WaseByzantium isitayela izakhiwo eRussia

ukubaluleka zomlando namasiko of Byzantium ayikwazi overestimated. I ifa Russian WaseByzantium kungatholakala kokubili izici ezingokomoya nezingokwenyama zokuphila. Ukuxhumana abanamasiko ngasinda izigaba eziningana, futhi ngisho isiko yesimanje kanye izakhiwo babe izimpawu naleli thonya. Ngamagama global, isiko isiRashiya kwakuwulimi owalandela main futhi continuer amasiko kanye canons ezingokomoya yoMbuso WaseByzantium.

Umsuka isitayela WaseByzantium

Ukuwa yoMbuso WaseRoma 395 AD kwaholela ukuvela entsha yoMbuso, kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi waseByzantium. It ubhekwa owalandela ngamasiko asendulo, isiko nokuhlakanipha. kuphakama isitayela WaseByzantium ngenxa lokuhlushwa amathekhiniki yezakhiwo ekhona. Abakhi isimo esisha ngokushesha azilungiselele umsebenzi ukushaya impumelelo wamaRoma. Ngakho-ke, ngokwemvelo sathatha bonke engcono esiye kusungulwe AmaRoma namaGreki, dala yobuciko amasha, thatha nenselele izikhathi futhi uthole imiklamo emisha futhi ukuhlela izixazululo.

Kumiswa isiko WaseByzantium kwenzeke hhayi kuphela ukukhiqizwa kabusha kanye ngcono isipiliyoni yamaGreki namaRoma asendulo, kodwa futhi ngenxa kwethonya elinamandla Oriental, lokubonakala isifiso eningi ezintweni zokunethezeka, isikali, lwaluthintwa.

Ngenxa yokuthi eConstantinople, luhlala egatsheni empumalanga kobuKristu, izwe uzodinga amabandla amasha. Ukuze imibono entsha futhi kudinga ezizungezile siqu. Lezi zinkinga ixazululwe by abaculi umhlabeleli zomhlaba, ngubani zithuthelekela waseConstantinople futhi badale imisebenzi ehlukile, okuyinto ayabaluleka uhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli ezintsha ezenkolo, amasiko, umphakathi kanye yezakhiwo.

Izici isitayela WaseByzantium

Abakhi waseConstantinople kwadingeka ukuba uxazulule izinkinga eziningana ezibalulekile kwesakhiwo, okuyinto ikakhulu uvele izakhiwo zesonto. Cathedral leSonto Lobu-Orthodox kwakufanele ekuyigxiliseni ku umbukeli ne esikalini futhi ubukhazikhazi bawo, ithempeli elihlobene ne-uMbuso kaNkulunkulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, abakhi kwakudingeka izindlela ezintsha yokukhuluma, ukufuna bekene umshado. Ukuze uthole ngesisekelo uhlelo isonto WaseByzantium akuyona lombhishobhi ngesiGreki sathathwa, LamaRoma Basilica. Izindonga zazakhiwe izingqimba isitini ngesixazululo ezinkulu kunenze nisondelane. Lokhu kwaholela ekusungulweni izici ehlukile zezakhiwo WaseByzantium - ebhekene akhiwe ngezitini noma ngamatshe izakhiwo imibala emnyama nokukhanya. Emhlabeni olungaphambili lwesonto ngokuvamile behlaliswe Arcade lamakholomu nge kubhasikidi-dolobha.

Isitayela WaseByzantium lihlotshaniswa uhlobo lombhishobhi cross-oluyingungu. Umakhi wakwazi ukuthola isisombululo esilula elibona nxazonke round Dome futhi base square, ngakho kwakunabazalwane "ukuhamba", okwadala umuzwa yokuphelela obunobunye. Kuncishiswe iwindi nge top oyindilinga, ubekwe ezimbili noma emithathu ezayo - ubuye uphawu ebalulekile izakhiwo WaseByzantium.

Kwangaphandle ukucutshungulwa izakhiwo ubelokhu ethobeke ezingaphezu kuka wezangaphakathi - lena ngesinye isici izakhiwo WaseByzantium. Izimiso elingaphakathi design babe intuthuko, ukujula nangobuciko, bajwayele ngoba ebiza kakhulu, izinto umxhwele ukuthi kwamhlaba umxhwele elinamandla kubantu.

ithonya WaseByzantium ku bokwakhiwa ephakathi

NgeNkathi Ephakathi ithonya eByzantium ukusakaza bonke emazweni Europe, kwaba nokuthuthuka kwezombusazwe, ezomnotho kanye ngokomoya. Isitayela WaseByzantium bokwakha Ephakathi kwenzakala umthombo onamandla izibuyekezo. Italy ngokuya beqonda WaseByzantium izakhiwo ezintsha: uhlobo olusha amasu isonto futhi KaMose. Ngakho, amasonto ephakathi Ravenna, esiqhingini Torcello, Palermo baba izibonakaliso ithonya WaseByzantium.

