Kuyini ukudweba kwe-anatomy? I-anatomy ye-Topographic

Igama elithi "ubuqhawe" (incazelo yokuqala yabonakala kwi geology) ihunyushwa kusukela esiGrekini ngokuthi "chaza indawo". Ekhulwini le-XIX. Ngenxa yemisebenzi yomhlinzeki odokotela omkhulu kunazo zonke uNikolai Pirogov, leli gama lizwakala ngendlela entsha. Kusukela emkhakheni wesayensi mayelana nesakhiwo somhlaba, leli gama lathuthela emfundisweni yomzimba womuntu, owawuthola maduze emhlabeni jikelele. Isiyalo esisha sasibizwa nge "Topographic Anatomy".

Indawo yolwazi

Iyiphi imidwebo yezokwelapha, wonke umfundi wenkambo yokuqala yanoma yisiphi isakhiwo sephrofayili ehambisanayo uyazi. Lesi siyalo senzelwa ukutadisha indawo yezitho zomuntu nezitho zangaphakathi, kanye nokuxhumana kwabo komunye nomunye.

I-anatomy ye-Topographical ihlolisisa ukuma nesakhiwo sezingxenye ezikhona zomzimba ezenze izinguquko ngenxa yezinkinga ezihlukahlukene. Ngokuqoqa idatha yesayensi ezinkampanini zabo ezihamba ngezinyawo ngenxa yemibandela engavamile, ivuselela ulwazi, yenza ukuba isebenze ekwelapheni nasekuhlinzeni.

Njengoba kusetshenziselwa ukuqeqeshwa, isimo sezitho zangaphakathi sisebenza ngokutadisha isakhiwo esilahlekile sendawo yomzimba womuntu, ukuyibuka ezindizeni ezahlukene. Futhi emkhakheni wezithakazelo zalesi sayensi yilokhu:

• Inqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi;
• Ukuklama kwezitho zesikhumba nendawo yazo ngokuphathelene namasipha;
• Ukunikezwa kwezicubu ezinomzimba wamangqamuzana, kanye nokuphuma kwe-lymph kuzo ezimweni zemvelo nezifo;
• Ubudala, ubulili kanye nezici zomthethosisekelo zomzimba womuntu.

Into yokwazi

Isimo sezulu sokuhlinzeka ngokwemvelo sihlukanisa izindawo ezifana nalezi:

• Inhloko (okuyinto iqoqo lezi zitho ezisebenzayo njengokwengqondo, amehlo, ama-receptors of ukunambitheka nokuhogela, izindlebe, umlomo kanye ne-larynx);
• Umkhumbi (njengengxenye ehlanganisa ikhanda nesiqu lapho kudlula khona imigwaqo yokubaluleke kakhulu, njenge-esophagus, larynx, trachea, kanye nezitsha nemithambo);
• I-Trunk (empeleni, umzimba noma i-torso, equkethe inombolo enkulu yezitho ezibalulekile zomuntu);
• Ama-limbs (njengama-appendages ahlangene ahlangene ekuxhumaneni kwawo nezinye izingxenye zomzimba).

Izindawo ezihlukene kakhulu ezakha izici zezinto eziphilayo zomuntu nazo zihlala zendawo yokudweba. Incwadi encwadini yalesi siyalo, ukulalelisisa ukuhlelwa kwezingxenye zomzimba kanye nomthelela wabo ebusweni bomzimba, inikeza isisekelo sokuthola izifo.

Ukusetshenziswa kolwazi lwesayensi

Ukuqothulwa komzimba womzimba njengesistimu yolwazi mayelana nokuhlelwa nokusebenza kwayo kudlala indima ebalulekile emithini yokwelapha, inikeza isisekelo sokuhlinzekwa kokusebenza.

Ulwazi olunembile lwezingqimba zomzimba ekuqondeni kusuka ebusweni kwesikhumba kuya ekujuleni kwezicubu kuyadingeka kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi. Echaza isakhiwo somuntu, ukudweba komzimba kumvumela ukuba ahlale njalo futhi angene ngokuphepha ezindaweni ezidinga ukuhlinzwa.

U-N. Pirogov ukholelwa ukuthi imbangela yobuningi bezinyanga ezihlinzayo abahluleka ukusebenza yiyo ngokungazinaki ulwazi olusebenzayo. Ephendula imibuzo eminingi mayelana nokuthi imidwebo iphi, isosayensi yambiza ngokuthi "inceku kadokotela". Ukuthembela kuphela ngolwazi lwamaqiniso, okungelona nje kuphela ukuqoqwa kwedatha yesilinganiso samanani, udokotela usemngciphekweni omkhulu wokuhlangana nezinkathazo ngendlela yezici zomzimba zomuntu ngamunye.

