Ubukhulu Russian: silwa futhi inyunyana

Ekhulwini XII-XV esikhathini kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo e Rus yayikhona zokwakheka isimo - imibuso lasendulo. Esikhathini X leminyaka kwakukhona umkhuba, okuyinto eye kuyinsakavukela e kwekhulu leminyaka elalandela, - ukusatshalaliswa umhlaba kwezikhulu ezingamesabi Russian omkhulu, namadodana akhe izihlobo, kuya kweleshumi XII ezaholela virtual nokwahlukana Old isimo Russian.

igunya

Ukuba at ibhodi yayo komhlaba namandla, lolu hlobo abanikazi kwamandla ngokushesha aqala ukulwa sokuzibusa kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe kusukela maphakathi no lokhu sebehlushwa ukuthuthukiswa ababusi Russian. Kuzo zonke izifunda zezikhulu uhlobo Rurik (ngaphandle Novgorod, okuyinto vele umelwe isakhiwo kuthi akufane nokwenzeka republic) Kungenzeka babe babusi eNgophezukonke abaye bathembela apharathasi yawo yokuphatha, ehlanganisa ekilasini serviceman, futhi wathola ingxenye isukela ezindaweni subordinated. Feudatories (ezicukuthwaneni) nge izikhulu eziphezulu Abefundisi babephakathi Boyar Duma - Consulting nomzimba sokweluleka. Prince kwaba umnikazi eziyinhloko zezwe, ezinye zazo ngelakhe mathupha, futhi okusele ukuthi ilahlwe njengombusi oyisehluleki indawo, futhi yahlukaniswa phakathi demesne nemfuyo esontweni, ubambe boyars okunemibandela kanye nezisebenzi.

principalities Russian esikhathini kwehlukana

Ngenkathi kwehlukana eRussia isakhiwo setepolitiki kusekelwe isimiso isitebhisi amakhosi asendulo. Kuze XII leminyaka Kievan Rus futhi ababusi Russian kuncike Ukuhleleka kokuhlala ezithile amandla. Grand Prince Kiev ephethwe sabaphathi izinduna ke lokhu isimo iqoqa futhi Galicia-naseVolyn uVladimir-Suzdal izikhulu. isigaba sabaphathi Central elalihlala ababusi principalities ezinkulu njengoba Chernigov, Polotsk, uVladimir-naseVolyn, Rostov-Suzdal, Turov-Pinsk, Smolensk, Murom-Ryazan, Galician. Kulelizinga leliphansi kakhulu babe nabakhulu akhonze ngaphansi kwabo (ukhonza labantu izikhulu okungenasihloko).

Maphakathi nekhulu XI, inqubo nolokubhujiswa principalities esikhulu, futhi ne amaningi principalities wezolimo - Kyïv kanye Chernihiv izifunda. Kusukela ekupheleni kwelikhulu ekuqaleni XII kuya kweleshumi XIII, lo mkhuba liphenduka into jikelele. Ngiphephile kwehlukana okusheshayo kwaba ekhatsi Kiev, Chernigov, Murom-Ryazan, Turov-Pinsk principalities. Ngo ngezinga kancane okukhulu ke ezazikhathaza Smolensk ubukhulu, kodwa Rostov-Suzdal futhi Galicia-naseVolyn ubukhulu zalezikhathi kwasani ngezikhathi alternated nge izinhlangano zesikhashana ngaphansi kwegunya le "amadala" umbusi. Konke lokhu sikhathi izwe Novgorod wakwazi ukugcina ubuqotho zezombusazwe.

izitha

Ngezikhathi kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo aqala ukudlala indima enkulu congresses zonke-Russian nawesifunda kwesikhulu. Babexoxa ngezepolitiki zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Kodwa abakwazanga ukuyeka umsebenzi ukuhlakazwa. Lokhu okwamanje futhi alusebenzisa lwesiTatar-Mongol izindimbane, umhlaba Russian futhi ubukhulu Russia abakwazanga ukujoyina amabutho ukuze simelane ubudlova yangaphandle futhi balahlekelwa ezinye indawo enkulu eningizimu-ntshonalanga nasentshonalanga yayo emazweni lapho kamuva ekhungathekiswe amatutu Batu Khan XIII-XIV eminyaka babe Wanqoba Lithuania (Polotskoye, Kiev, Pereyaslavskoe, Chernigovskoye, Turovo-Pinsky, Smolenskoye, uVladimir-Volynskoye) nasePoland (Galitskoe). Kube self kuphela Northeast Russia (Novgorod , Murom, Ryazan futhi uVladimir ezweni).

