Pablo Neruda: A emfushane biography, izinkondlo kanye lokusungula. GBOU lyceum № 1568 okuthiwa Pablo Neruda

Ilya Ehrenburg ngokuthi imbongi ekhuluma ngokubusiswa komuntu abajabula kunabo bonke emhlabeni. Nokho, ngalawo mazwi elikhulu, ungavuma ngisho. Ngemva Neruda phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe ayebhekwa njengengxenye impahla Latin zwekazi American. Ngo-USSR, kwaba futhi bathande. Top Abahumushi wasebenza ematheksthini yakhe. Ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngalo? Khona-ke ukufunda lesi sihloko.

Impilo ka-Pablo Neruda amumethe emicimbini engaphandle. Wazalelwa Neftali Ricardo Reyes Basualto - lena igama langempela lomuntu imbongi - emzini Parral, abahlala engxenyeni ephakathi ye-Chile. Lokhu kwenzeka 12 Julayi 1904.

Umsuka wegama imbongi

Uyise wayengumGreki umqhubi ujantshi - kwakulandelwa isitimela laden uhlalwane. Unina ebulawa isifo sofuba ngenyanga ngemuva indodana. Ubaba waphinde washada umkhaya wathuthela emzini Temuco, okuyinto kancane ngaseningizimu. Elapho, umfana ekhula. Pablo Neruda agcinwayo izinkumbulo esibonga we nosingamama. Wabhala ukuthi kwaba wesifazane onomusa mnene ababethi le amahlaya ongumlimi. Wayengumngane njalo fussed wanakekela wonke umuntu.

Ezemfundo ngesikhathi Lycée

Eminyakeni 6, ingane wayiswa esikoleni esiphakeme. Kancane kancane, Pablo Neruda wayenesithakazelo Ukufundwa, ngaqala ukuqamba yena. izinkondlo Okokuqala eshicilelwe emaphephandabeni, kuyilapho namanje abafundi Lyceum. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho isidlaliso wazalwa - ngomzamo gubadlela izifundo olusankondlo kuyise, owabona kuzo imbangela ezingamahlalakhona neuspevaniya indodana mathematics. Igama wakhethwa ngaphansi kusanenywe - Pablo bathandile omunye izindaba zabuna Czech kwekhulu elidlule Yana Nerudy, umfana babengakuqondi izingcindezi babe Neruda. Kamuva leli gama kwakuzokwenziwa azoyithola nesento - wawuhlanganisiwe passport.

Prize Okokuqala, iqoqo lokuqala

Ekupheleni ubuso insizwa wathuthela Santiago wangena Pedagogical Institute, nobesendaweni eMoscow University. Lapha wafundiswa IsiNgisi nesiFulentshi. Khona-ke Pablo Neruda umklomelo lokuqala ngenkondlo okuthiwa "Holiday Iculo" emncintiswaneni umfundi. A Neruda engu-19 ubudala, wadlwengulwa nombhali iqoqo izinkondlo "Ukuqoqwa kwelanga," izindleko zokukhiqiza zazo wakhokha ngokuthengisa izimpahla esidabukisayo. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi kubonakaliswa ubuntu bakhe olunesivunguvungu esankondlo - Neruda wakhumbula ukuthi abhala 2, 3, 4 ngisho 5 izinkondlo ngosuku. Ngokuyisisekelo kwaba wokwelusa izinkondlo, umfundi kanye imitative. Kodwa namanje ethambile izwi olusankondlo ungawuphazamisi athwale umqondo omuhle, okuyinto eyaba credo lakhe kwezobuciko. Pablo Neruda wabhala ukuthi wayefuna ukuba abe imbongi, okuyinto ozofika emsebenzini wakhe ngangokunokwenzeka. Wayefuna uhlangane izenzakalo, uthando, imvelo kanye indoda, futhi konke lokhu kuye kwaboniswa lobu buhlobo.

Ngaleyo minyaka efanayo, Neruda ukuthi enamathiselwe nokuhileleka kwezombusazwe, uzitholele weliphephandzaba phezu izindaba zomphakathi, uhlanganyela emsebenzini ka zabasebenzi kanye imiphakathi umfundi.

