Umklamo eziyinkimbinkimbi "Kyïv inqaba"

"Kyïv Fortress" - a eyinkimbinkimbi nezivikelo enhlokodolobha Ukraine, kwakheka amakhulu eminyaka nanhlanu. Kuhlanganisa: Museum of umlando Second neMpi Yezwe, lesi sitshalo "Arsenal", Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, nendathane izindonga ukuzivikela futhi izihlahla Kiev.

Itshe lesikhumbuzo esiyingqayizivele

Kuyinto lesikhumbuzo wezwe kuphela izinqaba futhi omunye izinqaba Kunawo Wonke Emhlabeni zobumba kweziningi ezisekhona kuze kube namuhla. Kodwa akubona bonke abantu uyazi lapho Kiev inqaba. Itholakala kwi Isibhedlela Street, 24a.

Kube njalo nokufaka inkathi entsha kwezemivubukulo Kievan Rus nezikhathi umSkithe. Phakathi nenkathi kaKhisimusi e-eziyinkimbinkimbi Kyïv inqaba (isithombe ngezansi) isibhamu indesheni futhi aphakamise ifulege. Egumbini iziko, okuyinto ayinakuqhathaniswa e impahla yayo acoustic, zomculo kusihlwa etemibhalo.

Inqaba Kievan Rus: amaqiniso ambalwa kusuka emlandweni

oluqinisayo Umlando waqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-5 kuya Fort, esisogwini Old Kiev Hill. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwathiwa lwaqiniswa palisades, moats futhi okuvimbezela. Kodwa ngemva Kiev yaba inhloko-dolobha Kievan Rus, idolobha basungula isimiso izinqaba. Zonke izingxenye bomuzi bevuka siqu uhlelo lwayo ukuzivikela. Ngo 1240, ngemva kokunqotshwa, etholwe Batu Khan, agugile izinqaba. esigabeni sabo esisha sekuqalwe khona ukuyithuthukisa phakathi nokubusa Polish-Lithuanian, lapho wamisa inqaba (castle Lithuanian) ku Horevitsa entabeni. Ngesikhathi ehlala e-zikahulumeni Russian ekhatsi Kiev ezakhiwa nezivikelo Pechersk ukuze Khreshchatyk. Ngo 1679 amabutho Cossack eholwa Samoilovych sihlanganise Crypt Starokievsky kanye nokuqinisa, ngaleyo ndlela kwakheka inqaba ezivamile omkhulu. Pechersk lenqaba ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalombili sekwaziwa kahle.

Isakhiwo

Kiev inqaba, okuyinto Itholakala Pechersk egqumeni, kuhlanganisa izingxenye ezintathu ezisemqoka zokuzivikela: Isibhedlela kanye Vasilkovskoe oluqinisayo, kanye enqabeni. I kwakhiwe le nqaba, elaqala eminyakeni yokuqala kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, kwaba ngenxa yokuthi uMbuso Russian wayelungiselela Elikhulu Northern neMpi. Ngaphezu kwalokho Kiev ngokuthi iphuzu eliyinhloko zamasu. Ngo 1706 efika edolobheni, uPetru mina, futhi uthola indawo nezivikelo entsha. Indawo ezifanele kakhulu waphenduka Kiev-Pechersk Monastery. Ngawo lowo nyaka e khona imithetho yombusi kwaba kwasungulwa olusemthethweni itshe lokuqala inqaba, okuyinto esikhathini esizayo kuyoba yindawo Kiev inqaba. Futhi okwamanje samanje Kyïv Fortress ikheli eziyinkimbinkimbi ekahle kakhulu izivakashi.

