Kusukela kwenzani u-inki: ukwakheka. Indlela yokwenza i-ingin yangempela: imiyalelo nesinyathelo ngezinyathelo nezincomo

Nsuku zonke sisebenzisa izikhombe ze-ballpoint, kuma-desktops kunamaphrinta asebenza cishe ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Sesivele sijwayele lokhu ukuthi asicabangi ukuthi isebenza kanjani. Futhi isinyathelo sokuqala ekuqalisweni kwazo zonke lezi amadivaysi elula kwakuyi-iresiphi yokwakheka okumangalisayo okungashiya amamaki angapheli ephepheni nasendwangu. Noma kunjalo, namhlanje sifuna ukukhuluma ngalokho inkinobho eyenziwe. Uhambo olufushane emlandweni kanye nobuchwepheshe besimanje luyoba nesithakazelo kubantu abadala kanye nezingane.

Ama-ancient folios

Isikhwama esihle kakhulu, imigqa ephrintiwe esikhumbeni, imibhalo yesandla yasendulo ihlaba umxhwele ngoba kusengenzeka ukuthi iqonde kalula ukuthi yini ebhaliwe. Iyinki yokuqala yenziwa kalula - isisindo esixubene nento enamathele. Lokhu, empeleni, kwakuyi-mascara, eyomile futhi yaqhekeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayenesidumbu ngokwanele, kwadingeka ujwayele ukuveza umugqa omuhle. Khona-ke iresiphi yayihlelwe ngokuphelele. Lokho okwenziwe ngekiki, kuphela abefundisi abawaziyo. Ngendlela, kwakukhona ukuhlukahluka okuningi. Sithatha uju njengesisekelo futhi senezela i-gold powder kuso. Ngokuvamile wasebenzisa ukubunjwa amajikijolo elderberry kanye walnut. Kodwa konke lokhu sekuvele kungene ekugqibeleni. Namuhla, ukukhiqizwa kweyinki kuye kwaba okulula futhi okungabizi. Masilandele ngokuqhubekayo.

Inkino kusuka kuma-nut-galls

Uma uqhubeka ucabangela lokho inkinobho eyenziwe, umuntu akakwazi ukukhohlwa ukutholakala okudumile, okungukuthi ukukhula okhethekile kumashidi e-oki. Zibizwa ngokuthi ama-galls, futhi zihlala kuzo izibungu ezinambuzane - i-walnut. Yingakho ukukhula kuthiwa ama-nut nuts. Bafake ijusi, bawaxuba nge-sulfate ne-glue. Kwavela ukwakheka okuzinzile nge-luster enhle. Ngisho nanamuhla, imibhalo yesandla ephilayo ibheka kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona i-nuance eyodwa ebalulekile. La ma-inki ayengenambala, ungafunda umbhalo kuphela lapho izinhlamvu zomile.

A Coup in History

Ekhulwini le-XIX, abantu bafunda kakhulu, abaningi babesazi ukuthi inkinobho yenziwe ngani. Ngo-1885 kwaqalwa elinye inkulumo. Uthisha wasungula inkinobho ye-alizarin. Babenama-gallic, kodwa babe nombala obanzi ngenxa yokwengeza okuyingqayizivele. Okuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, baba mnyama uma befakwa ephepheni. Lokhu kwafezwa ngokungeza i-crapp, okungukuthi, ukukhishwa okuvela ezimpandeni ze-madder.

Manje inguquko yezobuchwepheshe yayiyi-swing egcwele, futhi i-crapp yayisivele ifunde ukushintshwa ngamadayini okufakelwa, namantongomane e-ink - gallic acid. Kodwa intuthuko ayizange ivele lapho. Itholakala indlela elula yokukhiqiza i-aniline inkino, okungukuthi, ukuthola idayi ehlanjululwayo yokwenziwa ngamanzi. Ngosizo lwale teknoloji kwaba khona ukuhlanganisa izinhlanganisela ze-shades ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, kuyimfihlakalo ukuthi izindlovu zasendulo zenza kanjani imibhalo ye-ruby, iparele nesafire. Lezi zincwadzi zisazi nakwezinye izindlu zezindela, kodwa neze lobu buci abuzange bushiye izindonga zabo.

