Ubuciko kanye EzokuzijabulisaArt

Kuyini gzhel? Gzhel - uhlobo Folk art

Kuyini "Gzhel"? Craft noma ubuciko okusezingeni eliphezulu? Impendulo itholakala phezu. Gzhel, omlando wakhe itholakala ngokuba sibuyele emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-14, ukuthi emakhulwini amaningana eminyaka kwadingeka isikhathi ukuvakashela guises eziningana. Lokhu "impermanence" neze kunganciphisa uquketheni yezandla kwezobuciko. Folk Okokuqala izikebhe "Gzhel" kwakukhulunywa ngaye, elesivumelwano posthumous Ivana Kality, Grand UMbusi naseMoscow, 1340, ayala ngalo ifa workshop Ceramic inzuzo indodana yakhe.

Gzhel noma zhgel

Igama elithi "Gzhel", indaba ukubonakala lapho namanje kuyindaba zokuphikisana, nokho ukhona injalo manje isikhathi eside. Ibhanga imicabango yabantu akunancazelo esisebenzayo. Ezinye etymologists, izazi zigomela ukuthi livela Gzhelka emfuleni Gzholka noma Gzhelka ogeleza Dnieper engenhla, nezinye Ochwepheshe kukhona oyikholelwayo ukuthi yokuqala abantu izikebhe "Gzhel" ngokuthi zhgel imikhiqizo njengoba Ceramic ashisiwe bese ishiswa. Incwadi eye ihlelwe kabusha kakade ngokwabo abavamile Russian zihlukile umkhuba zisetshenziswa zonke pereinachit, uwuchaze futhi guqula. Ngokwesibonelo, igama Russian "omnibus" uphinyiswa ngokuthi "Abafowethu babangana". Futhi akukho lutho ongalwenza ngakho. Ngakho lapha - zhgel futhi Gzhel.

ngobumba olumhlophe ngenxa kunodokotela

Kuyini Gzhel? Le ndawo, eside kusukela ngibe usaziwayo eliphezulu mining ngobumba olumhlophe okuyinto ezazakhiwe ekhulwini le-17. Ngo 1663 wakhipha isimemezelo ka Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, athi: ". Epherishi Gzhel akhiphe ubumba, okuyinto efanelekayo izitsha ezithaka imithi yebo alchemical" Futhi eMoscow ekhelini oda ekhemisi zilethwe 15 izinqola ukulayishwa nobumba. Njengoba glinodobyvayuschy isitshalo "Gzhel" baba umphakeli ngobumba olumhlophe ngenxa eMoscow kunodokotela. Usosayensi Russian Mikhail Lomonosov wathi ngakho: "Kukhona neze ezweni okumsulwa, ngaphandle primeshaniya ezingaphezu kuka Gzhel, osokhemisi Koyu shayela intombi, ngokuba mhlophe yayo nobumsulwa." Ngaphezu izinhlobo white ngobumba, in the "Gzhel ehlathini" kufihlwe ngaphansi phansi a izinhlobo ezimbalwa Clays zezimboni ofanele ukwenziwa imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise art. Ososayensi ziye zazama ukuthola umthamo reserves by izibalo ezilula, kodwa lutho weza ngakho - ke kwaba sobala ukuthi zokwakheka uhlole - kungcono iyingxenye encane nje imali empeleni ekhona. Isiphetho licacile: the impahla eluhlaza kuyoba okwanele angaphezu kwelilodwa isizukulwane.

Kuyini Gzhel ngombono zobumba izingcweti

Cishe emine Gzhel izitolo abangu ezenziwe ngobumba zobumba nezitsha ngendlela isitofu amathayili namathoyizi izingane elula sika.

Ngo 1812, esifundazweni, kwakukhona 25 ezimbonini omningi ekhishini izitsha. Okwakwaziswa ngokukhethekile imikhiqizo izimboni kanye Laptev Ermila Ivanova, etholakala edolobhaneni Kuzyaeva. Abathengi unake hhayi kuphela wezimpawu yomenzi, kwakubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo senziwa omunye yababumbi ezintathu abahlonishwa kakhulu: Kokunom Ivan, noma Ivan Gusyatnikova Nikifor Srosleem. Ngenkathi bababonisi imikhiqizo edumile emhlabeni wonke Gzhel art babe amathoyizi ubumba kanye imifanekiso, izilwane, izinyoni, amahhashi nonodoli. Ingxenye ngayinye nakanjani ukuthola umthengi.

imikhiqizo Ukuhlobisa

Kuyini Gzhel ngombono babhekwe njengabezinye izizwe? Uma eduze nedolobhana Minino wathola ungqimba plastic ubumba ekhethekile ukukhanya-grey, zobumba izimboni ekukhiqizeni basekhaya zobumba usumisiwe kusukela lapho izimbiza ngomusa kanye isitsha sezimbali, futhi Kvasnikov kumgans. Futhi engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19 yaqala ukukhiqizwa Classic okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe Gzhel izitsha. Izifiki, abathandi isiko Russian, ngokushesha waqaphela izinto engavamile ababe ezishibhile, futhi ubuhle zobumba bebakhulu yobuciko odumile okuyinhloko-German. Ngakho, inkulumo ethi "Gzhel - izitsha" usezuze kunencazelo eziqondile. Artel kuma-oda wawa, kwaba ukuqala inkathi yobuciko bangempela Gzhelian.