Indlela yokwazi

Njengendlela yesayensi yokusetshenziswa kwesayensi (incwadi yokubhala eqondisa kakhulu izicubu zethusi) igxila ukunakekelwa kwaladokotela ohlinzayo ngemininingwane encane kakhulu yesakhiwo somzimba. Ukuhlola ngokujulile izici ezisebenzayo zegobolondo elivikelayo, elihlanganisa izitho, imithwalo yegazi kanye nezintambo zomzimba, ubona wonke amaphethini asekhona

Ukwenza imithetho ye-anatomical engaziwa yisayensi, ukucinga izindlela ezintsha zokusebenza zokukhiqiza - zonke lezi zinkinga zibhekene nesimo sezinto ezibonakalayo. Ukuphawula okusetshenziswe kulesi siyalo nokuhlukanisa umzimba kusukela ohlangothini oluhlangene kuyingxenye yakhelwe ezimisweni ezifanayo njengamagama asetshenziselwa isayensi yesakhiwo somhlaba. Kulabo, isibonelo, kukhona imiqondo:

• Ephakathi naphakathi,
• Ephezulu futhi ephansi
• Eduze futhi kude,
• Kwesokudla, kwesokunxele;
• Ezinkulu nezincane, njll.

Ukuze wenze ukucaca okucacile ukuthi yikuphi ukudweba kwezinto ezitholakala ku-anatomy, ukubaluleka kwayo okubaluleke kakhulu kufanele kuthathwe ngokubaluleka kwemisebenzi yezokwelapha ezifana nomthelela ohlelweni lwezinzwa zomphakathi kanye ne-PNS. Ukuba yisayensi ngomzimba wonke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuxilongwa futhi, ekugcineni, kunquma zonke izinhlelo zokwelashwa ezikhona.

Ukuhluka okuvela kumuntu ojwayelekile

Isici sokuqala nesicacile sezokwelapha ezihlinzayo kuyindlela yokuchaza umuntu. Ngenkathi yembula indawo ehambisanayo yezitho ezifundeni, i-anatomy ye-classic ibafaka phakathi izinhlelo: ukunyakaza, ukuphefumula, ukujikeleza, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isayensi yezingxenye zomzimba ihlanganisa ulwazi. I-classical anatomy, okokuqala, ibeka ukuhlaziywa (kokubili amasistimu wonke kanye nezitho zomuntu ngamunye).

Impendulo yokuthi yikuphi ukuchithwa kwemvelo, ngeke iphelele ngaphandle kokucabangela isithakazelo esikhethekile esivezwa yizesayensi ekushintsheni okwenzeka ezinhlakeni zenyama ezibhekene nezifo ezihlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yalesi sayensi, kwaziwa ukuthi kunjani imiphumela yezinqubo zokuvuvukala kwifomu yangempela kanye nemvelo yezitho. Ngokuvamile, ubunzima obuningi ekwakhiweni kokuhlinzekwa kubangelwa ngokucacile ukusikisela okuqinile kwezingcingo ezivezwe izinqubo zesisu, ngokuhambisana nesimo sabo sokuqala.

Inhlobonhlobo ye-Topographic yekhanda

Umngcele walesi sigaba somzimba entanyeni udlula eceleni komhlathi omncane. Ukwakhiwa kwalo kuhlanganisa iminyango ebusweni nobuchopho. Esikhathini esilandelayo, i-base kanye ne-cranial vault zivelele, okuwumphumela wokuchazwa kwezifunda ezintathu.

Isifunda se-Lobotematous occipital siqukethe:

• Igobolondo eliqinile lobuchopho;
• Amatshe;
• I-Periosteum;
• Izicubu ezixhumeneyo;
• Isigqoko sokuzivikela;
• Izicubu ezinamafutha;
• I-Skin integument.

Izici zesakhiwo se-system central yezinzwa, ukuqoqwa kanye nokuhlelwa kwedatha ekusetshenzisweni kokusebenza kwezingxenye zayo kusebenza kwendawo yezobuchopho. Esikhathini sokugcwalisa i-skull, ukukhululeka kwayo jikelele, kanye ne-hemisphere, kuvelele. Isihloko sokutadisha nesakhiwo salo sangaphakathi. Ikakhulukazi ithathwa njengengxenye engezansi yobuchopho kanye neminyango ngayinye.

