UmsebenziZokuphathwa kwemisebenzi

Surveying - yimboni yetimayini ngesayensi nobuchwepheshe

wezokwakha Umlando waqala kudala - iminyaka eyinkulungwane 5 edlule. Lokho kuyinto - inhlolovo okwami kanye wezokwakha okwami. amazwi Foreign ezihlobene lwezobuchwepheshe, ngokuvamile kakhulu imvelaphi German. Germany bekulokhu umholi emkhakheni wobunjiniyela. izinto eziningi ezihlobene ezihlukahlukene izimboni, zinamagama German.

Kuyini inhlolovo okwami

Lonke umkhakha elihlobene ne izimayini, ucwaningo okwami libizwa. Ukuhumusha elingokoqobo elivela izindlela German "umngcele ukuhlukaniswa" noma mezhevschik. Surveying kuhilela ukuthola ukuthi imingcele kwemayini obuphelele imali, kodwa namanje bekwi-definition eqondile sokuqanjwa idiphozi, isikhundla saso esikhethekile kwendawo, ukuthuthukiswa bakwazi - konke ehlangene esinye isenzakalo elilungile kanye nokusebenza idiphozi. Umhloli iqoqa yonke idatha kusuka yesondlo alandelayo inkolelo yabo, iziphetho kanye u elwa sokuqhafaza phezu izinhlelo iyawakha.

Kuphela ukuzingelwa lasendulo

Ukuseveya - omunye omdala amagatsha yesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Eyokuqala ukusebenza emayini esukela emuva IV-III eminyaka BC. Bayalondolozwa kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba kuze kube yilolu suku, saba futhi izibalo kanye nomklamo imidwebo ngentuthuko kamuva. Ezinye izikimu wenza papyrus okwengeziwe, ka esikhanyayo - amanzi ezinemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, esihlabathi esiphuzi. Esikhathini amanothi achazayo semidwebo wabonisa ukuthi babe pre izilinganiso geodetic. Futhi uma geodesy kakade ekhulwini ngathola ithuluzi zayo zokuqala - diopter lapho kamuva theodolite lamiswa, le Surveying wamukele kuphela, kodwa waba legatsha ezimele kuphela eNkathini Ephakathi. Njengoba sekunama-izindawo zezimayini, kuphakama izinkinga ezintsha, imisebenzi emisha ayebekelwe. okwami ngokuvamile ngawabantu eziningana, futhi imingcele ephakathi ezindaweni zabo kwadingeka ukuba icaciswe kokubili phansi futhi ekujuleni yayo. Lokhu luyingqikithi isiyalo entsha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, mhlawumbe, kwakukhona igama lakhe - "Surveying".

Ukuvela isiyalo entsha

Ivela uhla ongoti abasebenza Kulokhu kuphela, ubuciko izilinganiso izimayini uqale efundisa amanyuvesi ephakathi. Ekhulwini xv kukhona idivayisi lokuqala professional - ikhampasi entabeni. Isibalo izilinganiso adingekayo Imigudu kule ezimayini nasezinkwalini imishini okwandisa ngaso sonke isikhathi, imiklamo zakhe zaba ezingcono. Ngokusebenza afanele umsebenzi odingekayo ochwepheshe. Njengoba izibalo bebe- ukuze uvikele inqwaba abantu emathunjini omhlaba, onjiniyela kwadingeka ukuba uthole imfundo izimayini ephakeme.

Russian inhlolovo okwami, njengazo zonke izimayini kanye yonke umkhakha, wathola umfutho omkhulu ukuthuthukiswa ngaphansi uPetru I. Ithathwe njengesisekelo ekufezeni izikole zezimboni isiJalimane eyayihambisana okutholakele izingcweti Russian. ERussia, ke baqala ukunyathelisa izincwadi ezisekelwe ezikhethekile yesayensi, usethe workshop womshini ngokunemba amathuluzi (e-workshop e-Russian Academy of Sciences ekhishwe ikhampasi, quadrant, ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini high kakhulu), amanyuvesi ezivulekileyo ezingenaso ukukhiqiza abanye onjiniyela eliphezulu. Ekhulwini XVIII eRussia wavula wokuqala esikhungweni semfundo (esikoleni) ukulungiselela kuphela ochwepheshe izimayini kanye wezokwakha okwami. Futhi izincomo induna izimayini kanye umkhakha Metallurgical we Urals bayalelwe elicacisiwe "Imithetho Factory" ngaphansi kwendima VI, yokuthi iposi ka Umdabuli abakhulu, noma mezhevschika, kuphela Ochwepheshe wezinga eliphakeme kakhulu baphuthunyiswe.

Umbala wezokwakha kazwelonke

Indlela jikelele survey ohlola athuthukile M. V Lomonosov. Ukuze ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano inhlolovo lesizwe sami kwenziwa ososayensi kakhulu Russian ezifana GA Maksimovic, umbhali kweencwadi, PA Olyshev, yasungulwa theodolite Russian nepayipi ome njengeqanda, A. Isikhathi, ngubani ishicilelwe ukusetshenziswa theodolite kanye ikhampasi Umhlahlandlela okwami icala. sokunconywa Omkhulu V I. Baumana, umhleli we ezimbili Union Congress abahloli Russian - ngo-1913 futhi ngo-1921. Ngo-1905, wanyathelisa umsebenzi "Inkambo Surveying yobuciko", futhi ngo-1921 okokuqala e-Russia (Petrograd Imayini Institute), okukhethekile entsha, ukulungele-abahloli onjiniyela yethulwa. Kufanele kuqashelwe kokufaneleka PM Lentovskogo, owayefundelwa lokhu isayensi eFrance naseJalimane. Ekubuyeni kwakhe afike wasungula khona iSikhungo umagazini wokuqala professional ibhizinisi futhi wadala Umdabuli yokululama umshini.

Ngo-1938, e laseKharkov wavula imboni ukwenziwa imishini ekhethekile, okuyinto badedelwa ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene Gyro M-1 kanye nokujula DA-2.

imisebenti lenesitfunti - inkokhelo ehloniphekile

ERussia tsarist, le ubungcweti unjiniyela bezilokhu kuyaziswa futhi kahle ikhokhwe. Ipatiev House yaqanjwa unjiniyela Ipatiev, ungumnikazi wokugcina inxuluma. Royal Mabhalane ezingeni eliphezulu angakwazi ukukhokhela okunethezeka ekhaya futhi uphile kahle. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, okukhethekile "engineer-Umdabuli" akazange abe mncintiswano. Mhlawumbe manje into zizoshintsha zibe ngcono.

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