Inxusa, travel

Iqhubeka uze uwaqede walesi sikhungo, Neruda kuyinto ekujaheni ukuqala ukuphila ukusebenza. Kwaphela isikhathi eside ezama usathola okuthunyelwe zamanxusa, futhi ekugcineni ngo-1927 waba inxusa eRangoon, inhlokodolobha eBurma. Lokhu "umsebenzi" (ekhumbula ukuthi kwadingeka izinyanga ezintathu nje ukuba bafeze imisebenzi esemthethweni) lungase lubizwe ngokuthi sinecure, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abaholelwa kahle, kepha umngane njalo yezimbongi abasha - ubumpofu - ayizange iphumelele ke kanye. Neruda wabe esethunyelwa eCeylon (manje - Sri Lanka), wabuye wavakashela China, Japan, Argentina, njll East ahlanganiswe bezibona emhlabeni, enikeza imisebenzi jikelele Neruda, omunye angase athi - .. Cosmic, okuyinto sici imbongi ovuthiwe.

"Residence - Earth"

Njengoba yenziwe ngu okuvelayo esizuzwe ngamanga incwadi ebizwa, okubonisa lezi ukubukwa: "Residence - Earth". Wayephuma ngo-1935, lapho Neruda kakade wathola inxusa indawo laseChile eMadrid. Ngemva kwalokho, imbongi wakhumbula leli qoqo owanikhipha udumo ukuthi incwadi yakhe igcwele ukufutheka brushwork futhi iqiniso lokuphila. Isihloko Friendly waphendula UGabriela Mistral, ayebubona "imiva olujulile Neruda" izici lwabantu kazwelonke. Esetshenziswa kule ncwadi indlela kungalindelekile ngokugqamile, ngokungenasizathu associativity Neruda igcinwe esikhathini esizayo.

izintandokazi Political nokuthi zisho

Kusukela ekuqaleni Spanish Yombango Neruda abahileleka ekulweni zezombusazwe ohlangothini Republican, ubhala izinkondlo ukuqoqwa "Spain enhliziyweni". UHulumeni IChile ibhekwa ukuziphatha okufana kungavumelani okuthunyelwe zokubonisana kanye adluliselwe kuye esikhundleni sokuba inxusa Paris. Ngesikhathi lesi sifo isikhathi basala, vele imbongi edumile othenga eChile, 150 ukusuka enhlokodolobha, villa ocebile "Isla Negra" (Black Island).

Neruda ngaba iKhomanisi

sympathies lakhe lezombusazwe kancane siguqulwe - ngo-1945 ejoyina iCommunist Party of eChile, futhi kusukela ngo-1959 iyona oyilungu leKomiti yayo Central. Ukuze latinos, imizwa enjalo ivamile. Izimbangela backwardness zezombangazwe nezomnotho zamazwe abo babona kule simiso esingenabulungisa kwezenhlalo, ngokulandelana, futhi ikhambi izinkinga esiphuthumayo ngifuna kuphela ngokusebenzisa ushintsho kwezenhlalo. Ukuze wokuziqambela Neruda kubuye kungamukeleki. Ezansi kaNobel, wathi wakhetha kabuhlungu, okuyinto uhlukanisa laba bantu qotho, futhi ukukhulekela umuntu njengoba nendawo emkhathini, ukhetha a aphethe eminingi yenkonzo wokuthobeka, okuzokusiza ngezinye izikhathi kungaba iphutha, Nokho, laqonda iqhubekela phambili.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke uyayilahla wokuziqambela, bakhangwa umqondo we hero. Eminyakeni yakhe ekunqabeni Neruda wakhumbula ukuthi obubi isikhathi esiyinhloko sehlelo ubuntu akuyona kwaphoqa uyahlanya umfanekiso Stalin, indoda esiqinile yena, "Titanic umvikeli" inguquko eRussia. Kusukela izimo elalihambisana le "Ukuvikelwa titanic," Neruda bamhlmuka kokubili imininingwane ukuthi musa ukushintsha essence. Ngakho wahlala kuze kube sekupheleni.