Nakuba eRussia lapho kwakunganele sobumba noma zobumba ezenziwe ngobumba for emakhishini, izindlu elisetshenziswa silverware ocebile, futhi abantu isilinganiso izindlela okuqukethwe amapuleti disparate, izinkomishi kanye Saucers e nezitini ukhwaliti ongaphakeme Clays. Akumangazi ukuthi nge obhekwe Gzhel izitsha uqale boom yangempela. Abathengisi kanye nezimboni ngokushesha kwaba sobala ukuthi emakethe Cookware udinga amaningi amahle amasethi, ikhofi kanye itiye, elula futhi zemikhosi. Futhi Gzhel izitsha iyona kangcono le njongo.

Yakov Kuznetsov Old Engakholwa

Ngo 1812, i-umhlali Novoharitonovskogo ngomzana, okuthiwa Kuznetsov Yakov vasilevich, i Engakholwa Old okholweni, wavula ukukhiqizwa zobumba ezincane, okuyinto lakhula ngokushesha laba nama- usayizi omkhulu we ibhizinisi ne amagatsha e Rybinsk, Tver futhi Riga. Imikhiqizo isitayela "Gzhel", izithombe okuyinto ethulwa ekhasini yafuna efaneleyo okusezingeni eliphezulu e ekwakhekeni yabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isitshalo omusha ngamunye futhi abadinga ongoti, futhi Yakov Vasilyevich baqala ukumema nabakhi abaculi kuthabathela ecaleni. Abantu beze nemindeni yabo, zinikeza indawo yokufihla ikhanda kanye ukudala indawo ukhululekile ngethemba lokuthi izohlala isikhathi eside. Kwenzeka kanjalo-ke, izingane njengefa ubungcweti ochwepheshe abamenyiwe nabazali ngodumo ukukuthwala phambili. Ngakho, umkhakha zobumba isungule ngempumelelo, ukudoba "Gzhel" yanda. I share oda okuyinto benza abantu bakwamanye amazwe kwaba ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-80 umkhiqizo ingqikithi. Inkulumo ethi "Gzhel - izitsha" owayebusa ukuhweba. Ukukhiqizwa amaningi, zobumba izimboni zaqala Suffocate ngenxa yokuntuleka nezisebenzi futhi wafanelekela ukuba azithathe kwaba ndawo. Abazalanisi kabili inkokhelo namaholo abasebenzi ngumuntu wesithathu. Abafisa ukusebenza namafemu Gzhel anda ngokushesha futhi udaba abasebenzi kwaba isikhathi esithile ixazululwe. Izitshalo wathola sisebenza okugcwele manje umkhiqizo anele emakethe Russian nge ngokweqile washiywa khona lapho ukuze phesheya.

Material Nobuchwepheshe

White ubumba idiphozi ezindaweni Gzhel iqukethe 17 izinhlobo zazo zikhona ezimbili eziyisisekelo - ngowokuqala ukwenziwa zobumba kanye zobumba, kuyinto "belozhguschy" ezihlukahlukene, kanti eyesibili - bomvu zobumba "Gzheli" futhi majolica.

Neqiniso omkhulu ukukhiqiza zobumba futhi ebona inkosi eMoscow All Russia Romanov Alexei Mikhailovich. Ngemva engabaza le nkosi isinqumo. Yonkana umhlaba Gzhelian ezaqedwa serfdom, ababazi got inkululeko yabo umyalo wombusi, babelwa ukuba abaphathi enkantolo. Usosayensi Mikhail Lomonosov, kanye nomngane wakhe Dmitry Vinogradov wathola iresiphi entsha for zobumba, okuyinto kuyavumelana ngokuphelele nalo isakhiwo eziyingqayizivele Gzhel nobumba. Lokhu kwatholakala e 1748 futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zaqala umlando zobumba Russian ngomqondo global. Ngesikhashana nje eyakhelwe Imperial Factory, okuyinto yaba isikhungo esiyinhloko ibhizinisi zezimboni ukwenziwa imikhiqizo sobumba endaweni yeRussia. A "Gzhel" Ceramic ngokushesha atholwe isimo ezimbonini.

