Kuyini igesi ionized? Kafushane mayelana plasma

Physics - isayensi ezithakazelisayo kakhulu. It ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kutholakala imiqondo enjalo, esikuzwile, kodwa ungenayo i umqondo ngempela. Futhi namhlanje, kule nkathi yobuchwepheshe high, uya ilele umqondo plasma, noma, ngamanye amazwi, igesi ionized. Abantu abaningi, nje kokuzwa izwi, uyesaba, futhi ayizange izame ngisho nokuzama ukuthola ukuthi kusho. Kodwa konke silula, futhi lesi sihloko sizochaza lokho kuyinto igesi ionized, futhi yini izakhiwo ke anazo.

Ngaphambi sikunikeza imininingwane kanye oluphelele, thina uyosingatha umlando omfushane.

indaba

Plasma, noma lesine isimo ndaba, kwatholakala ngo-1879 uWilliam Crookes ngokuhamba ucwaningo nge arc voltaic. Ngemva kwalokho, wonke isayensi yadalwa ngokuthi plasma physics. Lapho benza isayensi futhi kungani kudingeka? Into wukuthi ucwaningo lwathola a plasma omkhulu elisetshenziswa ehlukahlukene kanye nobuchwepheshe. Kodwa sizoxoxa kamuva. Futhi manje okuncane mayelana okushiwo umqondo 'igesi ionized ".

Uyini-plasma?

Leli zwi lafika ku-Russian kusukela ngesiGreki. Kusho "ehlotshisiwe", "wenza". Yilezi akuwona amazwi angasho lutho. Njengoba yaziwa, igesi ezivamile kuthatha ifomu wesikebhe lapho likhona (njengamanzi). Yingakho-ke kunezinxushunxushu futhi ayinakho ukuma eziqondile. Nokho, i-plasma - kungenye indaba. Akumangazi-ke ukuthi ibizwa ngokuthi isimo wesine ndaba. Kuyinto ngokuyisisekelo ukuhluka wonke amanye amazwe izakhiwo zabo ezikhethekile. Iqiniso lokuthi yonke athomu akha yi-plasma, abe necala emihle noma emibi.

Ngaphambi sikhuluma kanjani ukuze uthole plasma bese lapho sisetshenziswa, siyowuqonda izici imfundiso yokuziphendukela plasma-physics, ngoba ulusizo kakhulu kithi ngoba lelandzisako olwengeziwe.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela plasma

Ngokuhamba esikoleni i-chemistry isikhathi esiningi ukukhokha izixazululo nezinhlayiyana ukuthi ziqukethe. Lezi zinhlayiya icala babe izakhiwo eliyingqayizivele futhi banga ningi of ubunjalo bomzimba futhi amakhemikhali izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene "solute - kuphela". Nokho, ama-ion (izinhlayiya icala ikhambi) abekho kuphela i osebenzelana aqueous.

Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, kanye negesi kungenzeka ama-athomu ionized bese bakha icala emihle noma emibi. Lokhu kungenzeka enqubeni wokungqongqoza i-electron kusukela athomu amabutho ngaphandle. Amaelectrons sasikhipha Ungase futhi zizithela yimuphi omunye athomu, futhi "ukushaya" elinye electron. Kodwa kungase kube isimo okuphambene: electron ingandiza phakathi ion futhi aphinde akha athomu hlangothi. Zonke lezi zinqubo njalo ezazenzeka plasma. Akuve engazinzile ngokungabi bikho amabutho angaphandle zokweseka.

Thola plasma ngokuyisisekelo ngendlela lelula, kufinyeleleke sonke ekhaya: edlulisa igesi ngokusebenzisa i arc kagesi voltage okusezingeni eliphezulu. Kukhula lokushisa arc, kulapho shisisa plasma, sithola ngesikhathi okukhiphayo. Voltage ephakeme kumatheminali yayo, kulapho igesi ionized etholwe emva.

I-plasma kungabuye ihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana. Mayelana kwenzekani plasma (igesi ionized), uyofunda kulesi sigaba esilandelayo.

akhishwe ububomvu

On umsuka igesi ionized zingahlukaniswa zibe yokufakelwa kanye zemvelo. Nge ngowokuqala zonke sicace, umuntu kalula ukudala plasma bese ulisebenzisa ngezinjongo zayo (isibonelo, izibani neon, lasers, elawulwa iArmagedoni Fusion). Futhi lokho kuyinto plasma emvelweni? Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke ye ukubonakaliswa yayo - umbani.

Ngu igesi ionized kungabuye kuchasiselwe lomkhuba we Borealis aurora, okuyinto unenhlanhla ukuba bagcine akubona bonke abakhileyo emhlabeni. Futhi, ama-solar wind, ongagcini emkhathini, yisimo wesine ndaba. Uma sicabangela plasma ngomqondo obanzi, kuvela ukuthi zonke isikhala okungokwakhe nayo.

I-plasma kungabuye sihlukene phakathi ngokusho lokushisa yayo. Njengoba yaziwa, igesi ashisayo, ezinyakazayo asebenzayo yezinhlayiya kuwo, futhi ngaphezu bamandla alo. Njengoba i-plasma kungumthombo igesi, lezi zitatimende kweqiniso ngenxa yakhe. и холодный (соответственно, температура меньше миллиона K) . Kanjalo, siqala endaweni lokho lokushisa ionized igesi, ihlukaniswe yaba hot (lokushisa ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-K) amakhaza (ngokulandelana, izinga lokushisa lingaphansi kuka kwesigidi K).

Kukhona omunye Inkomba ngaphezulu - degree of ionization. Sibonisa lokho iphesenti athomu ahlukaniselwe ion-plasma. Ngu inkomba enjalo ukuhlukanisa igesi ionized kakhulu futhi nizkoionizirovanny. Liphinde kufakwe omunye ngeengaba ezivamile.

isiphetho

Plasma - hhayi into enzima kangaka ukuqonda. Ubunzima ukuqala ngokujulile ke. Kodwa njengoba kungabonwa lutho. Asizange asebenzelana ngayo izibalo, njengoba kubekiwe ngangokunokwenzeka ukuchaza okushiwo lo mqondo. Physics - kakhulu isayensi ezithakazelisayo futhi isifundo kubalulekile, uma kuphela ngoba usizungeze kukho konke futhi yonke indawo. Futhi i-athikili yethu ihlose ukuba kufakazelwe, ngoba plasma busizungezile, nje ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi asiyiqondi okushiwo ezijulile izenzakalo ezihambisana naso.