"Black ngoLwesine" ngo-1998. 1998 okuzenzakalelayo eRussia

Ngemva kokuphindela eSoviet Union yaphela, i-Russia cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi nezinkinga zezimali. Isimo siyidinga ngezimali zakwamanye amazwe, yangaphandle inkonzo izikweletu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akunakuba. Ngenxa yalokho, amaningi kakhulu ukubolekisa zangaphandle kodwa futhi yangaphakathi hhayi kuphela akha izikweletu ezinkulu emphakathini. Ukuthi kwakunjalo imfuneko umcimbi edumile emhlabeni wehlela emlandweni ngokuthi "Black ngoLwesine" ngo-1998.

Ukuphambana izikweletu zomphakathi, noma kanjani iqala

Ngokwemininingwane enikezwa yi-Central Bank of the Russian Federation, ngesikhathi esibucayi, i-SMP oluhambisana amadola 24 bhiliyoni. Lapho lesi sikweletu GKO / OFZ emakethe yokungakhokhi izakhamuzi ezimakethe zamasheya kwaba bhiliyoni $ 36. Usayizi isilinganiso izikweletu lwaminyaka yonke oluya non-izakhamizi wasondela sibalo $ 10 billion ngonyaka. Esebenzisa isihluku isimo iconsi elibukhali izindleko izinto zokusetshenziswa emakethe ngamazwe. Ukwehlisa wathinta uwoyela, igesi kanye nezinsimbi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo e-Asia waqala kunezinkinga zemali global. lokushintshisana ngemali engenayo waseRussia kwehle ngo izikhathi eziningana, dollar exchange rate ngo-1998 olusha iphezulu kakhulu, futhi ababolekisi angaphandle baqala ukuzwa ukungabaza sina nokukhathazeka ngokuya uxhaso lwezimali ukuze isimo ukuze isimo somnotho engazinzile.

inhliziyo Negative: konke kwaqala ngo-July

Naphezu kwesimo esibucayi ezweni, "Black ngoLwesine" ngo-1998, leso esiye saletha ukusebenza Michel Camdessus, le ke isikhundla Umqondisi we IMF. Ngenxa amazwi akhe abonisa ukuthi ngisho noma wonke nemibandela IMF izimali eRussia ngeke bekwazi loan in inani $ 15 billion, licele isimo ukukhathazeka mayelana ukwehla lwemali kazwelonke sasiba sibi kakhulu.

Kakade Julayi 7 CBR wayeka ngokuphelele elikhiphe izikhungo zezimali ezifana Lombard sokubolekwayo. 9 Julayi izinkulumo yayiqhutshelwa, imiphumela okuyinto isimo kwadingeka zonke amathuba ukuthola imali-mboleko ngo-inani 22.6 dollar ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane. Ngosuku olulandelayo, iZizwe Ezihlangene zamemezela ukuthi ukwehla uyoletha izwe umusa engakaze ibonwe, futhi ngumkhuba, kubalulekile emnothweni.

ushintsho ngamanga kwemizwa

Ezenzeka kuleli zwe ngasekupheleni July, samnikeza ithemba ukuthi ezizenzakalelayo 1998 hhayi kungathatha indawo. Ngakho, 29 ka isimo kwabelwe le tranche lokuqala wokuboleka angaphandle uhlobo eziphuthumayo. Ubukhulu bayo kwaba cishe u- $ 14 bhiliyoni. ukwehla usongo uye esebohlile. 24 okufanayo ngenyanga refinancing wezinga sehliselwe endaweni ukubaluleka 60%. Bit sithathelwe indawo omuhle inhliziyo ukusebenza Andreya Illarionova, wakhonza njengephayona umqondisi Economic Institute. Wabalahla inqubomgomo okungokomthetho kombuso futhi ephikelela kuyashesha ukwehla kwamandla kazwelonke.

Izenzakalo Agasti 1998 - i-isilinganiselo crisis

I 1998 Inkinga laseRussia aqala ukuba zimbi kakhulu ngemva ukusikhohlisa yesikhashana 5 Agasti, lapho uhulumeni ebuzwa uMbuso ukukhuphula umkhawulo kwemali evela $ 6 billion 14. Lokhu Isixazululo ngokucacile eyabonisa yokuthi izwe awulona uyakwazi ngezimali isabelomali salo ezivela emithonjeni yasekhaya.

Ngo-August 6 States yakhipha i tranche wesithathu kabusha umnotho $ 1.5 billion. izikweletu Russian emakethe emhlabeni zehle emananini awo aphansi. 1998 "Black ngoLwesine" konyaka wayethola usondela ngasendlini yakhe.

Ukuwa kancane kancane emnothweni

Ukuwa ongenakugwenywa izingcaphuno kwamatayitela Russian Kuboshwe 11 Agasti. Wabelana ku RTS lehla ngosuku ngo 7.5%. Lokhu kwaba isizathu kokumisa zokuhweba. Emini, amabhange ceaselessly baqhubeka ukuthenga izimali zakwamanye amazwe. Ntambama ngosuku olufanayo, lapho 1998 dollar uye yayina kakhulu, iningi amabhange ngobukhulu kuleli zwe baye bayeka yonke imisebenzi yabo.