Kamuva, lo mkhuba zasakazekela nakwamanye amazwe. Ngakho, isonto lombhishobhi e Aachen eJalimane yisibonelo ithonya WaseByzantium ekukhanyeni amakhosi Italy. Nokho, ithonya elinamandla kakhulu waseByzantium elaba nawo kulabo amazwe eziye bamukela-Orthodox: iBulgaria, iSerbia, Armenia neRussia sidilizwa. Lapha kukhona real inkhulumomphendvulwano kwamasiko kanye exchange, eliphumela a sesimanje abalulekile amasiko yezakhiwo ekhona.

ithonya WaseByzantium ku izakhiwo ERussia yasendulo

Wonke umuntu uyazi indaba ngendlela ithimba Russian ukuvakashela kweRoma neConstantinople beyofuna inkolo efanelekayo ishaqekile ubuhle Hagia Sophia, nokuthi isinqumo ngomphumela icala. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi abantu abanegunya kokudluliswa amasiko, imibhalo, amasiko kusezweni Russian. Isici esibalulekile kule nqubo izakhiwo Isonto, okuyinto ngenkuthalo eyaqala ukuvela ifomu elisha. isitayela WaseByzantium e izakhiwo amathempeli wabonakala ngenxa yokuthi wonke team amakhosi ukuza Russia sidilizwa ukwakha amasonto ababhishobhi, nokudluliselwa kwamakhono futhi ukwakha isithombe esisha yezwe. Futhi eziningi abaklami wavakashela waseConstantinople, ukufunda amaqhinga namasu yokwakha.

amakhosi Russian kusukela ekhulwini 10, hhayi nje ukuba zamukele isiko WaseByzantium, kodwa futhi bacebe, umphelelisi izixazululo futhi izingxenye ezidingekayo wesonto lendawo. Rus Traditional cross-oluyingungu ethempelini WaseByzantium ozuza nave ezengeziwe nemipheme for umthamo omkhulu. Ukudala izakhiwo ezintsha isitayela avele ezihlobene izikebhe izindawo: yokukhiqiza izitini, izinsimbi ekubunjweni, imifanekiso - konke lokhu has a izimpande WaseByzantium, kodwa kusetshenzwe by izingcweti Russian emoyeni yobuciko kazwelonke. Isibonelo esiyinhloko lokucubungula enjalo ukuhlakanipha Cathedral Nkulunkulu ekhatsi Kiev, lapho umumo WaseByzantium nave kuba emihlanu asolwandle Yakha up zemibukiso kanye ezinhlanu amakhanda 12 kulekelelwa ngomunye domes encane.

imodeli WaseByzantium ethempelini

Isitayela WaseByzantium bokwakha, ikakhulukazi esiyicabangelayo, kusekelwe kusakhiwo ezintsha wethempeli. izici zayo azalelwa kusukela izidingo luyingxenye utilitarian: ukwandisa isikhala ethempelini, ukuxhumana okulula Dome futhi base, ukukhanya okwanele. Konke lokhu kuye kwabangela ukuba lokho ubumbe ngohlobo olukhethekile ukwakhiwa, abashintsha kamuva yonke izakhiwo zethempeli emhlabeni. ethempelini Traditional WaseByzantium has a base square noma wamaqhuqhuva cross-Dome isakhiwo. Ukuze ngumgogodla ezikhungweni zomsebenzi Udonga lwangaphakathi lunesithombe sobumba futhi igalari eduze. Ukwanda ivolumu kuye kwaholela ukuvela e izisekelo lowengetiwe ngendlela ngamakhalamu, base leyabantu naves ezintathu lombhishobhi. Ngokuvamile, ithempeli zakudala has ikhanda elilodwa, ingasaphathwa 5 lwe-Windows ne archways kuhlanganiswe 2-3 ngaphansi lwaleli ezivamile.

