Uhlobo luni lweoli okufanele luthululelwe enjini yebusika?

Ebusika ezindaweni zokushisa ezingaphansi kwe-zero, ukuqala injini kunzima kakhulu. Isiqalo se-cold, ikakhulukazi ezinjini ze-dizeli, sidinga ukunyuka kwamandla kagesi nezinhlelo zokusebenza nokubekezela komshayeli. Ukuze wenze kube lula ukugoqa i-crankshaft, udinga ukwazi ngokucacile ukuthi yikuphi amafutha okuthululela enjini yemoto ebusika.

Izincomo zomkhiqizi

Okokuqala, uma ukhetha ukugcoba kwasebusika, kufanele ubheke izincomo zomkhiqizi. Imoto ngayinye ihambisana nencwadi yokufundisa, lapho umkhiqizi ebonisa ngokucacile ukuthi yikuphi amafutha okumele akhiphe ebusika kule model (yiyiphi brand futhi yiziphi parameters). Uma, ngenxa yesizathu esithile, incwadi yesevisi ayitholakali noma ulwazi alusesikhathini (isibonelo, amamaki anjalo aphelelwe yisikhathi futhi angasetshenzisiwe), lo mthombo uzodingeka ukhethwe ngokusekelwe kwimingcele kanye nokubekezelelana. Uma nazo zingasebenzi, futhi awukwazi ukukhetha ukugcoba ngalezi zindlela, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuthi ufunde isimo semakethe yamakhemikhali emotweni ngokugcwele, ngoba ungakwazi ukuzimela wena nokwaziswa kwakho. Kusengaphambili kuyadingeka ukuthi ucacise ukuthi akudingekile ukuthenga amafutha, ngokusekelwe kumalengiso womthengisi noma izimpendulo zabangane. Ngeshwa, umthengi ojwayelekile angeke akwazi ukuzethemba ekuthengeni kanye nokuthembeka kwabathengisi, kodwa umngane angase abe nomshini ohluke ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke yini okulungile kuye, ngoba "ukugwinya" kwakho kungase kube yinto engafanele kunazo zonke.

Izinhlobo zamafutha enjini ekwakhiweni kwamakhemikhali

Ekuqaleni, kwasetshenziswa imoto yamaminerali kuphela yezimoto. Igama elithi "amaminerali" likhuluma ngokwayo - kusho ukuthi uketshezi lwenziwa ezithandweni zemvelo (amafutha). Kodwa amafutha ombiwa ngamaminerali ebusika akufanele neze, ikakhulukazi kulezo zindawo lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya lihla kakhulu ngaphansi kwe-degrees Celsius - lifaka nje injini.

Khona-ke, i-opium yokufakelwa kwamafutha yasungulwa ngamakhemikhali okwenza izinto zenzeke ngokufanayo lapho kushintsha amazinga okushisa okusebenzayo.

Kukhona inhlobo enjalo njengamafutha we-semisynthetic. Lokhu kuyisisekelo semvelo kanye nokungezwa kwamakhemikhali adalwe ngobuciko.

Inhlobo ngayinye inezinhlanganisela zayo kanye namaminithi. Njengoba sekukhulunywe ngenhla, uketshezi olunamaminerali alufanelekile ukusebenza emazingeni okushisa aphansi, kodwa kuhlanza injini ye-sludge ne-sediment kancane futhi kancane kancane, ihlanza "udoti" ezingxenyeni ezincane. Khona-ke, uma uyishintsha, ivele iboniswe ngomsebenzi.

I-Semisynthetic inamandla kakhulu ekuphikisweni kwezinguquko zokushisa, kodwa la mafutha enjini ebusika ayifanelekile, ngoba isibalo esincane sokushisa siphezulu kakhulu, uma ubheka ikholomu ye-thermometer.

I-synthetic fluid iyathandwa kakhulu, njengoba iklanyelwe amazinga okushisa ahlukene (kuye ngokuthi ukuhlukaniswa), kodwa ayilahlekelwa izakhiwo zayo zokusebenza uma injini ishisa noma ihlihliwe, ukukhuluma ngokucacile, izakhi zenziwe "zilungisiwe." Kodwa uma ngaphambili kusetshenziswa injini engafanele noma i-lubrication engafanele "imakhemikhali", futhi ihlanganiswa ngaphakathi nangomhlabathi obunzima kanye ne-carbon deposits, lapho-ke uma ushintshela ezintweni eziphezulu zezinsimbi zokwenziwa, i-detachment esheshayo "yezingcola" ingenzeka, futhi ngenxa yalokho imigudu yamafutha nomcibisholo uyovalwa. Futhi emva kwalokho, kufanele unike injini yokulungisa, okuyinto engekho neze eshibhile. Ngakho-ke, uma ungazi ukuthi yini ethululelwe ekuqaleni nokuthi zingaki izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha owahamba ngaphandle kokushintshwa, kungcono ukugcwalisa injini ngokuhlanza kokuqala kokushisa, bese kuthi amafutha amasha, kanye nemijikelezo eminingana eyalandela ukuphindaphinda kaningi kunokuphakanyiswa ngumenzi.

