Ukukhetha eMiseni zokuzalanisa izitshalo: Izibonelo

Ukuzalanisa isayensi ubonisa izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo, izilwane, angenziwa amatshe. Umbandela esiyinhloko Ukukhetha elinama elisha nelingcono kuyinto Ukukhetha ngabanye kanye mass njengoba indlela Ukukhetha.

Ngokuvamile yokuzalanisa-labetibambile crossover futhi uguquko zezakhi zofuzo Ngokwesibonelo umzali bese kwenziwa Ukukhetha yokufakelwa. Zonke izinhlobo ezintsha, izinhlobo, amagciwane, eyenziwe, babe izakhiwo ezithile morphological bokuphila. Uhlobo ngalunye aguqulelwe esithile sezulu esihlukahlukene. Zonke izinto ezintsha etholakala kuhloliwe, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo eziteshini ekhethekile.

isitshalo IMisa Ukukhetha indlela

Ukukhethwa omkhulu ngokuzalanisa izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo kuhilela impova inani elikhulu izitshalo. Ngokuvamile, le ndlela isetshenziswa ezifanelekayo ukufuya izinhlobo ezintsha rye, corn, sunflower, ukolweni. Ngezinye ukuhlola lezi izitshalo, izinhlobo ezintsha akhiwa abameleli uhlobo heterozygous futhi ube genotype esiyingqayizivele.

Ukukhethwa omkhulu zizalela inikeza izinhlobo ezintsha kanye izimfanelo ngcono. Nokho, le ndlela ubhekwa engazinzile ngenxa awokuthi ithola engahlelelwe cross-fertilization (izinambuzane, izinyoni).

Ukukhetha Mass izitshalo - kwencazelo iqembu isitshalo zezinhlobo, efana nomunye ngokuvumelana emiselwe. Isibonelo indlela yokuzalanisa isizukulwane esisha zokusanhlamvu. Ngokuvamile, ukukhiqizwa izinhlobo yokuzalanisa-mass indlela kuhilela seeding inqwaba amakhophi nge kokuhlaziywa eminye yentuthuko yabo nokukhula, ukumelana nezifo, inkathazo. Futhi esikalini ezingeni izimfuneko precocity, isimo sezulu, umkhiqizo. Lapho ukuzalela izinhlobo ezintsha rye abalimi akhethiwe kuphela lezo zingxenye izitshalo okwakukhona livikela kakhulu emathonyeni ehlukahlukene nge indlebe ezinkulu nenani elikhulu okusanhlamvu. Lapho reseeding okokusebenza okuholela waphinda ukhetha zilwane kuphela ezazibonisa uhlangothi lwakhe engcono. Ngenxa yalokhu umsebenzi sithola ezihlukahlukene entsha, ngezakhi ezifanayo. Lena Ukukhetha okukhulu. Izibonelo rye zizalela abonisa ukuthi Ukukhetha wenziwa izitshalo.

Ukukhetha IMisa kunezinzuzo eziningi, phakathi lapho eyinhloko lula, izindleko-ukusebenza kanye nekhono ngokushesha ukuthola izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo nezilwane. I yokuntula zihlanganisa ukungakwazi ukuthola ukuhlolwa enemininingwane wenzalo.

Ukuphumelela Ukukhetha mass

Lapho usebenza nge self-impova futhi cross-impova usebenzisa Ukukhetha mass njengoba indlela Ukukhetha. ukusebenza kwawo kuxhomeke kulokho isakhi sofuzo, ufuzo, isampuli lenani elikhethiwe.

Uma izakhi zofuzo banesibopho izimpawu izimpawu ophikelelayo, umphumela Ukukhetha lizophakama.

Lapho izitshalo ifa izici ezifiselekayo Ukukhetha inqanyulwa, ikilasi inikezwa igama. Uma kwenzeka zokungasebenzi kahle uyaqhubeka esebenza ku Ukukhetha. Uthatha nje abalimi musa uthole zonke imiphumela oyifunayo ngokuya hoxa, usayizi izithelo, ukumelana izici ezilimazayo, izinambuzane, izifo. Futhi nokukhetha omkhulu yenzalo ngaphambilini ngezinye izikhathi ihlukile kamuva, ezithathwe kubazali babo nge kahle.