Isigodlo njengempahla eyigugu amasu

Kiev-Pechersk Isigodlo, umnyombo oyinhloko eqinisa Crypt, awuzange ekhethwe ithuba. He is kusukela ekuqaleni khona kwadingeka kwemibhoshongo eyizingqabavu futhi izindonga ukuzivikela. Kusukela zemihla kuyaziwa ukuthi kakade ingxenye 2nd kwekhulu leshumi nanye, Isigodlo esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe udonga, amaqembu. Ekhulwini yeshumi nambili le udonga, amaqembu salandelwa udonga lwamatshe, okuyinto 1240 labhujiswa amaMongol. Ekhulwini lesikhombisa kocingo sezindela wayesalokhu ezenziwe ngokhuni. It ngezikhathi ebiyelweyo okuvimbezela. Ngakho, ngo-1679 ibutho Hetman Ivan Samoilovych emhlabeni sezindela esakhiwe embankments. Iminyaka engamashumi amabili kamuva, Isigodlo evikelwe izindonga eliphezulu kakhulu nge eziningana amasango yokungena nemibhoshongo amahlanu, kanye amasonto ekhethekile kwesango. Kuze kube manje, sasinda Ivan Kushnikov, Onufrievskaya, South ngidwebe umbhoshongo. Ziphethe izintuba embhedeni kwemibhoshongo esivuna udonga. izindonga zawo zamatshe ukuzivikela, ezansi ngamamitha ama-3 awugqinsi, kwadingeka ukuphakama mayelana eziyisikhombisa amamitha bese sivala zemibukiso bokulwa esisogwini izakhiwo izinkulumo. Basuke ngaphakathi enziwa ngendlela izindawo zokudlala.

Indima Isigodlo emlandweni inqaba

Ngenxa yalokho, indlu yezindela ku base isikhathi Pechersk inqaba kwaba okunokwethenjelwa ngokwanele yesimiso sokuzivikela. Ukwakhiwa nenqaba uhlobo inqaba zobumba laqedwa ngo-1723 Kwakuyisikhathi oluqinisayo ngokuya uhlelo oyisiyingi esingamakhilomitha izinqaba. Kuhlanganisa 9 zintaba, omunye polubastion Ravelin, amakhethini noma ezinye izinto. Njengoba usongo Ngokuqhubeka yokungenela angaphandle, castle njalo Ngabamba nokugcinwa yesondlo efanele, kanye sesimanje nokuqalwa kabusha. Esikhathini zamashumi amahlanu kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, umsebenzi wokwakha inqaba siphela Bosquet, unjiniyela lempi. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-zibuswa ukuthola igama layo lamanje: Spassky, Pavlovsky, Assumption, Petrovsky, Semyonov, St Andrew. Kuze ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye emboniselweni kuka izinqaba evulekile, nezinye izakhiwo ezibalulekile kakhulu ezakhiwa, ezifana eMoscow Vasilkovsky esangweni, Arsenal House, umagazini powder, ukwakhiwa emabhalekisini. Banikezwe kwentuthuko ukwakhiwa kwezikhali, kuhlanganise ukwanda uhla ekhona inganono, lakhiwa zobumba Zverinetsky Opperman oluqinisayo sesiphakamiso, engineer lempi. Kwathi ngosuku olwandulela Impi Ye-1812 ngokuqondile ukuvikela Pechersk inqaba.

Ukwakhiwa kunikezelwa izakhiwo ezintsha inqaba

Kiev akalilahlile ukubaluleka alo ezempi futhi amasu, ngisho nangemva kokuba impi. Ngo 1830, i-hlelo luphasiswe yi-inqaba entsha, okuyinto lakhiwe Oppermann. Ngokusho iphrojekthi Kucatshangwa ukwakhiwa Isibhedlela kanye Vassilkovsky izinqaba. It is futhi ehlela ukushintsha Pechersk lenqaba kufakwe ohlelweni isiyonke izinqaba. Futhi kuze kube manje, Kyïv inqaba (izithombe ingabonwa lesi sihloko) inikeza Bheka lezi izinto.