Phezu kwama-hemispheres, hlola imifula nezindawo eziphakeme phakathi kwazo. Ukubaluleka okukhulu kunikezwa iphethini le-gyri. Imifudlana ihlukanisa i-hemisphere ibe izingxenye ezingu-6.

Isakhiwo somhlathi

Njengolwazi lwesayense, ukujwayela kwamazinyo kuyinkimbinkimbi yolwazi mayelana nezimiso zesakhiwo nokusebenza kwamathambo emlonyeni. Uphinde aqoqe idatha kudivayisi yomhlathi njengento yonke ekuxhumananeni kwayo nomlomo womlomo wesintu. Ukutholakala kwalolu lwazi kudingekile ukulungiselela amazinyo nomhlathi ngenxa yezidingo zezokwelapha: ukugcwalisa, ukuhlanza imigodi nemigodi, ukususwa nokulungiswa kwamathambo.

Esikhathini sokwezinyo, izingxenye zalo zihlukile:

• Insika (eyakhiwe yizindonga ezine futhi iyinxantathu, ihlukaniswe kancane ekuqondeni kwesibhakabhaka);
• Umkhuni;
• Umsuka (osesitokisini esitokisini esithile futhi esakhiweni saso unesisindo esikhethekile esinesisindo esihlanganiswe nesamente elincane).

Ephakathi kwethambo elenziwe ngamathambo kunesigxobo esiphezulu esiphezulu. Ngaphakathi kwalo kukhona inyama yinozinyo, okuthiwa i-pulp futhi unomthwalo wokondla izinyo. Iveza ezinye izicubu nezinsimbi zezinzwa nezitsha eziqoqwe esikhungweni.

I-anatomy ye-iso

Esikhathini salo nobude baloluhlu lwezinto ezihlanganisiwe, lesi sitho kubhekwa njengento eyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke (emva kobuchopho). I-eyeball, naphezu kobukhulu bayo obukhulu, iqukethe inani elikhulu kakhulu izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu ezenza imisebenzi eminingi. Ngakho-ke, i-optical-biological iqukethe izinto ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-2,5 ezivumela ukucubungula nokunikezela ebuchosheni izingqimba ezinkulu zolwazi ezingaphansi kwekhulu leyesibili.

Idivaysi yeso kusukela endaweni yokubuka engxenyeni yendlela ifana nesevisi yezithombe. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi igama elithi "topography optical" ngokuvamile lisetshenziswe ku-anatomy, okusetshenziselwa kahle kakhulu isayensi yezobunjiniyela. Kubuye kusetshenziswe kuhlelo olufanele lokuxilonga.

Indima yelensi kule nhlangano yokucabanga idlalwa yinhlanganisela ye-cornea, umfundi kanye ne-lens. Lezi zamuva, ngenxa yokuthi ikhono layo lokushintsha i-angle of curvature, lisebenza njengento yokugxila, ukulungisa ukucaca kwesithombe.

I-Topography yentamo

Ngaphandle kwesikhumba, uhlu lwezingxenye zelungu oluxhuma ikhanda emzimbeni luhlanganisa:

• Izinqwaba zezintambo ze-muscle;
• "Ukumboza" igobolondo elihlangene (fascia);
• Okubizwa kanjalo. "Izintambo ze-cervical" (izikhala ezifakwe ezinxenyeni zemisipha);
• Ingxenye yamakholomu omgogodla (aqukethe amathambo ayisikhombisa anemizimba ephansi).

E-anatomy ye-topographic, intamo ihlukaniswe ngokujwayelekile ngemigqa ephakathi. Ukusuka ngenhla kudlula emzimbeni wethambo le - hyoid, futhi kusukela ekugcineni liphela ekujuleni kwengxenye engenhla ye-sternum. Ezingxenyeni ngayinye, izinhlobo ezimbili ze-triangles zihlukaniswa : ziphakathi nendawo.

Owokuqala uhlukaniswe waba abathathu abancane:

• I-submaxillary (elinganiselwe ngemuva kokuya emisipha ye-dorsal);
• Ukulala (kuhlanganisa imishanguzo yangaphakathi nangaphandle);
• I-Scapula-tracheal.

Umngcele ongakapheli ohlangothini lwe-trapezoid, kanye ne-collarbone, futhi kufaka phakathi ama-triangles amabili. Ekuqaleni kukhona:

• Izinqwaba namagatsha we-brachial ne-plexous yomlomo wesibeletho;
• Umthambo we-Subclavian (nazo zonke izingxenye zawo).

Ukwakhiwa kwesimiso sezinzwa

Umsebenzi oyinhloko owenziwe yizinhlangano eziyinkimbinkimbi zezingcingo ezikhethekile ukufunda imvelo yangaphandle bese udlulisela impendulo efanelekile kuminyango ye-CNS.