Kusukela endulo kuya kwesimanje

Njengombana benza i-inki namhlanje ngesilinganiso esikhulu, esizimboni, akunzima ukuqagela bona ngaphezu kwesintu akukhambisani nemvelo. Manje zonke izingoma ezikhiqizwa zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo eziningana. Iqembu lokuqala lihlala lithandwa kakhulu, elingabizi futhi elilula. Lokhu, empeleni, ukwakhiwa kweyinki kusuka gallic acid.

Inketho yesibili ukuthola ukwakheka usebenzisa i-tannin. Kuthengiswa ngesimo se powder oluphuzi. Njengabaqashi, i-glycerol ne-gelatin isetshenziswa. Ngale ndlela ungenza inki encane ezobe iphephile ngisho noma uyisebenzisa ngaphakathi ngephutha. Yiqiniso, lokhu kungcono kugwenywe.

Indlela yokuzenza ngokwakho

Uma ufuna ngempela ukuzizame engxenyeni yomonakalo we-medieval, khona-ke sizokutshela ukuthi ungayenza kanjani i-inki. Zonke izingxenye zilula kakhulu. Uzodinga ukuqoqa amagremu amathathu ama-nut nuts, amagremu amabili wensimbi ye-vitriol kanye nesilinganiso esifanayo se-gum arabic. I-ink galls kumele ibe yiphunga futhi ingcwatshwe emkhunjini. Thela u-30 ml wamanzi kuwo. Kwesinye isitsha, uthele ngamanzi afanayo futhi ungeze zonke izithako. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbili, ungaxuba kokubili uketshezi, uhlanganise futhi ushiye amanye amahora angu-48, bese ukhula. Noma kunjalo, udinga ukufunda ukuthi ungabhala kanjani lokhu okwakhiwe. Kodwa njengoba kunzima ukwenza inkino yangempela ngezandla zakho, kuzodingeka ukwaneliswe ngalokho okuwakhumbuza ngempela.

Inkinobho ye-Alizarin

Zibuye zilungiselelwe kusukela kumantongomane e-inki, kodwa zihlukaniswa ukuthi ziqukethe uviniga. Ukuze ulungiselele kuyadingeka ukuthatha amagremu angu-10 ama-nut nuts, 6 g we-sulfate yethusi, i-1 g ye-gum arabic, i-100 ml yeviniga. Ukupheka kuzothatha isikhathi esiningi, ngakho-ke ngokushesha ungene kwinkqubo ende. I-galls echotshoziwe igxila kuviniga okungenani izinsuku ezingu-6. Izingxenye ezisele zihlukaniswa ngokwehlukana ku-asidi. Ngosuku lwesihlanu, ukubunjwa kwesibili kumele kubiliswe.

Emva kokubili izixazululo zilungele, udinga ukuzihlanganisa ndawonye. Manje shayela ingxube ngamandla. Inqubo isiphelele. I-Wood-acetic acid iyona engcono kakhulu yokukhetha. Inkinobho ye-Alizarin ine-drawback enkulu - ayifuni ukuzungeza ipeni ngokulinganayo, kodwa uhlale kuyo ubukhulu obukhulu.

Izinketho eziningi

Namuhla, ukukhiqizwa kweyinki kuwumkhiqizo obalulekile, owandisa kuphela ijubane. ERussia, babekulungele kusuka ensimbi sulfate, eyanezelwa ekumenikeni kwamantongomane ama-oki. Namuhla, inkinobho evamile yepeni lokukhomba ibhola ingxube yezingxenye ezingu-50 noma ngaphezulu. Umbala omnyama utholakele ngenxa yezinyosi, noma yikuphi okuthandwa kakhulu yi-triphenylmethane, i-phthalocyanine yethusi, banikeza uhlaka oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oluthandwa kakhulu ekubhalweni kwamanje.