I samanje Russian imibuso inhlangano ukuba siqale. XIV futhi n. Kwekhulu XVI. "Eziqoqiwe" yi-Moscow Izikhulu uhulumeni waseRussia usethathe wokubuyiselwa ubunye bawo.

principalities Russian izinduna

igunya National ngezikhulu zakwa isiRashiya kwakuwulimi yokukhululwa Russia ejokeni Golden zidlamlilo kanye ukufukulwa komnotho, futhi ukwenza lokhu kwakudingekile ukuba babe munye, kodwa othile kwadingeka ume phakathi nendawo. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwembula umholi ezimbili eqinile - eMoscow Tver. Tver ubukhulu kwamiswa 1247 ngesikhathi kubusa ungumfowabo omncane Aleksandra Nevskogo - uJaroslav Yaroslavovych. Ngemva kokufa yomfowabo, waba umbusi Tver ubukhulu (1263-1272 GG.), Yikuphi kwaba enamandla kakhulu eRussia ngaleso sikhathi. Nokho, kwaba ngasekhanda yenqubo ubunye.

Ngu XIV ekhulwini ngokushesha kakhulu wenyukela eMoscow, ngaphambi kokufika lwesiTatar-Mongol wayengumhlali into kancane emnceleni Vladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu, kodwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIV waba isikhungo zezombusazwe ezibalulekile. Futhi zonke ngoba esesikhundleni evumayo kakhulu isikhundla womhlaba. Kusukela eningizimu nasempumalanga ye izindimbane embozwe wakhe Ryazan futhi Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod ubukhulu, ababevela enyakatho-ntshonalanga - ubukhulu Novgorod futhi Tver. Ihlathi azungeze eMoscow yayimibi kungasahambeki kuyo ngoba abakhwele amahhashi, lwesiTatar-amaMongol. Ngakho-ke, lo inflow sabantu e Grand ubukhulu of eMoscow Russian kunyuke. Kube basungula lo msebenzi kanye nezolimo. EMoscow futhi yaba isikhungo enamandla yezwe nasesithelweni nemifula, futhi lokhu kwaba nesandla ukuhweba, futhi amasu empi.

Moscow

Ngokusebenzisa emfuleni eMoscow and Oka Duchy of eMoscow waphuma eVolga nemingenela yayo ngokusebenzisa isibaluli ezweni Novgorod. inqubomgomo Nezimo wezikhulu eMoscow futhi wanika imiphumela emihle, njengoba bakwazi ukunqoba phezu kwezinye principalities Russian nebandla. Umsunguli izikhulu BaseMoscow lwamakhosi baba Daniil Aleksandrovich - (. 1276-1303 GG) uthunjana Aleksandra Nevskogo. Ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe, i-ubukhulu of eMoscow kakhulu anda insimu yalo. Ngo 1301 washukumisa ukuba Kolomna, anqotshwa Ryazan kokwesikhulu. Ngo 1302, Pereyaslav isikhulu, ababengenazo izingane ezingabasiza, washiyela impahla yakhe eMoscow. Ngo 1303 eMoscow, wazihlanganisa Mozhaisk. Kwaphela iminyaka emithathu naye kabili endaweni ubukhulu eMoscow, futhi buye baba enye yezinkundla ezinkulu kunazo zonke enyakatho-mpumalanga yeRussia.

Mozhaysk - at ekuqaleni le UMfula iMoscow, futhi Kolomna - ngomlomo ngaso umfula sasiyisimangaliso izintambo izikhulu eMoscow. Pereslavl-Zaleski - yezindawo evundile - ngemuva kokushintsha kuya ubukhulu eMoscow kwaqinisa enamandla amandla ayo. Ngakho-ke, isikhulu eMoscow aqala ukulwa Tver ngoba nokubusa okukhulu. Njengoba igatsha senior Tver, uMichael Yaroslavovich Prince wathola ilungelo zidlamlilo ku nokubusa okukhulu.