Izici e Russian isitayela WaseByzantium izakhiwo zesonto

Izakhiwo zokuqala lamathempeli entsha beSonto baba isiko Russian, amaGreki ayikwazanga ezibathintayo, kusukela amathempeli abo bona ezakhiwe ngezitini noma ngamatshe. Ngakho-ke, emisha lokuqala - a eminingi-ephethwe, okuyinto ayenziwa ukusebenza ngo izixazululo yezakhiwo. Eyokuqala isonto itshe eRussia livela ekupheleni wangekhulu lesi-9 futhi isakhiwo cross-oluyingungu. Kuze kube namuhla ethempelini zazifile, ngakho ukukhuluma ngokucacile yayo kungenzeka. Ukuze amasonto eRussia lezwakala lemali kubaluleke kakhulu, ngakho ngisho abaklami lokuqala baphoqeleka ukuba ukubhekana nale nkinga okwandisa isikhala sangaphakathi kwethempeli, ngokwakha anezele aisles ezengeziwe nemipheme.

Namuhla isitayela WaseByzantium eRussia, izithombe izakhiwo okuyinto kungabonakala isiqondiso ekuphileni abaningi, imelelwa izifunda eziningana ezinkulu. It is eyakhelwe ekhatsi Kiev, Chernigov, esifundeni Novgorod, Pechora, uVladimir, Pskov. Kukhona amathempeli eminingi ukuthi babe izici WaseByzantium esobala, kodwa kukhona izakhiwo ehlukile izixazululo yezakhiwo esiyingqayizivele. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke zihlanganisa Saint UZandile Cathedral eNovgorod isimo Cathedral Chernigov, Nereditsa Church, zintathu Church Pechersk sezindela.

isitayela WaseByzantium bokwakha European

State eByzantium khona abangaphezu kuka-10 eminyaka, ayikwazanga wehluleka ziyabuthonya yayo emlandweni wonke. Esikhathini izakhiwo aseYurophu futhi namuhla singabona izici ebonakalayo yefa WaseByzantium. Iningi abacebile ukuboleka futhi lokuqhubeka phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, lapho abakhi kodwa ebafundisa imibono ozakwabo bese wakha amathempeli, isibonelo, e-Italy, okuyinto kwaba isathambe kakhulu ithonya WaseByzantium. Ithonya elikhulu saseVenice Republic kwadingeka abaculi ababevela eByzantium, kanye amaningi zobuciko, ulethwe lapha ngemva bamba omkhulu waseConstantinople. Ngisho lombhishobhi San Marco e Venice kuhlanganisa Motifs eziningi WaseByzantium nezikhonzi.

Ayikho indima ezingabalulekile kangako eyadlalwa izakhiwo WaseByzantium futhi Yempucuko. Uhlobo isikhungo-oluyingungu Isinqumo ukwakhiwa, osewaziwa kusukela kuleli zwe, uthola okwandile. Izici amasonto WaseByzantium zingatholakala hhayi kuphela e izakhiwo zenkolo, kodwa futhi izakhiwo wokuziphilisa. Architects kusukela Brunelleschi ukuba Bramante futhi Andrea Palladio. Omunye kungaba wayewabona izakhi kanye nezixazululo ezakhayo baseByzantium e ezifana izakhiwo odumile njengoba Basilica iSt Peter eRoma, St Paul BakaJehova owawuseLondon, onkulunkulu Paris.

isitayela WaseByzantium bokwakha European njengoba enjalo akusebenzanga, uma kungekhona ukuba acabangele Orthodox wezwe, kodwa izakhi izakhiwo kohlelo zisabonakala, basuke uchazwe kabusha futhi olwesimanje, kodwa base lapho izakhiwo European ikhula. EByzantium yaba indawo yezimpi kulondolozwe ngamasiko asendulo, abese ebuyela eYurophu nase waqala ukuba waqonda ngakuye njengoba izimpande zazo ezingokomlando.

Kumiswa isitayela Russian-WaseByzantium

kwakhiwa isitayela WaseByzantium bokwakha Russian is ngenxa amakhulu eminyaka rethinking futhi kokululungisa imibono abaklami kusukela iConstantinople. Kwakheka isitayela ngawo kakade kulingana ahlalisane imibono empumalanga futhi Russian phakathi nekhulu le-19. It ke iqala zezimbali izakhiwo, lapho ipumelelo abaklami bezakhiwo baseByzantium ngobuhlakani reworked, wandisa bese lugcotshwa ngezindlela ezintsha. Ngakho-ke, Russian isitayela WaseByzantium ngekhulu le-19 - it is hhayi ukukopisha impumelelo omkhulu waseConstantinople, kanye kudalwa "esekelwe 'izakhiwo, nge ukufakwa enkulu imibono langempela Russian.

Periodization we Russian isitayela WaseByzantium bokwakha

Yini ubizwa ku-mbono yokuziphendukela izakhiwo ngokuthi "isitayela WaseByzantium", kwakheka nekhulu le-19. ideologists Kwalo basakaza inkulumo-ze yaba umakhi KA Ton. Harbingers isitayela avele 20s kwekhulu le-19, zingabantu ebonakalayo ezakhiweni ezifana Bandla Okweshumi ekhatsi Kiev, isonto Aleksandra Nevskogo e Potsdam.