Ukwenziwa kweyinki akusikho ngaphandle kwe-sulfate yensimbi kanye nama-tannic acids. Amadayi nezithasiselo zixubene ne-solvent, kuyadingeka ukwenza ifomula ibe yinto ezinzile. Ama polymers asebenzayo ayadingeka ukuze asize ukulawula ukungezwani kwendawo.

Colorize ingilazi

I Ink for surface abushelelezi ilungiselelwe kusuka ezimbili izixazululo zokusebenza. Owokuqala yi-100 ml wamanzi futhi wachitheka kuwo 1 g we-potassium sulfide no-7 g we-sodium sulfide. Ilungiselelwa ngokuxuba okulula. Owesibili uqukethe i-100 g yamanzi efanayo, 3 g we-zinc chloride kanye no-13 ml we-hydrochloric acid. Ingxube ingasetshenziswa ngokushesha njengeyinki. Ungasebenzisa ngokuphepha engilazi bese uthola imibhalo ye-matte ngemuva kokuma.

Izingoma zensimbi

Shayela u-ink ngenkathi kuphela. Bhala ensimbi ulandela ingxube ye-nitric ne-hydrochloric acid. Ngenxa yalokhu, ubuso bumbozwe nge-wax, khona-ke ukubhaliswa kwenziwa ngezinto ezibukhali, bese ukubunjwa kufakwa kusuka phezulu. Ngemuva kwemizuzu emihlanu, ungafaka umkhumbi emanzini afudumele. Ukuthola i-analog yokubhalisa i-inkinobho eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, udinga ukulungisa enye inhlanganisela.

Ilungiselelwa ngokuxuba 3.5 g we-borax nge-15 ml we-ethyl alcohol, 2 g we-rosin powder kanye no-25 ml wekhambi le-methylene blue. Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona ukubhaliswa kombala okwesibhakabhaka.

Inkino yendwangu

Sesivele sibuyekezile izingqungquthela futhi siqondiswa yi-inkino eyenziwe. Noma kunjalo, zonke lezi zinhlanganisela aziphikisanga kakhulu ukugeza nokuphindaphindiwe. Ukwenza lokhu, udinga ukushintsha kancane iresiphi. Kuze kube sekugcineni, i-42 g ye-aniline ne-2.5 g we- usawoti ka- potassium kanye no-13 ml wamanzi iyashiswa eplasini. Bese wengeza u-15 ml we-hydrochloric acid (25%) bese uqhubeka ukushisa ingxube kuze kube mnyama. Ihlala isincane. I-chloride ye-Copper ithululelwa ku-flask, le nqubo ingacatshangwa iphelele.

Isixazululo esiphelele sithukuthele umbala obomvu-violet. Ngemuva kwalokhu, ngaphansi kwethini ledayi, i-oxidizer ne-reaction catalyst, singathola umphumela wokugcina. Ama-inks anziwe nalesi iresiphi ayamelana kakhulu. Abafali ngesikhathi sokuhlanza futhi bangasetshenziswa embonini elula.

Esikhundleni sokuphetha

Njengoba ungabona, kunezindlela eziningi zokulungisa u-inki. Imbonini yanamuhla ikuvumela ukuba ukhiqize kusuka kwinki emnyama kuya eminjini ehlukahlukene. Muva nje, ubuchwepheshe buye lwasungulwa ukuvimbela ukubukeka kwesikhunta. Kunamakhemikhali akhethekile, okuyinto lapho ingeziwe kuyinki ihlukumeza ngokuphelele indima yefungus. I-creosote ne-formalin, i-salicylic acid.

Njengoba ubona, ukubunjwa kweyinki akunzima nakancane. Uma uthanda i-chemistry, khona-ke uzokwazi ukuphinda lokhu ekhaya. Noma kunjalo, umbuzo omkhulu wukuthi lokhu kudinga isikhathi, ikakhulukazi ucabangela izindleko zomkhiqizo esitolo sokubhala kanye nezindleko zayo.