Kuyini kwezentengiselwano? Abamele mercantilism. Mercantilism kwezomnotho

Abantu abaningi abaye balizwa izwi "mercenary", kodwa hhayi wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi kusho nalapho kwenzeka. Kodwa izwi ihlobene eduze omunye edume kakhulu izimfundiso izinhlelo uqala ukuvela ekhulwini xv. Ngakho lokho mercantilism nalokho okushiwo nelalinayo emlandweni wesintu?

Umlando nesenzakalo

Uyini "mercantilism 'ngomqondo obanzi izwi? Igama elithi ngokwalo livela egameni lesi Latin Mercanti, ngokwezwi nezwi ihumusha ngokuthi "ukuhweba". Mercantilism njengoba kuchaziwe ezincwadini ezahlukene kuhlukile kancane, kuyinto ithiyori kwezomnotho, okuyinto ugomela iyasiza insalela ibhalansi ukukhokhelwa isimo sokwanda ayesekhona lemali mass futhi zikhuthaza emnothweni. Iphinde Uyaqaphela ukuthi kudingeka ithintwasingxivizo njengendlela yokuthola ukufezekisa lezi zinjongo. Umqondo "mercantilism" eyayisetshenziswa kabanzi nge abalobi azibhala ahlukahlukene ngokwesayensi substantiates isidingo kokungenela kukahulumeni kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi kwezomnotho. Leli gama lalisetshenziselwa wokuqala ohlongozwayo sefilosofi esidumile Scottish kanye sezomnotho u-Adam Smith. Yena usebenza ngenkuthalo wagxeka ozakwabo ubiza phezu States lokubamba iqhaza emisebenzini yezomnotho esebenzisa umumo okhululekile, okuyinto wavezwa ngokuxhasa umkhiqizi kazwelonke kanye nokusungulwa ephezulu imisebenzi nokungenisa. U-Adam Smith wayekholelwa ukuthi mercantilists, abangamalungu osomnotho, odokotela, ezohwebo kanye ukuvikela izithakazelo ayitholwa we-East India Company kanti ezinye nezinye izinkampani English-stock. Izazi-mlando eziningi ngokuyisisekelo ungavumelani nalokhu umbono u-Adam Smith. Bathi ukuthuthukiswa imithetho British mercantilist esekelwe ukubukwa yetinhlobo letibanti letehlukene tematheksthi zabantu, hhayi kuphela nezimboni kanye abahwebi.

Imigomo Nezindlela amafilosofi ka mercantilism

Ngokungafani no-Adamu Smith, Ingabe Abalweli Bokholo lokhu imfundiso wagomela ukuthi Inhloso yale nqubomgomo akuyona kuphela ukwanelisa izifiso nezimboni British futhi abathengisi, kodwa futhi nokwehla kwesibalo sabantu abangasebenzi, ukwanda iminikelo isabelomali yezwe, ukulwa befisa ukuthola inzuzo, eqinisa ukulondeka kwezwe. Ukuze uzwisise ukuthi yini mercantilism, kufanele uhlole ngokucophelela nemibono yayo. Izimiso zalo eziyisisekelo:

• zabasebenzi okusezingeni eliphezulu umkhiqizo kungaba kulezo izimboni ezikhiqiza izimpahla kwamanye amazwe;
• Umcebo ungasiza kuphela ukuveza essence of amatshe ayigugu;
• nokuthengiswa kufanele ikhuthazwe nguhulumende ngokugcweleyo;
• uhulumeni kumele baqinisekise ukuthi ayitholwa ka nezimboni zasekhaya kanye nosomabhizinisi ngosizo ekuvimbeleni mncintiswano;
• Ukwanda kwenani labantu kuyadingeka ukuze ugcine amaholo aphansi kanye nenani elikhulu ukubuya.

imisebenzi mercantilist

Ngokusho Abasekeli lo mbono kwezomnotho, it has imisebenzi elandelayo:

• futhi siqalise izincomo isimo, selokhu kwasekelwa ukulinganisela evumayo yohwebo ngaphandle kokungenela uhulumeni akunakwenzeka;
• lokufeza umgomo wokuvikela, ngokubeka okusezingeni eliphezulu amasiko izintela (yamanani) ku izimpahla amazwe ezivela phesheya; kwenyuswe ukuthuthukiswa yezimboni kabani imikhiqizo zenzelwe namanye amazwe; ukuqaliswa isisusa imiklomelo imikhiqizo akhishwa phesheya.