Kiev waqala kwakhiwe le nqaba ngo-1831, ngemva kokusungulwa okuthiwa Vassilkovsky ukuqinisa, kuyilapho ukwakhiwa waphelela e 1863. Lalinama Ravelin nge guardhouse, embankments, kanye nemibhoshongo yezingcingo ezintathu. Cherepanov entabeni oluqinisayo esibhedlela lakhiwa iminyaka engamashumi amane 1842-1849. Kuhlanganisa 3 guardhouse, elise ngaseziseleni, embankments, caponier etshekile, enyakatho caponier ibhuloho encane, isibhedlela kanye nezakhiwo eziningi. Futhi eduze udonga workshop Klovsky ukukhiqizwa ezakhiwa zakhiwo ezimbili ezinde, namasango Nikolaev futhi emhlabeni Abakude Nabaseduze Caves adalwa izindonga ukuzivikela.

Eqiniswe yezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi "Kyïv inqaba", eyaqedwa ngo sixties yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye babegqoka Hospital futhi Vassilkovsky izinqaba Pechersk lenqaba yokwemba Zverynets izinqaba. Kodwa njengoba ngaleso sikhathi ekhuthele kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni isibhamu, kuba inkathi yephrojekthi akazange nezimfuneko ukuzivikela yesimanje kakade. Eminyakeni 1871-1877 isidingo ubuyekeze nezivikelo wenza sokuzakhela enqabeni esegqumeni.

Ngenxa yalokho, Kyïv Fortress njengoba uthango eziyinkimbinkimbi main, ezakhiwe ezingaphezu kuka kwamashumi amahlanu. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi iningi izakhiwo zalo ziye zalondolozwa izikhathi samanje.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi eyinkimbinkimbi "Kyïv inqaba" nge isikhathi elahlekile ukubaluleka kwayo kokuqala amasu, omningi ukuzivikela 4 lapho kudalwa izakhiwo ebiyelweyo bakwazi ukusinda kuze kube manje.

Okusho Fort e izindaba Kiev

Esikhathini ngomlando wengxenye emzini Kiev Fortress edidayo. Cishe 70 iminyaka kwendalo wezempi ebiyelweyo ekamu ngaphakathi Pechersk mukela ukwakhiwa civil kwendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakhiwa kwalo kuhlobane ngokuqondile okusheshayo ukuthuthukiswa vodogona, izimboni isitini, ukudala boom (Pankratevskogo, Alexandrovsky, Navodnitsky, Klovsky) nasemigwaqweni cobbled, le yashayisa unqenqema ke emendweni, ibhuloho lokuqala unomphela yonkana Dnieper. Ukukhiqizwa ARSENALNY onekhono inqaba babe nombungu "Arsenal" isitshalo. Kuze kube manje, lo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezakhiwo le nqaba ubhekwa emnyuziyamu ethize emlandweni izinqaba, elibonisa ukuthuthukiswa nezivikelo isikhathi rifled futhi smoothbore izibhamu.

izinqaba

Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke eyingqopha medieval zibhekwa njengemikhiqizo izindonga ukuzivikela kanye nemibhoshongo. Basuke etholakala emhlabeni Upper Lavra. Ukuze izinqaba izinhlelo zakamuva izinqaba nenqaba zobumba ka enqabeni, esibhedlela izinqaba zikanhlangothiningi Vasilkovskoe oluqinisayo eyakhe. Zonke izinhlobo emabhalekisini ukuzivikela, elise Pechersk, ngokwako Ihlanganisa izici Russian izinqaba esikoleni. Yena, ngokusho kongoti, anesikhundla enkulu eYurophu ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye. Lysogorskaya ukuqinisa ubonisa izimfanelo inqaba izinqaba eziqhelile isikhathi rifled wezikhali. Ezinye izakhiwo inqaba kuxhumene ngqo nge umlando ukunyakaza yezinguquko nokukhululwa. Lapho eyake yaba khona ejele zezombusazwe "Kiev Shlisselburg" in the namathathu banesifo esibi kwekhulu elidlule wavula Museum "caponier etshekile".