Ukungazi lutho

Uma ukhetha amafutha ozogcwalisa ubusika, okokuqala udinga ukunaka i-viscosity - lena enye yezinkomba ezibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni uketshezi oluthile.

Okubalulekile ukuthi izingxenye ze injini zixubana ngomunye nomunye ngesivinini esikhulu ngesikhathi somsebenzi. Phakathi kwazo, kufanele kube yi-film yamafutha, okuzokwenza ukuthi kunciphise amandla okukhathala, okusho ukuthi ukushisa nokulimala kwezingxenye, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuzokwenza kube nokungahambi kahle ekuhambeni (isibonelo, ku-cylinders). Uma amafutha enjini ebusika kakhulu kakhulu, okungukuthi, azokwandisa i-viscosity, khona-ke uhlelo ngeke lunikezwe zonke ukunyakaza ngobunzima, ludinga ukwanda kwamandla, futhi ngokusebenza kanzima, ukubuyiswa kuyoba phansi. Uma i-oyela ingamanzi, izomane iqhamuka ezingxenyeni, inganikezi uhlaka phakathi kwama-piston kanye namadonga we-cylinders, okungukuthi, ukugubha insimbi kuyogqoka futhi kuphele.

Ukushisa okusebenzayo kwenjini kushintsha njalo. Uma umshini umile, izinga lokushisa lizolingana nokushisa okumaphakathi. Lapho injini ivuselela ngaphambi kokushayela, izinga lokushisa liphuma kancane. Uma ushayela, kuxhomeke emzamweni wezimoto, ungavuka futhi uwele ohlelweni. Khona-ke umbuzo uvela ngokuthi yimaphi amafutha angcono kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwasebusika, uma eba mkhulu embusweni obandayo, futhi ushise uma ushisa.

Ukuze kuhlinzeke ukuvikelwa okuphelele ngesikhathi esibandayo emazingeni aphansi okushisa, amafutha kufanele ahlale egcwele okwanele ukusiza kalula ukuqala kwenjini futhi agweme ukulamba kwamafutha, futhi uma izinga lokushisa lisebenza, kufanele libe linyene ngokwanele ukudala ifilimu yamafutha.

I-SAE injini yokuhlukanisa amafutha

I-American Society of Automotive Engineers idale ukuhlukaniswa kwe- viscosity yamafutha, manje esetshenziswe kuwo wonke umhlaba. Masikhulume ngalokhu kamuva.

Amafutha okushisa

Esikhathini esidlule, umbuzo wamafutha angcono ekusetshenzisweni kwasebusika, akazange ahlale phambi kwabagibeli. Impendulo yayingenangqondo - ebusika. Ngokusho kwesigaba se-SAE, sikhethwe yi-W ngemuva kwenani ledijithali (ebusika - "ebusika"). Iphakethe ibonise SAE 0W noma SAE 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W. Lesi sibalo ngaphambi kokuba W utshele umthengi ngokuthi yini izinga lokushisa elingaphansi lingakwazi ukumelana namafutha, ngaphandle kokulimaza insimbi yamandla. Ngaphambi kwebusika, umshayeli wemoto wayesebenza esikhundleni samafutha ngezimo zesimo sezulu esifundeni sakhe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhamba kanjani emgqonyeni wangaphambili. Amafutha asebusika awunqamuki emazingeni aphansi asezingeni eliphansi, kodwa liba yincithakalo kakhulu uma izinga lokushisa lomoya liphuma.

Amafutha asehlobo

Ngokwezigaba ze-SAE, amafutha ehlobo ayekhethwe nje njengomuntu (5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40). Kwakusho umthamo wokushisa ongaphezulu ongasetshenziswa kuwo. Njengoba izinga lokushisa lomoya eliphakeme ehlobo kule ndawo, i-indicator ephakeme, kwakudingekile ukuthenga amafutha, kangangokuthi kwahlala i-viscous ekushiseni.