Kwabe sekuthi ngo-Moscow obusa Yury eMoscow, owashada ukuze udadewabo Khan Uzbek Konchak (ngemva Ubhapathizo Agafia). Khan wamnika ilungelo sobukhosi. Khona-uMichael 1315 wanqoba squad ka Yuri wathumba umkakhe, owafa kamuva e Tver. Mikhail ababulawa wabizelwa zidlamlilo. Ngo 1325 George wabulala eyizibulo Mihaila Tverskogo - Uyisitha Dimitri amehlo, ngemva owabhubhisa leli Khan Uzbek, njengoba Uzbek Khan waphishekela umgomo ukwaluka izikhulu isiRashiya, ngenxa Elikhulu ubukhulu of Tver kwaba Duke Alexander Mikhailovich (1326-1327 GG.).

Lo mbhikisho e Tver

Ngo 1327, kwakubikwa ukuvukelwa Tver ngokumelene isihlobo ukuchofoza Uzbek. Abavukeli wabulala AmaTatar eziningi. Moscow Prince Ivan Danilovich Kalita (1325-1340 GG.), Sibambe okwamanje, weza Tver kuya Tatar-amaMongol ukungasebenzi intukuthelo yabantu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ilebuli nokubusa okukhulu kwaba ngezinye izikhulu eMoscow. Kalita wakwazi ukufeza uxhumano obuseduze izikhulu zesonto ezisenhloko-Moscow. Ngakho-ke, i-Metropolitan uPetru bashukumiseleka ukuba baphile eMoscow. Ngaleso sikhathi, eMoscow isibe hhayi kuphela ngemibono, kodwa futhi maphakathi zenkolo yeRussia. Phakathi nokubusa Amadodana ka-Ivan Kalita uSimeyoni Proud (1340-1353 GG.) Futhi Ivan Red (1353-1359 GG.) Ukuze Duchy of eMoscow yadibana Kostroma, Dmitrov, Starodubsky umhlaba futhi liyingxenye yezwe Kaluga.

Don

Prince Dmitry (1359-1389 GG.) Ingabe iminyaka 9 ubudala waqala ukuphatha ubukhulu eMoscow. Nakulokhu futhi, umzabalazo isihlalo sobukhosi uVladimir Grand. Abaphikisi waseMoscow laqala obala ukusekela zidlamlilo. A uphawu lwempumelelo futhi ukunqoba kwe-ubukhulu iMoscow yayingenye ukwakhiwa omhlophe-itshe ezibiyele owawungumnyaka kuphela inqaba futhi izinqaba itshe enyakatho-empumalanga yeRussia. Ngalesi eMoscow wakwazi ulwe izimangalo ubuholi bonke-Russian Tver, Nizhny Novgorod dudula Lithuanian Grand Duke Algirdas. Esivuna eMoscow ushintshe ibhalansi amabutho eRussia.

Futhi zidlamlilo kuya maphakathi nekhulu XIV kuqala inkathi buthakathaka amandla emaphakathi kanye umzabalazo sobukhosi yasebukhosini. Ngo 1377 ngaso umfula sasiyisimangaliso a udakwe lokulwa ukushayisana lapho zidlamlilo ochotshoziwe Muscovite ibutho. Kodwa ngemva konyaka 1378 emfuleni Vozha amabutho Murza Begich wahlulwa Dmitry.

Battle of Kulikovo

Ngo 1380 Khan Mamai sebenqume ukubusa yamazwe Russian iGolden zidlamlilo. Yena Wajoyina Lithuanian Prince Jagiello, futhi bathuthela eRussia. Prince Dmitry ngaleso sikhathi yaziphatha njengezilo umkhuzi abanamakhono. Wathuthela bubheke AmaTatar wawela Don, lapho washeshe wahileleka empini nesitha endaweni yakhe siqu. Umsebenzi wesibili wayengumuntu ukulwa unganikeli Mamai sihlanganise amabutho Jagiello.