Ukuthandwa ukudoba Gzhelian

Ekhulwini le-19 Gzhel zobumba chithi indawo Russian. Tellingly, ngisho nangokwengeziwe namafemu zobumba imikhiqizo, ngcono kwaba. I ezigciniwe zomlando wamakhosi ihhovisi lombusi ngaleso sikhathi lilondolozwe oda izitsha isabelo sokudla kwenkosi, idwetshwa nomkhiqizi Gzhelian china esihle UStepan Afanasyev: "... e isitayela i kwezilwandle samolutchey umusa ...", okusho ukuthi "ngokuhambisana arcade ngamazwe." Futhi kumelwe bazitshela ukuthi abaculi master owayesebenza manufakturschika Afanasyeva, lolungenamaphutsa abhekana ngayo umsebenzi. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, izimboni sobumba abangu ukuncintisana nomunye, bezama ukuthola ngaphambi nomunye izinga. Kwakuyisikhathi enempilo mncintiswano, lapho kwakungekho mncintiswano. Kunalokho, inkosi wazama ukuze baxoxelane okuhlangenwe nakho nozwela ukudalula izimfihlo zokuhweba komunye nomunye.

Classic okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe

Kancane kancane, yonke imikhiqizo ngobumba izimboni isiRashiya, imakethwa ngaphansi brand "Gzhel", umbukiso isithombe ke, yayiswa ayibe upende okwesibhakabhaka. Lokhu umbala isibe "brand" kwasekuqaleni ngoba izitsha, bese nazo zonke ezinye imikhiqizo, amathoyizi kanye nezipho. Monochrome ayibe, elikhanyayo umbala enhle eluhlaza yadalwa 1735 yi mineralogist Swedish Georgom Brandom edwaleni pyrite.

Ngaphezu "ezinkampani" umbala, Gzhel zobumba storylines ezahlukene ababulawa ngokuphelele imidwebo. Abaculi painted angesabi, ngaphandle imidwebo imidwebo, "fair ikhophi" kanye, futhi do it. Gzhel isithombe - ke njalo eliqinisekisiwe isithombe kwezobuciko, okuyinto kakhulu kuyaqabukela okuphindaphindiwe. "A ipulani" imikhiqizo elinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe akhiqizwa kuphela njengezinto eziyisikhumbuzo, futhi ngisho nangalesosikhathi ngamaqoqo amancane. Ngokuyinhloko "Gzhel" - kuyinto okukhethekile amakhophi wenza ezingeni ezinhle kwezobuciko.

imishini umdwebo

Ukuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa yokukhiqiza Gzhel ahlukahlukene futhi kusebenza ngempumelelo ngokwanele. Master akasebenzi izindlela ezilula ukusebenza izikimu eziyinkimbinkimbi ekuhambeni ukufunda amasu amasha. Okusanda Gzhel abaculi waqala ukusebenzisa lo okuthiwa Umdwebo okuxubile su, underglaze futhi overglaze lapho eziyisisekelo ayibe iphethini isetshenziswa obumbeni olumanzi, nokucwebezela okuzothile, iphethini olunemininingwane ethe xaxa kakade edonswa nopende ocwebezelayo. Mangisho ukuthi le ndlela isibe zakamuva yezinhlamvu emisha, njengoba kwakunjalo ngaleso sikhathi Gzhel imikhiqizo Awuselona ukunethezeka wangena ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ngakho, amasethi elinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe, yokudlela amasethi, ubucwebe amabhokisi, amathoyizi zezingane kanye neminye imikhiqizo ziye ekusakazeni.

isikhathi yokujama tsi

Ngemva inguquko ka 1917 iningi ifektri zobumba yavalwa ngoba kwakungekho muntu ukwenza ibhizinisi yokukhiqiza - onjiniyela abanamakhono, bonke ngothi lwabo, baye bathutha, futhi izisebenzi ezisele wayengasenakukwazi ukubekezelela imisebenzi. Noma kunjalo, ngemva kweminyaka engu-sokungasebenzi esihle zobumba art waqala kancane alulame. inqubo imvuselelo wethulwa sibonga ukuzinikela ceramists abaculi, abathanda Gzhelian yezandla.

Yiba Neqhaza imvuselelo yobuciko eyenziwe umculi Gzhelian NI Bessarabova, wasekela wakhe umqophi-ceramist, umhlaziyi eyaziwa AB Saltykov. Eholwa zabo, abantu izikebhe libuyiselwe ngokugcwele futhi futhi okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe ware gilding kwakhanya emhlabeni wonke.

"Gzhel" namuhla

Okwamanje, ubuciko "Gzhel" aqhubeka aguquka, kukhona isizukulwane esisha abaculi abanamakhono ukusebenza ngendlela yendabuko, kodwa nokusetshenziswa ukusika-onqenqemeni ubuchwepheshe. "Gzhel ehlathini" ingamakhilomitha angu ayisithupha kusukela eMoscow, esisuka bebheke Murom, iletha ndawonye nemizana 27, ngamunye okuyinto ababumbi zenani elikhulu eziyifa kanye abaculi ziphile futhi zisebenze.

Zanamuhla "Gzhel" - ukuziqhenya yezwe, ibhizinesi khadi waseRussia emkhakheni ezobuciko, kanye Khokhloma, Zhostovo ukudoba Fedoskino miniature - konke yezandla Folk of Russia. "Gzhel" uphokophele kufanele kulolu hlu ehlonishwayo.

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