Agasti 12 intshisekelo abukhali lwemali baba imfuneko kumile oluphelele emakethe interbank credit. Yaqala nesimo esibucayi zezimali. Amabhange ezidinga esiningi izimali ukuhlangabezana nezibopho zakhe ngaphansi izinkontileka phambili, zihlangabezane nobunzima e ukubuyiswa kwemali imali. CB proinitsiiroval ukunciphisa umkhawulo lwemali enkulu ngamabhange, kuka kakhulu ziyancipha imali yabo ku ukugcinwa ruble. Agency Moody`s kanye Standard & Poor`s Agasti 13 lamemezela ukwehla elibukhali eside credit isilinganiso isimo. UNgqongqoshe Wezezimali kanye Iphini Lomqondisi-Central Bank sabikwa ezindabeni ukuthi emakethe exchange angaphandle kanye isibopho emakethe uhulumeni kusukela lapha kuqhubeke uzobe osekelwa bebhange. Agasti 14 kungabonwa emigwaqweni eduze loMfula wonke ulayini emabhange ababezama ukuthola imali.

"Black ngoLwesine" ngo-1998

Black indawo emlandweni Russian onesihloko esithi "Black ngoLwesine" lalibhekisela lobuchwepheshe okuzenzakalelayo yezwe, ukungakwazi yayo ukukhokhela izibopho - noma kwangaphandle nangekhatsi. Agasti 17, ngemuva inkulumo Sergeya Kirienko, bangazihluphi okuthunyelwe ka inhloko kahulumeni, kwaba sobala ukuthi ukwehla zenzeka. Wakhuluma nemisebenti lehlose kuqiniswa futhi ukuzinza kokubili ngokwezimali futhi inqubomgomo yentela.

izinsuku ezingu-90 bamiswa ukugcwaliseka izibopho abantu bamazwe angaphandle emalini ebolekwe ngemisebenzi ngaphakathi kohlaka nemikhiqizo emakethe futhi zokukhwabanisa izibambiso. Ngokuphelele wayeka ukudayiswa T-izikweletu. Russia uthuthele elintantayo exchange rate. Ngemva ukunwetshwa ephasishi ruble dollar ukulawula isimo angu-6 kuya 9.3, uHulumeni wayengakwazi. Ngo-1998 i-dollar ngo izinyanga ezimbili nje liye landa izikhathi eziningana, futhi ngo-Okthoba kwaba ruble 15.9 dollar ngalinye, kuqhathaniswa ne ruble 6 ekuqaleni kwehlobo lika-1998.

Kwakwenzenjani kuleli zwe ngemva iphutha?

Ngemva 1998 okuzenzakalelayo kwamenyezelwa ngokomthetho, amabhange wayeka elikhiphe ezifakwa ngokushesha. Isimo kungenxa yokuthi yisikhungo sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali izibopho obonakaliswe zamadola, namafa - in ruble. Uma uqala elikhiphe ezifakwa ebukhoneni a ukwehla, uyomenzela imbobo ishidi, okungase kukhinyabeze isimo sonke yasebhange simiso isimo.

International Organisation of Visa Int. umbeki aphoyintimenti yezwe "Imperial" ikhadi lasebhange ngobukhulu. Zonke lonke yisikhungo sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali bakhuthazwa ukuba uyeke kokukhipha imali kwi amakhadi. ngo-1998 dollar okusezingeni eliphezulu liye laba isisekelo ukuba kuvinjelwe ukusungulwa umehluko phakathi ukuthenga nokuthengisa zezimali isikhathi esingaphezu 15%. Kukhona Ukukhetha kwemvelo izikhungo zezimali, kusale kuphela eziqine. ukungavumi wanikezwa ngokwethula ekuphathweni yesikhashana. Ukubolekwa ukuze bentando zezimali kwenzeka kuzimo yabo ukudluliswa anawo shareholdings sikahulumeni. Khona-ke kwaba khona isimemezelo ku ekususeni amandla yiKhabhinethi kanye ukuxoshwa ikhanda lika izindaba isimo.

ukulahlekelwa kwezimali

Uvivinyo lwangempela nombono omusha asikhumbule izakhamuzi eziningi izwe 1998. Okuzenzakalelayo eRussia kuye kwaholela ekulahlekelweni ngo-August 96-dollar ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane. ezinkampani ukulahlekelwa wemboni zaba okungenani $ 19 bhiliyoni. izikhungo Commercial zezimali baye balahlekelwa in inani 45 dollar ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane. Ochwepheshe abaningi emhlabeni zezimali oyikholelwayo lezi zibalo ziphansi kakhulu.

GDP bawela $ 150 billion. Isimo okweletayo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni silengiswe eRussia ngo-Agasti 1998. ruble uye yehliswa kakhulu, kanti yangaphandle izikweletu isitokwe ngesikhathi esifanayo akuyona esingaphansi bhiliyoni 220 zamaRandi. Le mali oluhambisana 147% we-GDP. Isikweletu yangaphandle - akuyona into kuphela owaletha 1998. Okuzenzakalelayo eRussia kuye kwaholela izikweletu yasekhaya. izibopho Jikelele isimo kuya izakhamuzi zezwe zaba isigidi sezigidi 300 zamadola, okuhambelana-200% we-GDP. Bagxila entshonalanga oda 1.2 izindodla zezimali, kodwa ngokuvumelana idatha esiphuma Melika. A plus elikhulu ukuthi izwe wathola emva "Black ngoLwesine" - ayenqaba ephelele umnotho imodeli engahluziwe ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo ephelele cishe zakho konke izingxenye womsebenzi kusayithi okuyinto kuze crisis ingeniswe.