Isakhiwo saso sinzima kakhulu. Kuhlelo oluyisisekelo, ukuma kwesimo sezinzwa kuhlanganisa ubuchopho nomgogodla. Imicu ekhethekile ebalekela kubo ihlangene ibe yifayibha ye-peripheral. Umsebenzi wayo ukuxhuma isimiso semisipha esiyinhloko ngezicubu zomzimba, izigcawu kanye nezitho zokuzwa.

Nge-converter ngesimo samangqamuzana akhethekile (receptors), zonke izibonakaliso zemvelo yangaphandle ezifinyeleleka kumuntu (ngesimo sombala, ukunambitheka, iphunga, njll) kudlula. Zihunyushwe ngolimi lwezimfutho, ezibonwa yizintambo zomzimba njengezinguquko ku-oda kagesi noma yamakhemikhali.

Okunye okuqhubekayo okusetshenziselwa inethiwekhi ye-neural network kunikezwa eminyangweni yesimiso sezinzwa zomphakathi, lapho kufundwa khona futhi kuphakamisa impendulo ngendlela yokulandelana kwemithetho, ethunyelwa ngendlela efanayo ezenzweni ezenzayo (imisipha namagundane).

I-Topography ye-trunk

Isigaba esiyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke futhi esiyinkimbinkimbi esenzweni yesilungiselelo sezitho kanye nezinye izakhi zesakhiwo somuntu ukuchaza umzimba ngaphandle kwemilenze yawo, intamo nenhloko.

Engxenyeni engenhla ye-trunk, enemingcele yayo eceleni komkhawulo we-notch kanye ne-clavicles, ihlanganisa udonga lwesifuba nesigxoke esivinjelwe egobolondo lokuvikela. I-fascia lining, kuhlanganise, kanye nesisindo esingasebenzi, esihlukanisa indawo enikeziwe yomzimba kusuka esiswini. Umgogodla wayo uyisifuba, okuyi-joint sternum, amathambo angu-12 ahlangene kanye nezingxenye zomgogodla.

Izakhiwo zezinhlaka kanye nokubunjwa kwe-trunk kule ndawo kuthiwa i-mediastinum, lapho ukuhlinzekwa kwasekhaya kuhlukaniswe khona ukuhlukana okuphezulu nokuphansi.

Isikhala ngezansi sibizwa ngokuthi isisu somzimba. Ekubunjweni kwayo, izingxenye ezilandelayo zihlukaniswa:

• Okuphezulu (kungumdwebo ofanayo);
• Ngaphandle;
• I-Lateral (imicu eboshiweyo yemisipha ebanzi);
• Emuva (uchungechunge lwamathambo ekholomu lomgogodla);
• Ngezansi (izingxenye ze-ileum ne-diaphragm ye-pelvis).

I-anatomy yezingxenye zokunyakaza

Esikhathini sesiphezulu esingenhla, i-topology ihlukanisa:

• Amathoni ama-skeleton (i-clavicle, i-scapula, ihlombe, i-ray, i-elbow, njll);
• Izindwangu zamasipha (ibhande lesigxathu, ihlombe, ingxube, izibhamu);
• I-Skin integument.

Ukuhlukahluka ekuhambeni kwezandla zomuntu kungenxa yesakhiwo esithile samalungu kanye nendlela ekhethekile yokuzixhumanisa nezihluthulelo. Inendima enkulu kulokhu ibuye idlalwe ngokohlobo lokutshanisa kwamasondo ebhande lehlombe ne- trunk. Imisipha yakha izingqimba eziningana, kusukela phezulu ukuya ekujuleni.

Amasipha ezinsiza ezisekela ahlanganisa amathanga okugcoba kanye nengxenye yamahhala: (i-femal pair, i-patella, amathambo namagundane angama-crural). Isifuba se-pelvic sakha ibhande lesigungu esingaphansi futhi sakhiwa yi-pubic, i-iliac ne-ischial. Ngokubambisana ne-sacrum ne-coccyx, ziyisisekelo samathambo e-pelvis.

Isiphetho

I-anatomy ye-Topographic yenza imisebenzi eminingana ebaluleke kakhulu, kufaka phakathi incazelo yendawo eqondile yezitho, zombili ezisezindaweni zemvelo nasezikhungweni zemvelo. Ulwazi, okuyinto isithelo salesi sayensi, lisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukuxilongwa kwezifo, ukwelashwa, nokubaluleke kakhulu - ekuhlinzeni.