UkuzibandakanyaAmathuluzi nemishini

Ukunikezwa yikuphi? Ngilungiselela kanjani?

Izakhi eziningi zezinto ezibukwayo zesimanje zanamuhla zidalwe ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo zehluzo zekhompyutha. Ngaphandle kokuboniswa okwenziwa ngabaculi be-3D, akuyona i-studio yezakhiwo noma izakhiwo, noma abakhiqizi bemidlalo yekhompyutha bangayenza. Ubuchwepheshe bokudala isithombe esifanayo - i-photorealistic noma ukulingisa amasu ahlukahlukene wobuciko - liqukethe izigaba eziningana zobuchwepheshe. Ukunikezela kubaluleke kakhulu kubo, ngokuvamile ukugcina, lapho imiphumela yokugcina ixhomeke khona.

Umsuka wegama

Igama elithi "nikeza" (noma "ukunikeza") lafika, kanye nokuningi, okuhlobene nobuchwepheshe be-IP, kusukela ku-English. Ivela ku-French version yangaphambili , okusho "ukwenza", "nikeza," "buya," "buya." Izimpande ezijulile zalesi senzo zibuyele kwisiLatini lasendulo: impela isiqalo sisho ukuthi "emuva," futhi siqaphele ukuthi "sinike."

Ngakho - enye yezincazelo zesikhathi samanje. Ukunikezela - lokhu kuhlanganisa inqubo yokubuyisela isithombe esihleliwe esekelwe kumodeli amathathu-ntathu equkethe ulwazi mayelana nezakhiwo zomzimba zento - ukuma kwayo, ukubonakala kwendawo, ukukhanyisa nokunye okunjalo.

Ukunikeza nokubukwa

Ingene okokuqala kulwazimagama lwalabo abasebenzisana ngobuchwepheshe nobuchwepheshe be-digital imaging, leli gama liyasetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ukuze unikeze isicelo sokulungiswa ngombukiso, isibonelo, uma uhlela ifenisha - into ehlukile noma impahla yekamelo lonke, futhi uma ukuklama ingaphakathi noma isakhiwo sonke, ukunikeza enye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokudlulisela kumakhasimende incazelo yemiklamo noma umklami.

Kukhona igama elifanayo, elivakalayo futhi elivame ukusetshenziselwa imvelo evamile, nakuba kunzima kakhulu, ukubukeka. Phakathi kwabachwepheshe bezakhiwo zekhamera zokwakha noma ezemidlalo namuhla kuyisiko lokuba nomsebenzi omncane: kukhona nalabo abahlanganyela ekufaniseni - kudala izinto ezintathu-ntathu, nalabo abanikeza isithunzi esiphelile - kubonisa ukukhanyisa, ukhetha iphuzu lokubukwa futhi alungise, bese eqala uhlelo lokunikeza.

Izincazelo

Leli gama linencazelo eziningana:

  • Ukunikezela, noma ukuhlinzeka, kunikezela, inqubo yokuthola isithombe sezithombe zobuchwepheshe noma ezobuciko esekelwe kumamodeli wedijithali amathathu-ntathu adalwe ngosizo lwamaphakheji we-software ekhethekile - Blender, 3D Max, CINEMA, Maya, njll.
  • Ukunikezwa, empeleni, umphumela wenqubo enjalo - isithombe se-raster , isithombe, kanye nesithombe samaqhawe nemvelo emidlalweni yekhompyutha noma eyenziwe ngamafayela evidiyo we-trideshnikami asetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamafilimu - okuvamile noma okufakiwe.
  • I-renderer, noma i-renderer, igama lesofthiwe ekhethekile eguqula izinhlobo ze-3D zibe izithombe. Izinhlelo ezinjalo zingahlanganiswa kwi-package yehluzo noma zisetshenziswe njengezicelo ezihlukene: RenderMan, Mental Ray, V-ray, Corona, Brasil, Maxwell, FinalRender, Fryrender, Modo nabanye abaningi. Izipesheli, njengezinto ezihlobene nobuchwepheshe be-digital, zivuselelwa njalo. Zihluke kulezi zindlela zokuqapha ezisetshenziselwa ukubala izici zomzimba zemibukiso nemvelo yazo. Ngesisekelo sabo, kusetshenzwa izinhlelo zonke zokunikeza, okuvumela ukuba udale izinto zakho siqu, izakhiwo, amakhamera, njll.

Izinhlobo zokunikeza: ku-inthanethi noku-pre-rendering

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokubuyiselwa, kuye ngokuthi ijubane okufanele lithole isithombe esiphelile. Eyokuqala yi-real-time rendering, okudingekayo kumahluzo asebenzisanayo, ikakhulukazi emidlalweni yekhompyutha. Lapha udinga ukunikezwa okusheshayo, isithombe kufanele siboniswe masinyane, okuningi esiteshini kubalwa kusengaphambili futhi kugcinwe kuyo njengedatha ehlukile. Lokhu kufaka hlangana ukuthambisa okukhomba ukubonakala kwezinto nokukhanyisa. Izinhlelo ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlinzeka nge-inthanethi ngokuyinhloko imithombo yekhadi legrafu kanye ne-RAM yekhompiyutha futhi, kancane kancane, iprosesa.