Sebenza yomnyango lephalamende, ukubalekela Argentina

Omunye iziqephu yesiteleka kakhulu e biography of Neruda elihlobene ne kwaba ngemva kwezikhathi zokulotshwa impi. Emkhankasweni wokhetho 1947 amsekela candidacy of Gonzalez Videla, musa skimp on isithembiso. Waba umongameli we eChile, futhi Neruda wakhethwa oyilungu lephalamende. Nokho, emasikweni embi kakhulu-Latin American, Videla liqala ukubusa, waqala ukushushiswa okukhulu abasekeli zangaphambili, kuhlanganise amaKhomanisi. Besabela kuleso simemo, Neruda eyenziwe iSigele nge inkulumo abukhali lapho, uma kungekhona kugwenywe theatricality, wathi "J'accuse!" Njengoba kanye eZola. Ngemva kwenyanga, lapho kwaba isinqumo sokuboshwa kwakhe. Kwadingeka bayocasha, bese begqoke izinkomo drover, iphambana ezintabeni e-Argentina. Life ekudingisweni wagcwala kuyiwe emazweni ahlukahlukene, iqhaza World Congress of Peace, kanjalonjalo.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Ngo-1969, Neruda oqokiwe for the ngokhetho likamengameli eChile, kodwa kuthatha ke esivuna Salvador Allende. Nge ukunqoba le Neruda zokugcina iba Ambassador yeChile eFrance, it ifunda umklomelo uMklomelo KaNobel kuye. Kodwa sina zokugula amabutho imbongi ukubuyela ekhaya. Wafela esibhedlela wedolobha izinsuku 12 emva olunegazi Icebo lika uhulumeni (23 Septhemba 1973).

lokumbiwa

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi cishe engu-40 ngemva kokufa kwakhe, ngakho umzimba iye ngaphansi kwesidumbu. Injongo yalo kwaba ukuthola izizathu yangempela ukuthi kwabangela ukufa imbongi. Iqiniso ukuthi owathola umklomelo kaNobel wafa ngaphansi kwezimo engaqondakali kakhulu. Washona ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-12 le Junta lempi ashaqe amandla eChile. Isitifiketi sokufa wawuthi imbangela yayisetshenziswa njengomuzi umdlavuza wendlala. Kodwa abangane wafakaza ukuthi amahora ambalwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, Neruda wakhuluma ukuhambisa ngokuzimela, inhliziyo yakhe yathokoza. ukufa kwakhe kweza ngemuva umjovo, esenziwe kuye esibhedlela. , Olwenziwe ngo-2011, ukuhlaziya waqinisekisa esiphethweni iyawakha odokotela.

Ukuhlaziya lokusungula Neruda

Eminyakeni yangemva kwempi, Neruda laliseliningi yekubhala. Sebebonke, wadala ahlukene, lutho okuphindayo amabhuku 40. izinkondlo zakhe ihunyushwa ngezilimi eziningi (Italian Salvatore Quasimodo elihunyushwe ke), ke unqobile emhlabeni wonke nokuqashelwa, kodwa waba njalo ephelezelwa idumela imbongi, mhlawumbe brilliant, kodwa kakhulu "ngokweqile", senhlekelele, esingahlelekile. Neruda kungase kubonakale ngandlela-thile futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi, it acishe bakudala, sithambekele ekukhulumeni kanye verbosity, ngamafuphi, imbongi, ubani nge kokufaneleka kwakhe elingenakuphikwa akusho nezidingo ukunambitheka ezivamile ezincwadini. ngaleyo ndlela Kwakusengathi baxgeki eziningi Pablo Neruda.

Nokho, Izimpendulo ngaye, akuzona wakubeka kanjalo. Abagxeki baxwayisa ukuthi lokho kuchazwa ngenhla ngomsebenzi Neruda ngokwengxenye ngenxa translation: kabusha imisebenzi yakhe ngendlela izakhi olunye ulimi, ubuswa nezinye izinhlobo esankondlo - inkinga yinkimbinkimbi ezehlukile. Nokho, emhlabeni abakhuluma iSpanishi, lokhu izinkondlo zivame elixutshwe imizwa yokucasuka nenhlonipho. Juan Ramon Jimenez ngaphambi kwempi ngokuthi Neruda hhayi nje njengomuntu "imbongi omkhulu ezimbi". Kamuva yena yasithambisa isigwebo, ethi izinkondlo Spanish-American kudlangile kuzibonakalisa ubuso bakhe, njengoba yena ugxile umjikelezo we imvelo yokuguqukela kwesinye isimo sokufa nokuphila esivela kakhulu ngokoqobo zwekazi.

Contemporary Latin America ubizwa ngokuthi "izwekazi lapho kukhona bonke ubudala." Bona kwenzeke nasesikhathini eziphikisanayo, engacabanganga futhi engalawulwa izinkondlo Pablo Nerudy, lapho, njengoba kuphawuliwe ezincwadini, uzibophezele sokufaka futhi amaqhawe uhlushwa lokubikezela, ocwilayo ekujuleni ukucabanga basezinganekwaneni futhi egcwele ekuphileni kwansuku zonke namuhla.