Indima mercantilism kwezomnotho

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela mercantilism - ingenye izimfundiso zokuqala kwezomnotho, izimpawu zobuqotho yayo. Khona kanye ukubukeka kwawo futhi ukwamukelwa okwenzeka esikhathini capitalism ekuseni. Mercantilists baye wayelokhu ekholelwa ukuthi indima esemqoka kunoma yiluphi emnothweni, futhi kungakho futhi ukudalwa inzuzo, njalo udlala sphere of kwegazi. Ngokusho kwabo, ingcebo zesizwe amanga kuphela imali. Abagxeki mercantilism sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi somgomo wokusetshenziswa kwezilimi eziningi kuholela ekuweni komnotho, njengoba imali eningi njalo okuholela amanani aphezulu. Ukuthuthukiswa kungenzeka kuphela kuze kube isikhathi lapho esebenzayo ukuhweba iwindi ingabe usekhona, kodwa umphumela wanoma isiphi imikhawulo ukuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo ngeke ukulahlekelwa net kuphela. I mercantilism uhlukaniswe kusaqalwa futhi emva kwesikhathi.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-theory kwezomnotho

Mercantilism emnothweni, njenganoma iyiphi enye imfundiso yokuziphendukela, njalo elokhu ivela. Ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene izimiso zalo ziye zashintsha kuye ezingeni ukukhiqizwa yezimboni nohwebo. . Okuthiwa "mercantilism ekuseni," okubhekisele eminyaka xv-XVI, eyayisendaweni ekahle kanzima kakhulu (uneminyaka efanele) eziyisisekelo:

• ukuthekelisa of amatshe ayigugu (isiliva, igolide) ezivela ezweni wathembela insitha
• ukungena kwezimpahla lwalulinganiselwe ukuba icubungulisise;
• yezimpahla abangabokufika izintengo eliphezulu kakhulu;
• ukuze kukhawulwe ukuvuza supply imali yezwe uvinjelwe ukuthekelisa yayo phesheya;
• yokudayisa babhekwe njengabezinye izizwe kwadingeka achithe ku ukuthengwa kwezimpahla wendawo;
• Theory ibhalansi yemali sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi kakhulu, ngoba yayisekelwe zonke izinqubomgomo okuhloswe ngazo okwandisa umcebo umthetho.

mercantilism Early Marx ichazwe ngokuthi "uhlelo yemali." Abamele mercantilism kule nkathi: i eyiNgisi W. Stafford, amaNtaliyane De Santis, G. Scaruffi.

mercantilism ngasekupheleni

Kusukela engxenyeni ngekhulu XVI yesibili. futhi kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu XVII. Lo mbono savela kancane. ezentengiselwano kutemnotfo babevela imiqondo ekhona nesikhathi ezimbonini. Wayefuna ukuyobopha amakholwa kukhawulwe izidingo ngabanye abantu futhi inelasticity isidingo. Umnotho uJesu wazalwa umdlalo zero isamba. Ngamanye amazwi, ukulahlekelwa elilodwa zifinyelela ku-nzuzo wenye. Kuyini mercantilism kule nkathi? Ukudla kwalo main:

• Kuyinto umbono evelele insalela ukuhweba;
• zithathwa imikhawulo elawula ku ukuthekelisa futhi ukungenisa kwezimpahla ngemali;
• inqubomgomo kwezomnotho isimo esibonakala ngumkhiqizi yasekhaya umumo okhululekile;
• Kutfutfukisa isimiso yokufuna izimpahla ezishibhile kwelinye izwe azidayisele ngentengo ephakeme kwenye;
• Ukuvikelwa sabantu nokuwohloka kwesimiso kubangelwa ukuhweba khulula.