Amafutha amaningi

Muva nje, izinhlobo ezinjalo zokugcoba, njengamafutha ehlobo noma ebusika, ziye zangena ekugqibeleni, ngoba wonke amafutha wonyaka asetshenziswa. Kulula kakhulu ukusingatha, akudingekile ukuba wenze ukugunyazwa okugunyazayo ngaphambi kwonyaka ngamunye omusha, ukufuna amafutha ngokuhlukaniswa okuhlukile komkhiqizo ofanayo nomunye odlule. Amafutha amaningi ahloswe ngamadijithi amabili futhi incwadi W phakathi kwabo. Isibalo sokuqala sisho ngezinkomba "zebusika" ze-liquid (kuxhomeke ukuthi yikuphi amafutha okuthululela ebusika), kanti okwesibini - "ngehlobo". Leli gesi eligcwele jikelele linemibandela yokushisa ephezulu nangaphezulu, kodwa wonke umuntu angakhetha kahle amafutha azokwazi ukulingana nohlobo olufunayo. Ebusika, lizohlala limanzi, futhi ehlobo lizogcina i-viscosity yalo.

Ukukhethwa kwamafutha ngokwendlela ye-SAE yesimo sezulu esithile

• SAE 20W-40 - kusuka -10 kuya ku -45;
• SAE 15W-40 - kusuka -15 kuya ku -45;
• SAE 10W-40 - kusuka -20 kuya ku -35;
• SAE 10W-30 - kusuka -20 kuya ku-30;
• SAE 5W-40 - kusuka -25 kuya ku35;
• SAE 5W-30 - kusuka -25 kuya ku20;
• SAE 0W-40 - kusuka -30 kuya ku-35;
• SAE 0W-30 - kusuka -30 ukuya ku-20.

Njengoba ungabona ohlwini olulandelayo, izakhamuzi ezisezingeni eliphansi lamafutha 5W40 ebusika zizohambisana, njengoba zizobhekana kalula nokushisa okuphansi futhi ngeke zigeleza ngokufudumala. Zingasetshenziswa ngokungahloniphi unyaka wonke.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamafutha enjini nge-API

I-American Institute of Fuel idale esinye isigaba, okumele sicatshangelwe uma ukhetha amafutha ebusika. Njengomthetho, le nkhomba ibonisa ikhwalithi yokugcoba. Abakhiqizi akudingeki bahlole umkhiqizo wabo ku-API futhi bathumele ulwazi mayelana nalo kulebuli, kodwa ngokuvamile kaningi oketshezi oluphansi olungahambi nale nqubo. Njengoba wonke umshayeli wemoto ezama ukugcwalisa amafutha angcono kakhulu ebusika, kufanelekile ukubhekezela ukugcoba ngalesi sibonakaliso.

Kukhona izimpawu ezimbili eziyinhloko ohlelweni lwe-API. Incwadi S isitshela umthengi ukuthi le mafutha kuphela ngeenjini zephethiloli, kanti incwadi C ithi amanzi angatshala kuphela engxenyeni ye-diesel. Ngezinye izikhathi emaphaketheni ungathola uphawu oluphindwe kabili olubonakala lufana nalokhu ... S ... / C ... noma kunjalo - C ... / S ... Okwesibili, amafutha angcono kakhulu emotweni yephethiloli, kodwa umenzi uvumela ukusetshenziswa kwawo emotweni ye-diesel, esimweni sesibili - Ngokuphambene nalokho.

Kokubili ukuhlukaniswa kwe-S nokuhlelwa kwe-C kunemingcele eyengeziwe ebalulekile lapho ukhetha amafutha okuthululela ubusika.

Ngokuba izinjini ze-petroli

• I-SA, i-SB, i-SC, i-SD, i-SE, i-SF yizinkampani ezingasebenzi ezingasetshenzisiwe. Leliyela, elifanelekayo izinjini 1930-1989. Khululwa.
• I-SG - amafutha weenjini ezikhiqizwa kusukela ngo-1989. Ivikela i-motor kusuka kwe-carbon deposits kanye nokubola, kanye nokusiketshezi.
• I-SH - amafutha wezinjini kusukela ngo-1994 wokukhululwa. Ukuvikelwa okuthuthukisiwe kusuka kwe-carbon deposits, ukushisa nokushisa, kunciphisa ukugqoka kwezinxenye. Kuyafaneleka uma isigaba SG sinconywa futhi ngezansi.
• I-SJ - amafutha wezinjini ezingaphansi kuka-1996. Unayo yonke imfanelo yangaphambilini, inhlanganisela ephuthumayo yokulwa ne-anti-nag, umsebenzi ocacile kakhulu esimweni sezulu esibanda. Kuyafaneleka uma i-SH inconywa futhi ingezansi.
• I-SL - i-oli yama-multivalve ne-turbocharged engines, eyenziwe kusukela ngo-2000. Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi okuthuthukisiwe, efanelekayo kwamamori adluliselwa ekilasini le-SJ nangaphansi.
• I-SM - amafutha wezinjini zanamuhla (kusukela ngo-2004). Ukuvikelwa okuthuthukisiwe kokugqoka isikhathi esingaphansi kokugqoka kanye nokwakhiwa kwamadiphozi. Le mafutha enjini afaneleka kuzo zonke izinjini eziphakanyiswayo zokugcoba eklasini ngezansi. Namuhla lena yimbi yamafutha amaningi ebusika.