Septhemba 8, 1380 ngosuku Battle of Kulikov ekuseni kwaba nenkungu, izinsuku ezingu-11 nje waqala umdlalo iqhawe-indela Russian Peresvet kanye Tartar iqhawe Chelubey. Tatar lokuqala waphula ibutho eziphambili isiRashiya, futhi umama anqoba, kodwa ke hit kusukela flank abaqamekeli ibutho izimantshi Dmitry Bobrok isosha-Volintsev futhi Prince Vladimira Serpuhovskogo. Ngu-15 ezimpondweni, kwaliwa zonke ecacile. AmaTatar wabaleka, ngoba generalship sokunconywa waqala ukubiza Dmitri Donskoi. Battle of Kulikovo kakhulu buthaka amandla zidlamlilo, okuyinto kamuva ekugcineni wavuma ubukhulu eMoscow lokubusa la mazwe Russian.

Tokhtamysh

Mamay wabaleka ngemva kokunqotshwa e Kafu (Feodosiya), lapho abulawa khona. Umbusi wezizwe, ukuze zidlamlilo lapho Khan baba Tokhtamysh. Ngo 1382 yahlatshwa ehlaselwa eMoscow. Ngesikhathi uDon kwaba ngaphandle kwedolobha, ngakho waya enyakatho ukuqoqa izibhalwa entsha. ngesibindi Labantu ezilwiwa ngabantu ukuhlela ekumeleleni eMoscow. Ngenxa yalokho, Tokhtamysh bezifuna kubo, ukuthi ngeke yokuphangwa komuzi, futhi ukulwa kuphela ngokumelene Don. Kodwa, wagijima waya eMoscow, wanqoba idolobha, yasinameka umtselo.

Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, Don wabapha amandla okuba nokubusa okukhulu Vladimir indodana yakhe Vasily mina, ngaphandle kokubuza zidlamlilo kwesokudla ilebula. Ngakho ahlanganisiwe principalities Russian - eMoscow uVladimir.

Timur

Ngo 1395 umbusi Timur Tamerlane, yanqoba Central Asia, iPheresiya, eSiberia, Baghdad, India, Turkey, waya zidlamlilo futhi alibhubhise, wabe esedlulela eMoscow. Basil mina ngalesisikhathi wabutha abezempi e Kolomna. E-Moscow kusukela Vladimir alethwe Umsekeli ezweni Russian - isithonjana uVladimir uNina kaNkulunkulu. Lapho engxenyeni yesibili Timur waya eMoscow, wahlala endaweni Yelets ke emva kwesikhashana, lapho wavele washintsha umqondo ukuya eRussia. Ngokusho yetinsita ihlobenenamanye lo mkhuba iphupho Timur iningi Mother Mary.

izimpi izinduna kanye Union of Florence

Ngemva kokufa Basil mina ekupheleni kwekhulu XIV, umzabalazo principalities Russian nangombango ngokuthi ubonisa "izimpi amakhosi asendulo." Esikhathini ubukhulu eMoscow phakathi kwamadodana akhe nabazukulu kamuva Dmitry Donskoy kwaba impi yangempela ngesikhathi betholakala sobukhosi. Ngenxa yalokho, waya Vasily II Ebumnyameni, Muscovy likhuphukile le nkathi by izikhathi ezingu-30.

Basil II benqaba ukwamukela union (1439) futhi ume ngaphansi igunya likapapa. Lokhu Inyunyana waphoselwa ngaphansi kwebhaxa kulondolozwa eRussia kusukela eByzantium, WaseTurkey. Russia Metropolitan Isidore (ngesiGreki), ezasekela union, ngokushesha wagudluzwa. Bese Metropolitan Bishop uJona waba Ryazan. Kwaba isiqalo uzibuse Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia we Sabefundisi waseConstantinople.

Ngemva kokunqotshwa waseConstantinople abaseTurkey ngo 1453, inhloko-Russian Church waqala ukuchaza eMoscow. Orthodox besekele umzabalazo ubunye emazweni Russian. Manje emzabalazweni awazange ukwehlukanisa principalities isiRashiya, futhi wahamba endlini kwesikhulu. Kodwa kumiswa Elikhulu isimo Russian baba engelapheki, futhi zonke kwaqashelwa njengoba inhlokodolobha eMoscow.