Laba bameleli be-eyinhloko mercantilism: i eyiNgisi T. Mann (ezinye imithombo - Maine), Italian kanye engumFulentshi A. Serra A. Montchretien.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukuhweba isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona

Ngokwe mercantilists kamuva, ukuhweba isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona inikezwe ukuthekelisa kwezimpahla ezivela ezweni. Isimiso esikhulu kwezohwebo: ukuthenga eshibhile futhi adayise yigugu. Imali has imisebenzi emibili: Ukuphathwa futhi isitoreji izindlela, okungukuthi, mercantilism ngasekupheleni waqala aphathe imali njengoba inhlokodolobha, beqaphela ukuthi imali kuyinto lezimpahla.

izimiso eziyisisekelo:

• ukuphathwa namanye amazwe ngenhloso ukuthutheleka sokukucenga sesilivere negolide;
• ukwesekwa umkhakha ngokufaka oxhumana izinto zokusetshenziswa ezishibhile ngaphezulu;
• ukusungulwa yamanani zokuzivikela yezimpahla ezingena;
• ukukhuthazwa ukuthekelisa;
• Ukwanda kwenani labantu ukuze silondoloze ezingeni eliphansi inkokhelo.

Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi mercantilism ngasekupheleni wayeyithanda intuthuko ngesikhathi sawo. Wayesiza e shipbuilding, umkhakha, ukuhweba, yilelo nalelo libe nesigaba ngamazwe zomsebenzi.

ukuthuthukiswa mercantilism

Mercantilism ekupheleni XVII ekuqaleni umnotho XIX leminyaka. cishe zonke lamazwe amaningi asethuthukile yeYurophu (England, Austria, Sweden, France, Prussia) kuthathwa ngokuthi imfundiso kwezomnotho ezisemthethweni. ENgilandi ke sekuneminyaka cishe 2 eminyaka (kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo XIX leminyaka.). Mercantilism, njengoba kuchaziwe kule nkathi zaba umqondo ezahlukene theory kwezomnotho - umumo okhululekile, futhi kwaduma eRussia. Ngokokuqala ngqá uye wasebenzisa izimiso kodwa uPetru I. Phakathi nokubusa Elizabeth mercantilism eRussia ngokubaluleka kuthandwa, ngakho sebenzisa lo mbono kwezomnotho kakhulu njalo ngaphansi Nicholas mina isimo. Phakathi nale nkathi, inqubomgomo tekuvikela yayihloselwe ekuthuthukiseni ukuhweba ibhalansi wezwe, aba nesandla ekuthuthukeni kwalo ekuthuthukiseni umkhakha futhi ukwanda okusheshayo kwenani labantu. Phakathi nale nkathi, ibhalansi phakathi ukungeniswa nokukhishelwa emazweni angaphandle eyayibekwe ngenxa ushintsho amanani emazweni - abahlanganyeli enqubeni zokuhweba.

mercantilists Russian

ERussia, inkulumo eliqhakazile imicabango mercantilism kwaba AL-Ordyn Nashchekin (1605-1680 GG.). Lokhu sikahulumeni, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1667, "New Commercial Charter", okuyinto eligcwele izimiso kanye imibono lo mbono. AL-Ordyn Nashchekin njalo okuhloswe ukuletha ezweni lakubo okuningi ensimbini eyigugu ngangokunokwenzeka. Wabuye baduma ngenxa ukusekelwa yakhe abahwebi nezazi ukuhweba yasekhaya.

A umnikelo omkhulu tiyori kwezomnotho ukwenze usosayensi Russian futhi isibalo somphakathi V N. Tatischev (1680-1750 GG.), Ubani sasimelene ukuthekelisa phesheya zegolide nezesiliva bullion. Imports of amatshe ayigugu enikela ngokuphelele mahhala izintela (imisebenzi), kanye ukungenisa izinto zokusetshenziswa ezidingekayo sokuthuthukisa imboni yasekhaya. Wasikisela ukwethula imisebenzi phezulu izimpahla izimpahla ayengase enziwe at amabhizinisi Russian.