Kyïv Fortress Museum namuhla

Minyaka yonke, abavubukuli bathola amaqiniso ahlukahlukene kusuka emlandweni umuzi inqaba. Lena esinye sezizathu ukuthi esikhathini samanje isikhashana Kyïv inqaba - omunye oluyimfihlakalo kunalo lonke iminyuziyamu edolobheni. I element ezithakazelisayo kakhulu into ubhekwa Diagon Caponier, elakhiwa ngo-1844. Kuyinto isakhiwo enezindonga obukhulu kakhulu, ogama isisekelo kwetshe isitini. Ngo izindonga zawo izimbotshana sezibekwe futhi embrasures ngoba izibhamu nezibhamu. Abakhi lula ukuwabona Caponier yempi ibekwe engela kushaft le nqaba, yingakho ebonakala igama layo. Zisuka nje, kwakudingekile ukuba isitoreji wezikhali nezikhali ukunqwabelana. Kodwa ngo-sixties kwekhulu le-19 waba ejele zezombusazwe, ayeba, njengoba ungakwazi ukutshela, iziboshwa zezombusazwe ngaphambi kokuthi ukudlulisa kwabo Lesogorskiy Fort esigodweni.

Kuze kube manje, etshekile Caponier umele omunye izakhi ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi ezithakazelisayo we Kiev inqaba. Ngaphandle kwakhe, kule ingxenye yeGreat Patriotic War Museum, futhi Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, kanye izindawo eziningi. Abakwazi ivakashelwe ngesikhathi Pechersk, in the eziyinkimbinkimbi "Kyïv inqaba." Indlela ukubazi wonke umuzi wabantu bakithi, futhi Izokwazisa: esiteshini sesitimela / ujantshi has ithuba uthole inombolo ibhasi 14, inombolo ibhasi 534 esitobhini sebhasi enegama ezifanele noma itekisi. Kusukela Bessarabki nge Ubungane Izizwe ' futhi Solomyanki uhamba inombolo ibhasi 450.

iminyuziyamu

Esikhathini guardhouse kukhona iminyuziyamu ezimbili anikelwe umlando izinqaba. Ngokuthakazelisayo, omunye wabo ngaphansi komhlaba. Izivakashi abambe ifomu iguqulwe iziboshwa. Nge ushintsho isimo zomlando zonke izintuba aguquliwe emafasiteleni nge grid okuthembekile. Nanti ithuba ukubona eziningi izinto ezindala, ifomu, izikhali nezinto iziboshwa ezisekhona kuze kube namuhla. Museum elandelayo imibhalo ezingokomlando ezibalulekile futhi iyunifomu ezivela izikhathi ezahlukene.

Namuhla Kyïv inqaba ingenye edolobheni Ayindida iningi iminyuziyamu, njengoba minyaka yonke, abavubukuli bathola amaqiniso ahlukahlukene kusuka emlandweni umuzi inqaba.

Iqoqo Museum

kwemibhoshongo Huge itshe, earthworks kanye caponiers - ke hambo isibonisi tintfo letisesitfombeni kube kulandzelwa eziyinkimbinkimbi yezakhiwo "Kyïv inqaba." Uhlelo nemibukiso emelelwa iqoqo emincanyana zomlando wezempi e-Ukraine, iyiqoqo elikhulu kunawo wonke yaseYurophu of "Napoleoniana" ukuphrinta uqhekeko UPR kanye naye. Makhno. Izinkemba, nemikhonto, crossbows, futhi gakovnitsy Chablis ngamathuluzi ngokuphawulekayo kufanelekile ku umbono jikelele we izinqaba. Indawo egcina amagugu esizwe nemibukiso ezibekwe caponiers ezimbili ukutshela ngomlando Kiev kanye izinqaba kazwelonke kusukela Tripoli isiko kuze yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, kanye ngomlando isicelo ezakhiwe inqaba.