Ama-diesel

• CA, CB, CC, CD, CE - amakilasi angasebenzi.
• I-CF - yezinjini kusukela ngo-1990 ngomjovo ongaqondile. Iqukethe izithasiselo ukunciphisa idiphozithi ye-carbon, ukubola, i-oxidation nokugqoka. Kuyamukeleka ukusebenzisa iklasi ye-CD enconyiwe.
• I-CG - yezinjini ngemuva kuka-1995, okuhambisana nemithwalo eyanda. Amafutha wezimoto avimbela ukuqoqwa kwekhabhoni nokusila, i-oxydation kanye nokwakheka kobuciko.
• CH - amafutha enjini ngemuva kuka-1998. Unayo zonke izimfanelo ezingenhla, kodwa ngaphezu kwalokho uhlangabezana nezindinganiso zobuthi begesi lokukhipha.
• I-CI - ekilasini, eyamukelwa ngo-2002. Amafutha ahlangana nazo zonke izindinganiso zemvelo, anezela lokuhlanza. Iyanciphisa inani le-soot ne-carbon, liye landa uketshezi. Amafutha amahle kakhulu enjini ebusika i-diesel entsha.

Isibalo sesi-2 noma sesi-4 ngemuva kwenani lezinhlamvu libonisa ukuthi yiliphi injini - uhlangothi olulodwa noma uhlangothi olulodwa - i-grease iyafaneleka.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamafutha enjini nge-ACEA

I-ACEA ingumfanekiso we-API, yiYurophu kuphela. Ilebula, njengombuso, ibonisa ulwazi mayelana nokuhambisana kwanoma iyiphi yalezi zigaba, kodwa ungakwazi ukuhlangabezana kokubili.

• Incwadi G ibonisa ukuthi amafutha afanele injini yephesolini, futhi izibalo ezivela ku-1 kuya ku-5 zikhombisa ikhwalithi yayo.
• Izincwadi ze-PD zibonisa ukuthi amafutha afaneleka ngezimoto ze-diesel, izibalo 1 no-2 zikhombisa izinga.
• Incwadi D enezinombolo ezivela ku-1 kuya kwezingama-5 kusho ukuthi amafutha abizwa ngama-motors e-diesel.

Yini okudingeka ukwenze ngaphambi ebusika

Ngaphambi kokuba ucabange ukuthi yini amafutha kufanele athulwe ebusika, kudingeka uqiniseke ukuthi imoto ilungele ukunyuka kwemithwalo kanye namazinga aphansi okushisa. Ikakhulukazi kubhekene nabanikazi bezimoto ze-dizeli, okuvame ukuphosa "ukugwinya" kwabo endaweni yokupaka noma eduze kwendlu bese begijima esiteshini sokuthutha umphakathi.

Into ebaluleke kunazo zonke kanye nento yokuqala - ibhethri ne-starter kufanele kube ngokuhlelekile ukusebenza! Uma kunenkinga encane ibhethri ekwindla, bese kubusika bazovela phambi kwakho ngobukhulu obandayo. Ngemuva kokuhlola lezi zakhi, ungaqhubeka ucabanga ukuthi uluhlobo luni lwamafutha ozobusika ebusika, kodwa lokhu akusebenzi nje kuphela kumafutha enjini, kodwa futhi kusetshenziselwa ukudluliselwa, ukugcoba uketshezi olubhebhethekile kwibhuloho kanye ne-booster hydraulic (uma ikhona). I-antifreeze kanye ne- washer fluid nayo ishintshwe izinguqulo zasebusika . Esikhathini sokuqala - ukuthi amanzi awafaki ohlelweni, futhi okwesibili - ukuqinisekisa ukubonakala okuhle ngesikhathi sokuhamba.

Ngokunquma ukuthi yikuphi uhlobo lwamafutha okungcono ukuthululela ebusika enjini yakho, kufanele uhambe ezitolo zesiphepho ngesimo samakhemikhali. Umgwaqo ojabulisayo!