziyinkimbinkimbi imisebenzi emitholampilo laboratory okuhloswe ngaso uphethwe, nokwelashwa yizifo ezihlukahlukene ezithathelwanayo. Nokho, ukutadisha emvelweni, azigcini.

Okubaluleke kakhulu yiyona ukuhlaziywa bacteriological of izinto eziphilayo azithathe ezibhedlela. Ukuze ucwaningo olwenziwa ezikhungweni zezempilo, sokukhula. Inhloso ye-Order "Ngo ubunye izindlela microbiological yophenyo" ukuthuthkisa ukuhlaziywa bacteriological, ukwenza ngcono ikhwalithi kanye nokwethulwa ngokuyiko kwezinhlelo ukuhlola microbiological.

luhlolo ezincane of smear kwabesifazane

Kuyinto Indlela eyinhloko ukuhlaziywa ukuze kuhlonzwe izifo, izifo ezidluliselwa ngocansi, futhi izifo ezingosomathuba (amagciwane intuba).

ukuhlaziywa ezincane ukuhlola ukwakheka qualitative ambalwa of microflora, hlola ngokunemba izibonelo zalokho. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuba khona epithelium lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane e swabs ethathwe umsele wesibeletho kubonisa ukuhlukumeza wemithetho ukukhethwa isampula begazi.

Kuthiwa luhlolo microbiological kuleli cala ngokuvamile kulandele ezinye izinkinga. Zihlobene yokuthi kule aphansi ipheshana zangasese ngokuvamile ukwethula microflora ahlukahlukene kuyahlukahluka emazingeni ahlukene. Ukuze uthuthukise ukusebenza kahle ucwaningo kanye baye basungula imithetho okwakha.

Ukuxilongwa izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane

It Kwenziwa izindlela uzingela RNA ne-DNA Amagciwane. Basuke ngokuyinhloko usekelwe emisebenzini yasemahhovisi ukuzimisela nucleotide ukulandelanisa material sokugembula. Ngenxa yale njongo, lo iphenya yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Basuke eyayenziwe ekhiqizwa acid nucleic ongumphelelisi (ongumphelelisi) acid viral anelebuli ilebula enemisebe noma biotin.

I engavamile indlela iyaphindwa ukukopisha ethize DNA isinqamu oqukethe ngamakhulu ambalwa (noma amashumi) nucleotide ngazimbili. ukufanisana (ukukopisha) wukuthi isandiso ungaqala kuphela amayunithi ezithile. kwenziwa (kwenziwa) isetshenziselwe ukudala kubo. Ziyakwazi oligonucleotides kwemiqondo.

PCR ukuhlola (polymerase chain reaction) ilula e kuqalisa. Le ndlela ikuvumela ukuba ngokushesha uthole yi ngokusebenzisa esincane impahla sokugembula. Ukusebenzisa i-PCR ukuhlola ikhomba acute, chronic esicashile (kufihlwe) nezifo.

Lapho nozwela le ndlela kubhekwa akukhetha kakhulu. Nokho, ukuhlolwa izinhlelo zamanje ayithembeki ngokwanele, ngakho uphethwe i-PCR Awukwazi ukufaka ngokuphelele izindlela zesintu.