Kodwa isikhathi sokuqala kwetinhlavu isitayela ewela eminyakeni 40 futhi wama-50, kuba obonakalayo ikakhulukazi emabhilidini AV Gornostaeva no D. Grimm. Isikhathi sesibili - 60s, lapho umoya Eclecticism olusungulwe evelele uhlanganise ngokuphepha izici zaseByzantium Russian. Phakathi nale nkathi, isitayela iyabonakala ikakhulukazi izakhiwo G. G. gagarina, VA Kosyakova futhi EA Borisova.

iminyaka 70-90 - yinkimbinkimbi nesikhathi isitayela, abaklami bathambekele umhlobiso kakhulu, okwenza kube imininingwane raznostilevyh ekwakhiweni yayo. Ekuqaleni kwawo-ngekhulu le-19 nelesi-20 leminyaka futhi ekuqaleni isitayela WaseByzantium bekhulu lama-20 e-Russia iqala ukuba kuchazwe ngokukhululekile ngaphezulu, lubuthana ngomoya Art Nouveau nezinye izitayela. Eminyakeni 90 Ekhulwini lama-20 kubonakala isitayela mbumbulu WaseByzantium, okuyinto kungabonwa kamuva accretions, kodwa ukuyichaza izici yokhokho.

Sokuzindla isitayela WaseByzantium emaqaqasini

WaseConstantinople isitayela lubonakala ikakhulu endleleni eziklanywe umhlobiso ingaphakathi izakhiwo. Ukuze Interiors isitayela WaseByzantium elinesimo umhlobiso ocebile, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphinde zisebenziseke ezibizayo: igolide, ithusi, isiliva, amatshe ayigugu, ukhuni eziyigugu. uphawu Bright wezangaphakathi kule isitayela kukhona yamatshe ezindongeni futhi phansi.

Sokuzindla isitayela WaseByzantium bokwakha Russian kwekhulu le-19

Isikhathi bhá bokwakha, into esekelwe ngokwekambiso omkhulu waseConstantinople, kuyinto phakathi nekhulu le-19. Ngalesi sikhathi ama-WaseByzantium isitayela izakhiwo Petersburg iba master. Isibonelo esicace izakhiwo kule isitayela kukhona Church of the Nomusa uNina kaNkulunkulu kule Galley Sikhungo Semikhumbi (Kosyakova futhi Prussians), isonto ngesiGreki Dmitriya Solunskogo (R. I. Kuzmina), Ukuhweba House Stoll futhi Schmidt (W. Schroeter). E-Moscow, it is Yiqiniso, eyakhelwe Ton: LikaKristu UMsindisi Cathedral, Grand ezibiyele Palace.

Motifs WaseByzantium e izakhiwo kwekhulu lama-20

Isikhathi okuthunyelwe namaSoviet nge ifake isandla ekubuyiselweni kwalo wamasiko kwaholela yokuthi isitayela WaseByzantium e izakhiwo Russia uzophinde abe efanele. Kukhona elakhiwa Russian isitayela WaseByzantium emadolobheni amaningi aseRussia. Isibonelo okuphawuleka Church Igazi e Ukuhlonishwa All Saints Ubani ikhanyé eZweni Russian e eYekaterinburg ngu Carlo Efrayimi.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-20-21 eminyaka ayakha lokho okuthiwa "isitayela yesibili Russian-WaseByzantium," okuyisona izakhiwo ezintsha isonto. Singathembela ababhishobhi kuchasiselwe ezifana isonto Panteleimon e Izhevsk, Church of the kukaJesu e-Omsk, Church of the kukaJesu eMoscow izakhiwo eziningi kulo lonke izwe. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi umqondo waseByzantium lwangena lwagxila isiko Russian futhi namuhla nolimi kuwo.

izakhiwo zesimanje e isitayela WaseByzantium

abaklami Modern, ikakhulukazi izakhiwo zesonto, futhi babuyele emasikweni waseConstantinople deku izixazululo bendabuko. Ngokuqinisekile reinvented ukuxazululwa ikhumbula ubuchwepheshe obusha, kodwa umoya waseByzantium ababezizwa ngayo. Kuphephile ukusho ukuthi namuhla uyaphila WaseByzantium isitayela izakhiwo eRussia. Izibonelo zalokhu kungatholakala emadolobheni amaningi yezwe: Church of the Abesifazane oNgcwele imure-Ukunikeza Petersburg, St Nicholas Church Nadym, uSeraphim Church Moore nabanye.