Ukuze unikeze izigcawu eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokubukeka, futhi futhi lapho ukukhishwa kwejubane kungasebenzi khona, lapho ikhwalithi yokunikeza ibaluleke kakhulu, ezinye izindlela nezinhlelo zokuhlinzeka zisetshenziswa. Kulesi simo, wonke amandla aseprocessors amaningi asebenzayo asetshenziselwa, izilinganiso eziphezulu kakhulu zokusungulwa kokubheka, ukubala kokukhanyisa kusethelwe. Ngokuvamile ukusetshenziswa nokuthunyelwa kwe-post-processing kuhlinzeka, okuvumela ukuba kufinyelele izinga eliphakeme le-photorealism noma umphumela ohlosiwe wobuciko.

Izindlela zokunikeza lesi senzakalo

Ukukhethwa kwezindlela zokuthola isithombe kuxhomeke emisebenzini ethile futhi kaningi ekuthandweni kwakho kanye nesipiliyoni se-visualizer. Zonke izinhlelo zokuhlinzeka ezintsha zithuthukiswa - ezikhethekile kakhulu noma zendawo yonke. Namuhla, izinhlelo zokuhumusha ezivame kakhulu zisekelwe ezindleleni ezintathu zokucubungula:

  • I-Rasterization (Scanline) - indlela lapho isithombe sidalwe ngokungahambisani namaphikseli angamanye-amaphikseli, kodwa wonke ubuso-amapoloni kanye nezindawo ezinkulu. Ama-textures anquma izindawo zezinto, njengokukhanya endaweni yesehlakalo, ahlelwe ngendlela yedatha ejwayelekile. Isithombe esiphezulu ngokuvamile asibonakali izinguquko ezithembisayo ekukhanyeni, ekujuleni kwensimu , njll. Ngokuvamile kusetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokunikeza izigcawu emidlalweni nasekukhiqizeni ividiyo.
  • Ukulandela Ray (i-Raytracing) - i-physics yesehlakalo ibalwa ngesisekelo semisebe esukela ku-lens yekhamera eyi-virtual futhi ihlaziya ukuxhumana kwe-ray ngayinye nezinhloso ezenzeka endaweni yesehlakalo. Kuye ngenombolo kanye nekhwalithi ye "bounces" enjalo, ukucatshangelwa noma ukukhishwa kokukhanyisa, umbala wayo, ukugcwala, njll, kusetshenzisiwe. Ikhwalithi yesithombe esilandelayo iphakeme kakhulu kunokwenyuka, kepha ngenxa yobuqiniso bayo kufanele akhokhe imali ephezulu yokusetshenziswa kwemithombo.
  • Ukubalwa kokukhanya okubonakalayo (ubuzwe) - iphuzu ngalinye, i-pixel ngayinye yesithombe inikwe umbala ongaxhomeki ekhamera. Ithonywa imithombo yomhlaba jikelele kanye nendawo yendawo yokukhanya nemvelo. Le ndlela yenza kube lula ukubala ukubonakala ebusweni bomdwebo wombala nokukhanya okukhanyayo kusuka ezintweni eziningana ezitholakala.

Ukuzivocavoca kubonisa ukuthi uhlelo lokuhumusha oluphambili kakhulu noluthandwayo lusebenzisa inhlanganisela yazo yonke noma izindlela eziyisisekelo. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ufeze isithombe esiphezulu se-photorealism nokuthembeka ekubalazweni kwezinqubo zomzimba kule ndawo.

Nikeza ukulandelana

Nakuba indlela yesimanje kwihluzo zekhompyutha ikhetha ukunikeza isigaba esihlukile, okubonisa ukuthi kukhona ulwazi olukhethekile namakhono, eqinisweni, alukwazi ukuhlukaniswa kulo lonke uhlelo lokulungiselela ukuboniswa. Uma, isibonelo, i-design yangaphakathi yenzelwe, i-renderer izoxhomeka kohlobo lwezinto ezisetshenzisiwe, futhi uhlelo ngalunye lwe-imaging lune-algorithm yayo yokufanisa ukuthungwa nokubunjwa kobuso.

Okufanayo kusebenza nendlela izigcawu ezikhanyiswa ngayo. Ukulungisa ukukhanya kwemvelo nokufakelwa, izindawo zomzimba wakho kanye nethunzi eliwelayo, amandla okuziphendulela, imiphumela ye-self-luminescence - isinyathelo esilandelayo ekudaleni ukubukwa kwesimo. Indlela yokulungisa ukuhlinzeka incike kwisofthiwe esetshenzisiwe nokusebenza kwesistimu. Iphakheji ngayinye ne-program-visualizer inezinkomba zayo kanye nama-nuances.