Economist esivelele mercantilists yakhe isikhathi kubhekwa futhi I. T. Pososhkova (1652-1726 GG.). Ngo-1724 wabhala: "Incwadi ka-ukuntuleka nengcebo", lapho wazwakalisa eziningi imibono original (isibonelo, esigabeni sika-cebi yangempela futhi okungezona ngempela). Kungakhathaliseki zezomnotho European I. T. Pososhkov uzwakale Uhlelo kwezomnotho ukuthuthukiswa Russia, ikhumbula imininingwane yalolu ngokoqobo kazwelonke.

isiZulu mercantilism

Le nqubomgomo kwezomnotho kwenziwa cishe kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo - kuye ngokuthi isimo zomlando kuleli zwe - wanika imiphumela ehlukile. I impumelelo enkulu mercantilism theory izuzwe eNgilandi. Ngenxa izimiso zalo kanye nemihlahlandlela ukuthi isimo yaba umbuso omkhulu kunayo yonke wamakoloni emhlabeni. Umqondo mercantilism UK kubonise ngokugcwele izithakazelo ukuhweba monopolies lakhona elikhulu kunawo wonke.

mercantilism esikoleni

Ukuhweba enkabeni yalo esikoleni kuqala wezomnotho kwezombangazwe wobunxiwankulu, okuyinto bazama ukuthethelela kwakuthiwa inqubomgomo zikhuthazwe abahwebi. It libhekene asebenzayo isimo kokungenela kuzo zonke izinqubo zezomnotho. School mercantilism wafundisa ukuthi kuphela ngokusebenzisa asebenzayo isimo ithintwasingxivizo kungase kwandise ukukhiqiza kwezimpahla emazweni angaphandle. Kulokhu, inchubomgomo yahulumende kufanele okuhloswe ngazo ekusekeleni ukunwetshwa dolobha commercial ngokukhuthaza kudalwa izinkampani ayitholwa wahlanganyela ukuthengisa imikhiqizo yabo. State kufanele nakanjani ukuthuthukisa navigation kanti imikhumbi, ukuze uthwebule ngaphezulu amakoloni. Ukuze afeze lezi zinhloso kwakudingeka atshale izintela izakhamuzi '.

Indima sphere of kwegazi

Abagqugquzeli mercantilism alalelwa esiphezulu iyona sphere of kwegazi. Nokho, kuba- sekuyisikhathi utadisha imithetho yasekhaya ye nascent ukukhiqizwa zama-Capitalist. Yonke mercantilists wezomnotho kwezombangazwe kubhekwa njengekhambi elingaba usizo isayensi ukuthi study ibhalansi wezwe yohwebo. abameli Sakudala lo mbono, akhiwa ingcebo ne izinsimbi eziyigugu (igolide, isiliva), futhi kamuva - nomkhiqizo ngokweqile ezisele ngemuva nokwaneliseka ngezidingo isimo, okuyinto kungenziwa igcwaliseke emakethe angaphandle ziphenduka imali. Esikhathini nemibandela ukuntula imali ekuqaleni mercantilists umsebenzi walo kuyehla kube ukuqongelela izimali. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imali ngaqala ukubona, futhi medium exchange. Kamuva mercantilists waqala aphathe imali njengoba inhlokodolobha.

Imali - izimpahla

Kamuva mercantilists babekholelwa lezimpahla imali, kodwa Marx futhi ayikwazanga ukuthola ukuthi kungani nokuthi umkhiqizo is ibe imali. Iphikisa mqondo yakhe eyinhloko yezinkolo "imali - iyona umcebo" mercantilists baba okhokho okubizwa ngokuthi "nominalist" futhi kamuva "ambalwa" inkolelo-mbono emali. Wamemezela ukuthi umshikashika elikhiqizayo kuphela, ogama imikhiqizo emazweni angaphandle alethwe isimo imali eningi ezingaphezu kuka bekulokhu izindleko zabo. Ngo inqubo ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha ne-capitalism, mercantilism isimo wayengasakwazi ukuhlangabezana izimo zomnotho zamuva. Yena salandelwa umnotho wobunxiwankulu kwezombangazwe, okwakusho kwakuthiwa kugomela umsebenzi kwezomnotho khulula. Mercantilism uye icekela ngesikhathi lapho amazwe athuthukile, inhlokodolobha commercial wakhala ezimbonini. It yavela yaqhakaza kwathatha ukukhiqizwa yezimboni wezomnotho kwezombangazwe classical.