Ukuhunyushwa Pablo Neruda ngesiRashiya

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi zonke izinguqulo izinkondlo imbongi ngolimi Russian alikhombisi kakhulu, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi phezu kwabo wasebenza abahumushi abangcono kakhulu. Iqiniso lokuthi Neruda wasebenzisa isitayela nzima yokuloba - akukho imvumelwano, imigqa mihlobiso eside, kunzima kakhulu ukuba abulale. Ochwepheshe okuningi lungisani mavesi, wawenta imvumelwano bendabuko. Kulesi ensimini ikakhulukazi zihlukaniswa UMargarita Aguilar no-Ilya Ehrenburg. Pablo yena lokho okushiwo umuntu ohumushela engcono yemisebenzi yakhe kubhekwa pavla Glushko. Kepha kungaba okungalungile. Ngemva Neruda akazange ifa isiRashiya.

Russia siyabonakala esikhulu umsebenzi le mbongi. Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi lapho kuhlonishwa yakhe ngokuthi izikhungo zemfundo kanye namasiko. ISIBONELO nezinye izifunda kuthatha eMoscow.

1568 Lyceum okuthiwa Pablo Neruda

Enhloko-dolobha, 17 Januwari 2006 Lyceum wavulwa, ogama lakhe behlonipha imbongi. Lyceum 1568 Pablo Neruda - esikhungweni sembuso ezemfundo, okuyinto eyenziwa e-ukujula ukuqeqeshwa eyala abafundi wesayensi lobuchwepheshe kanye zemvelo. Lesi sikhungo anayo simo we dolobha izikole indawo okwamanje 16. Lyceum okuthiwa Pablo Neruda e 1568 wathola impumelelo nezilwane abazifuyile Grant IMeya eMoscow (e 2011-12 futhi 2012-13.). Muva nje, ngo-2013, lesi sikole kwaba ihlelwe kabusha - lokufeza ekubumbaneni yayo nge izikole inombolo 233, inombolo 307, inombolo 1237, kanye nenani izinkulisa ngo-1606, inani 1880, isibalo 1255, isibalo 2145, inombolo 1928.

Namuhla GBOU Lyceum okuthiwa Pablo Neruda e 1568 kuhloswe kulabo abafuna sina bahlanganyele ngesayensi yemvelo (i-chemistry, i-physics), izibalo kanye eyala zobunjiniyela (isayensi, ukufunda). Kuyinto lezi zinto Iphrofayili. Bangakwazi ukufunda ukujula, ukubhalisa esikoleni esiphakeme Pablo Neruda. Ngesikhathi izifundo core ekufundeni ngempumelelo ngaphezulu, bafundzi ngamaqembu amabili noma amathathu. Ngamunye wabo kunabantu 10-15. Abafundi esikoleni samabanga aphakeme e-1568 kubo. Pablo Neruda, ahlale kumadeski wabo ngalezizinto eyodwa ngesikhathi ngakhoke kungcono ukwazi ukuncela prepodnosimye impahla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucacisa izinto ezibukhuni nokwenza ngaphezulu Ukulifunda ngijule eyala ihlelwe electives kanye nokubonisana khulula. Labo abafuna faka igama Pablo Nerudy esikoleni esiphakeme, kudingeka kudlule ukuhlolwa yokungena niketanani ingxoxo. Okwamanje, ukuqeqeshwa uqhutshwa kusukela 5th Grade 11. Ivula imisebenzi wokulungiselela kulabo abafuna ukubhalisa esikoleni esiphakeme noma uthole ulwazi oluphelele kakhulu futhi sina. Pablo Neruda School ngesandla esivulekile abelana nabo izingane ukhathazekile.

Nokho, hhayi kuphela esikoleni esiphakeme ngo-dolobha waqamba imbongi omkhulu. Kukhona umtapo Pablo Nerudy (inombolo 62). Itholakala at ul. Iaroslavskaia, 13, izindlu 1 (Metro Enea). Enye umtapo egameni lakhe - № 187, etholakala ku-Prospect Mira, 180. Konke lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ezweni lethu kukhona isithakazelo esikhulu ubuntu bakhe futhi lokusungula.