Ukuze uphumelele zizalela ezibalulekile isampula value. Uma impahla ezithathwe nge amanani aphansi, bese isitshalo engaveza ukucindezeleka inbreeding, okwaphumela ezithela ziyancipha.

Ukukhetha IMisa ndlela iphumelela kakhulu lapho kuhlangene ezengeziwe amasu Ukukhetha. Ezimweni eziningi, isetshenziswa ngesikhathi esifanayo ne hybridization, izitshalo polyploid by yokuzalanisa.

hybridization

Hybrid - lesi sitshalo isizukulwane sokuqala lapho liye lenyuka imbiza ukuphila futhi umkhiqizo ephakeme eqhathaniswa amafomu umzali. Ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo imbewu nzalo izakhi zofuzo abazali esingokwemvelo ubhujiswe.

Ukukhetha polyploid

polyploidy indlela kusebenza futhi hybrid. Lapho edala izinhlobo ezintsha, abalimi zisebenzisa polyploidy, okuholela ekwandeni usayizi cell kanye isitshalo ukubuyabuyelela chromosome.

Inani elikhulu le-chromosome kwandisa ukumelana izitshalo ezifweni ezihlukahlukene futhi kunezici ezihlukahlukene ezingezinhle. Uma-chromosome umonakalo ezitshalweni abanye eziningana zihlala zinjalo. Zonke izitshalo etholwe polyploid Ukukhetha indlela babe ukusebenza kakhulu.

Izibonelo Ukukhetha mass

Izibonelo ukulungiswa hybrid by Ukukhetha Isisindo Triticale. Lesi simila is etholwe ukweqa kakolweni rye. Ebangeni esisha frost okusezingeni eliphezulu ukumelana, mazombezombe, kanye ukumelana nezifo eziningi.

Russian kakolweni zezemfundo wheatgrass zezitshalo entsha zazitholakala kokuba ukumelana yokulala. Nokho, izitshalo kuqala ayifanele ukulungiswa ukutshala ezibonakalayo e ufuzo yabo aqukethe Ama-chromosomes e ezahlukene azisetshenziswa meiosis. Ngo nezifundo, kwahlongozwa ukuba kabili inani lezakhi zofuzo ezithile. Umphumela waba amphidiploids umsebenzi.

Abazalanisi hybridization okwenziwe nge isithombo iklabishi. Lezi zitshalo anenombolo ezifanayo lezakhi zofuzo. Umphumela gama ngalo mqondo wesibili ethwele Ama-chromosomes e-18, kodwa kwaba ezingenalusizo. Okwalandela kuphindaphindwe kabili inani lezakhi zofuzo kuye kwaholela amafektri ukuba angabi nezakhi zofuzo 36 futhi izithelo. Umzimba okuholela kwadingeka izimpawu iklabishi isithombo.

Esinye isibonelo hybridization corn. It waba ngukhokho heterosis nzalo. Harvest Inkomba abe isiko hybrid lwalungenhla ngaphezu amaphesenti amathathu, kunabazali bazo.

isiphetho

ukuhlanza kuphela izitshalo akhethiwe lapho umugqa omusha. Phakathi ucwaningo kunqunywa impumelelo inhlanganisela nzalo. Imiphumela alotshwe futhi esetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa okwengeziwe izitshalo hybrid.

Ukuthuthukiswa izinhlobo ezintsha ukuthi kukhona Ukukhetha mass kuphela, kwenza kwaba lula ukuthola izinhlobo eliphezulu ukuhoxa kakolweni, irayisi, ummbila, i-rye. Izibonelo imisebenzi enjalo izinhlobonhlobo akhiwa abalimi Russian. It vuno "Saratov-29", "Saratov-36," "Bezostaya-1", "Aurora". Ziyakwazi ukumelana ayehlala, cishe ogulayo, owayengase akwazi sokuvuna komthwalo iyiphi izimo zezulu.