Isibonelo, i-Corona Renderer inamandla okulungisa izilungiselelo ngokuqondile ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa isithombe esilandelayo. Ngemodi ye-intanethi, ungashintsha amandla wezimpawu, ulungise umbala, ubukhali besithombe.

Ukuphinda kufinyelele imiphumela ye-renderer

Ukuze uthole umsebenzi othize, kunengqondo ukusebenzisa amasu okubukwa okukhethekile. Kuzokwakhiwa, ezinye izindlela ezibukwayo zidinga ukwedlula lapho udala umfanekiso wezobuchwepheshe. Ukunikezela ngaphandle, ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvamile kudinga ukuthi umculi abe namaphakheji womfanekiso wokusebenza ngezithombe ze-raster, ethandwa kakhulu yi-Adobe Photoshop. Futhi lokhu akukwenzeki njalo ukukhulisa i-photorealism. Izitayela zanamuhla ezenzakalweni zokwakha zinikeza ukulingisa ihluzo ezenziwe ngesandla - i-watercolor, i-gouache, umdwebo wenkinobho, njll.

Ukuhlelwa kabusha kwe-renderer efanelekile kuqala ngokukhethwa kwefomethi efayili efisa, etholakala ngemuva kokuphela kohlelo. Yamukele isithombe esiphelile ukuba sigcinwe ungqimba ngendlala, usebenzisa iziteshi zombala ngamunye. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba ufeze umphumela ophezulu lapho zonke izendlalelo zihlanganiswa esithombeni esivamile, besebenzisa ukulungiswa kombala okunembile nakakhulu.

Ukunikezela nokusebenza kwesistimu

Ukuqaliswa kokubukwa kwekhwalithi eliphezulu akulona nje kwi-software yenqubo. Umphumela wokugcina uthinteka amandla "ensimbi" asetshenzisiwe. Ikakhulukazi lesi sici sithinta ijubane lomsebenzi - isenzakalo esiyinkimbinkimbi ngezinye izikhathi sihunyushwa izinsuku ezimbalwa uma ikhompyutha ingenayo i-RAM eyanele noma inenqubo ephansi yokusebenza.

Indlela yokusheshisa ukunikeza nokuthuthukisa umphumela wokugcina, uma izinsiza zinganele? Ungashintsha izilungiselelo zesimiso ngokunciphisa isinqumo semidwebo yezinto zokwakha kanye nesithombe sokugcina ezilinganisweni ezifanele ngokuguqula imingcele yezinkanyiso ukuze ukukhanya nezimo kubalwe ezindaweni ezinkulu, ngaphandle kokuveza ngokweqile, njll. Uma kukhona inethiwekhi, ungasebenzisa ukunikezwa kwe-batch, Izithombe zidonselwa kwamanye amakhompyutha.

Sebenzisa-epulazini

Namuhla, kungenzeka ukusebenzisa amandla amaqoqo ekhompuyutha akude ahlinzeke ngezinsiza zokucubungula amafayela we-3D. Lezi izinhlelo eziphezulu zokusebenza ezikwazi ukubuka izigcawu eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nezicebile ngesikhathi esifushane. Bayobhekana nanoma yikuphi ukubuka okubonakalayo, ngisho nalapho bedala amafayela evidiyo isikhathi eside.

Ngokuxhumana nomhlinzeki wezinsizakalo ezinjalo, uhlu lwaso olutholakala ngaso sonke isikhathi kwi-Inthanethi, ngokuvumelana nezindleko nezimo zokulungiselela amafayela, ungakwazi ukugcina ngokuphawulekayo ngesivinini somsebenzi futhi ufeze izinga elidingekayo lekhwalithi yesithombe esiphelele. Ukulahlwa kwezinkampani ezinjalo kuya kubaprosesa abayizinkulungwane eziningana namakhulu ama-terabytes we-RAM. I-Render-farm ibala izindleko zomsebenzi, ngokususelwa kumthamo wefayili yomthombo kanye nesikhathi sokunikeza. Isibonelo, izindleko zesikhwama esisodwa ngesinqumo sika-1920x1080, lapho ukukhishwa kwemishini ejwayelekile kuzothatha amahora amathathu, kungu-ruble ayi-100. Isimo sibalwa kungakapheli imizuzu engu-8.

Ukukhetha okulungile

Impendulo yombuzo wokuthi unganikeza kanjani into encane futhi elula enombomeni noma isethulo semifanekiso yomphakathi wezinyathelo ezigcwele nemiphumela ebukwayo igcizelela indlela ehlukile. Uma kwenzeka ukusebenza okuzimele kwalowo msebenzi, kuyadingeka ukhethe isofthiwe edingekayo ngokucophelela futhi unakekele amandla anele amishini yekhompyutha. Kunoma yikuphi, kusukela esiteji sokugcina somsebenzi - ukunikeza - kuzoxhomekeka ukuthi ngabe umphumela wokugcina uzokulandela yini.

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